Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Kukakamiza Zinthu

Maboma ndi mabungwe oyang’anira amathandiza kuti malamulo opangidwa kuteteza ogula, malo okhala, misika ya zachuma, ndi thanzi la anthu atsatiridwe. Popanda kutsata malamulo ogwirizana, ngakhale malamulo opangidwa bwino kwambiri angokhala opanda pake. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo apereka nkhani zotsatizana zimene zimaonetsa mavuto aakulu, osati chabe zotsatira za kulephera kwa anthu, malo, komanso malamulo amene amathandiza kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.

Malo Ozungulira: Zopangapanga ndi Mavuto

Asanaloŵe m’nkhani zina, nkothandiza kumvetsetsa malo amene malamulo a boma amagwira ntchito. Mabungwe onga ngati Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Consumer Financial Protection Bureaution (CFPB), ndi maloya a boma aliyense amene ali ndi ulamuliro pa malo ena. Kukakamiza kungatenge mtundu wa zilango za anthu, kuphwanya malamulo, kuvomereza malamulo, kapena kukambirana madera ena. Kugwira ntchito iliyonse yosungitsa lamulo kumadalira pa kumveka bwino kwa bungwe lopereka chilango, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa makhoti asunge mlandu. Nkhani yobwerezabwerezabwereza nkhani imene ili pansipansi pa milanduyo ingagwire ntchito bwino, imakhala yokopa, ndiponso yosonyeza kubwezera, ndi kubwezera kwa m’tsogolo.

Kuphunzira za Matenda 1: Chipangizo cha Volkswagen Chimagwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zina

Kuchokera Kumbuyo Ndiponso Kupeza

Mu September 2015, bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe la United States linalemba chikalata chotsutsa Volkswagen AG, kuti kampaniyo inaika mapulogalamu a kompyuta otchedwa “deat project ” m'magalimoto a diesel pafupifupi 5000,000 ogulitsidwa ku United States. Pulogalamu imeneyi inkatha kuzindikira pamene galimoto inayamba kuyesa kutulutsa mpweya wa nitrogen ndi kuchepetsa pang’ono kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa nitrogen Oxide. Pa nthawi zonse, galimotozo zinatulutsa zinthu zoipitsa zinthu pamlingo wa nthaŵi 40 pa malire a lamulo. Chinyengocho chinali chitabe kuyambira 2009, ndipo chinatenga ofufuza a kampani a ku West Virginia University akugwira ntchito ndi bungwe la International Council on Cec Strusttion kutulukira ma progationstion.

Kuyankha Mokakamiza ndi Mwalamulo

Maupanduwo anali aakulu. Volkswagen anagwirizana pomalizira pake kumanga malo okwanira $20 biliyoni mu United States, kuphatikizapo zogulidwa, kukonzedwa kwa malo okhala, ndi zilango za anthu. Maofesala angapo anaimbidwa mlandu, ndipo kampaniyo inachonderera mlandu wa upandu mu 2017. Mlanduwo unayambitsanso kupendedwa kwa madizilo kwa miyezo ya dizilo ndi kuyesa malamulo a dziko lonse. Oyang'anira Yuropu, kumene Volkswagen amaikidwa pamutu, anayang'anizana ndi kusuliridwa chifukwa chodalira kwambiri pa makampani opanga mabizinesi ndi kusoŵa mphamvu zoyesera.

Maphunziro Ophunziridwa

  • Kutsimikizirika kodzidalira sikunasinthike. Kudalira pa opanga manyuzipepala odzichitira okha popanda kuyesa kolimba kunapanga malo kumene chinyengo chingapitirize kwa zaka zambiri. Olamulira ayenera kuikizira m'zochitika zawo zoyesera ndi kuchita zinthu zosatsatiridwa.
  • Kusintha kumakulitsa chidaliro, ndipo kusakhalapo kwake kumaiwononga. Volkswagen ’ kunyenga kwadala kumawononga chidaliro cha ogula osati m'makampani okha komanso m'zopanga za dizilo zonse. Makampani amene amaika patsogolo mwambo wa kumasuka amachepetsa ngozi ya kulephera kwa ngozi.
  • Wattlebupper ndi wofufuza amatetezera zinthu. Zopezedwazo zinachokera kwa ofufuza amaphunziro, osati oimba a mkati. Kulimbitsa chitetezo kwa awo amene amazindikira kulephera kwa kumvera, kaya mkati kapena kunja kwa gulu, zingafulumize kutulukira.
  • Zoikizira ziyenera kukhala zinthu. Malo a $20 biliyoni anatumiza chizindikiro chomvekera bwino chakuti chinyengo chachikulu chili ndi zotsatirapo zimene zimaposa phindu lililonse. Mapangano amene ali aang'ono kwambiri mogwirizana ndi chivulazo amakhala mtengo wa bizinesi.

Kufufuza za M’matupi Anu 2: Mafuta Otentha Kwambiri

Mmene Anayambira ndi Zochititsa

Pa April 20, 2010, kuphulika kwa mafuta opangidwa ndi Deepyor ku Bulletin ku Gulf of Mexico, kunapha antchito 11 ndi kuyambitsa kutayika kwakukulu kwa mafuta a m’nyanja m’mbiri ya U.S. pamasiku 87 otsatira, migolo 4.9 miliyoni ya mafuta inatuluka ku Macondo isanaduke bwino. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Bureau of Oce Energy Management, Regtive ndi Enforcement (BOEMRE) ndi National Commission on the BPweater Fiil Spill ndi Out Covering inapeza kulephera kwa zinthu zambiri: ntchito yolakwika: simenti, kupotopeka kwa kuyesedwa, kulephera, kuyendetsa bwino, ndi kusayendetsa zinthu zolakwika pansi pamtengo wa ndalama.

Kuyankha Mokakamiza ndi Mwalamulo

BP inayang'anizana ndi chilango chachiŵeniŵeni ndi chaupandu choposa $20 biliyoni, kuphatikizapo $5 biliyoni mu Coocter Water Act ndi $8 biliyoni kaamba ka kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Kampaniyo inachonderera liwongo ku maupandu 14, kuphatikizapo kuseka ndi kutsekereza Nyumba za Malamulo. Kutayikako kunasonkhezeranso kutsegulidwa kwakukulu kwa lamulo. Kale Maineral Management Service inakonzedwanso kukhala mabungwe atatu osiyana kuthetsa mikangano ya chiwongola dzanja pakati pa zopereka ndalama, kusungitsa chitetezo, ndi kuyang'anira malo. Malamulo atsopano anaperekedwa kaamba ka kutetezera, kupanga bwino, ndi kukonza zamwaŵitsa.

Maphunziro Ophunziridwa

  • Kuyang'anira kwachikazi kuyenera kusungidwa m'machitidwe, osati mapepala ogwirizana. BP inali ndi dongosolo lachidziŵikire la kuthekera kwa kuyang'anira papepala, koma kufufuza kunavumbula kuti zitsenderezo zodula mobwerezabwereza zopambanitsa. Kusamala ngozi kumafuna kuti malamulo a chisungiko agwiritsiridwe ntchito pamlingo uliwonse, ndi kuŵerengera kowonekera bwino pamene anyalanyazidwa.
  • Kugwira kwa lamulo kuli chochitika chenicheni ndi chowopsa. [1] Komiti ya Minerals Management Service inasulizidwa chifukwa cha unansi wabwino ndi makampani a mafuta ndi gasi, kuphatikizapo zochitika za antchito olandira mphatso ndi kuchita chisembwere. Makampani ayenera kusunga ufulu ndi kulinganiza kusungitsa chisungiko cha anthu pa maindasitale.
  • Makonzedwe okonzekera bwino ayenera kuyesedwa, osati kungolembedwa. BP ’ mapulani a yankho adapezedwa kukhala osakwanira momvetsa chisoni, ndipo maluso ambiri ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchotsa kutayikako. Oyendetsa ayenera kufuna makampani kuti apange zoimbira ndi kusonyeza kuti ali ndi zipangizo ndi luso lakuyankha ku zochitika zoipa.
  • Zotsatirapo za nthaŵi yaitali ndi zachuma zingaposa kwambiri ziyeso zoyambirira. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, BP ikupitiriza kuyang'anizana ndi mlandu ndi mtengo woyeretsa. Chochitikachi chimasonyeza kuti mtengo wonse wa kulephera kwakukulu kwa dongosolo sungadziŵike kwa zaka zambiri, kupangitsa lamulo la mwamsanga ndi lachiwawa kukhala lowopsa kwambiri.

Kupenda Nkhani 3: Zitsime Zopeka

Kuchokera Kumbuyo Ndiponso Kupeza

Mu 2016, bungwe la Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, limodzi ndi Office of the Comptroller of the Lage and the City and County of Los Angeles, linalipira Wells Fargo . Bankiyo inaloŵa m'ntchito yadongosolo yotsegula makampani mamiliyoni ambiri osakhala ololedwa ndi maakaunti a ngongole a maina a makasitomala popanda kudziŵa kapena kuvomereza. Olemba ntchito, mokakamizidwa kwambiri kuti ayendetse malonda, adagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha ogula kupangira maakaunti achinyengo, kaŵirikaŵiri kupeka zikalata zosindikizira ndi zothandizira makampani. Malipoti a m'dziko adalemba nkhani yachinsinsi poyambirira mu 2002, koma akuluakulu analephera kuchitapo kanthu kena kothandiza.

Kuyankha Mokakamiza ndi Mwalamulo

CFPB ’ kusungitsa lamulo kunali posinthira. Kuwonjezera pa faindi, Wells Fargo adayang'anizana ndi lamulo lofuna kuchiritsa makasitomala ovulazidwa ndi kuchulukitsa ntchito zake zogulitsa. Bankiyo pambuyo pake inavomereza kulipira $3 biliyoni kuti ithetse zinenezo za boma za upandu ndi zachiŵembu. Chipandukocho chinatsogolera ku kuleka kwa CEO John Stumpf ndi kubwezera ndalama za madola mamiliyoni ambiri polipidwa ndi akuluakulu. Chinasonkhezeranso Nyumba za Malamulo kuchotsa malamulo a mbali zina za Preactive za Dodd-Fdict Act , ngakhale kuti nkhani ya kukonzanso njira zosintha zinthu za malonda inakhala yaikulu kuti ikhale yofufuzanso.

Maphunziro Ophunziridwa

  • Chikhalidwe cha anthu otchuka sichili nkhani yofeŵa; ndi ngozi ya malamulo. Chikhalidwe chankhanza cha malonda ku Wells Fargo sichinali dala. Chinakonzedwa, kuwonjezeredwa, ndi kuchirikizidwa ndi nyumba zobwezera zimene zinafupa ntchito yothamanga popanda kupenda kokwanira pa mkhalidwe kapena makhalidwe. Oyang'anira ayenera kupenda zinthu zachikhalidwe monga mbali ya njira yawo yofufuzira.
  • Zitetezero za magetsi ziyenera kukhala zenizeni ndi zofikirika. Olembedwa ntchito amene anasimba za kutsegulira kwachinyengo koyang'anizana ndi kubwezera, kuphatikizapo kutha. Mwambo umene antchito amaopa kulankhula ndi umodzi mwa makhalidwe oipa. Zitetezero zamphamvu zopimira, kuphatikizapo kulengeza masitepe ndi malamulo oletsa kubwezera, nzowopsa.
  • Malo operekera malipoti ayenera kugwirizana ndi makhalidwe. The “ combo chimene chinasonkhezera khalidwe loipalo kugulitsidwa ndi kugulitsidwa kwa majona. Oyendetsa ayenera kupenda maluwa obwezera, makamaka m'mafakitale ogulitsa kumene kuthekera kwa kuvulaza kuli kokulira.
  • Nkhani za kayendetsedwe ka malamulo. Nkhani ya Wells Fango inakhudza maulamuliro ambiri a boma ndi boma ogwira ntchito pa konsati. Kugwirizana kumeneko kunapangitsa kusungitsa kwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mmene bungwe lililonse likanachitira.

Kupenda Nkhani 4: Kachipangizo Kam’madzi Kochititsa Chidwi

Kukula kwa Moyo ndi Kutha kwa Nkhondo

Enron Corporation, yomwe inatchuka kwambiri ku Wall Street ndi Fortune 500, inasungidwa kuti ikhale yolephera kulipira ndalama mu December 2001 itavumbulidwa kuti kampaniyo inali itachita chinyengo chachikulu cha kuŵerengera ndalama. Enron anagwiritsira ntchito ziwiya zapadera za pepala kubisa ngongole ndi kuwonjezera phindu. Kubera ndalama kunatheketsedwa ndi kampani ya akaunti Arthur Andrensen, imene inavomereza kuti nkhani zosocheretsa za ndalama zikhale zogwirizana ndi ntchito yake yoŵerengera ndalama. Pamene choonadi chinatuluka, Enron &squo; mtengo wa stock unatsika kuchokera ku $90 percents pervolation , ndipo antchito zikwi zambiri anataya ndalama zawo zoikizidwa pantchito.

Kuyankha Mokakamiza ndi Mwalamulo

Enron, limodzi ndi mbiri yoipa ya dziko lonse yomwe inatsatira, inatsogolera mwachindunji ku kudutsa kwa Sarbanes-Oxley Act ya 2002. Lamulo lapadera limeneli linakhazikitsa bungwe la Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), lomwe linakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa gulu la anthu, linalamula kuti CEOS ndi CFOS alembe mawu a zachuma, ndi kuwonjezera chilango chaupandu chifukwa cha chinyengo. Arthur Bersen anairen adaimbidwa mlandu wa kutsekereza chilungamo, chigamulo chimene chinawononga kampaniyo, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake inagwetsedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba. Antentententente angapo anai, anaweruzidwa ndi kumangidwa kundende, kuphatikizapo CEffreybiach ndi Clayman Kenneyman.

Maphunziro Ophunziridwa

  • Ufulu wa ofufuza ngwofunika ndipo uyenera kusungidwa. Arthur Andersen adakangana kwambiri, akupeza ndalama zothandizira kufunsa kuchokera ku Enron pamene akutumikiranso monga womvera. Sarbanes-Oxley Act ikulembera zimenezi mwa kuletsa makampani ofufuza zinthu kuti asapereke mautumiki ena osakhala a ofufuza kwa ogula. Otsogolera ayenera kupitiriza kuyang'anira zipamba zimene zingasokoneze phindu la anthu.
  • Malo oyenera kulinganizika amafunikira malamulo amphamvu oulukira. Enron anagwiritsira ntchito magalimoto ovuta a zachuma amene anali alamulo koma olinganizidwa kunyenga oikizira ndalama. Chochititsa manyazicho chinagogomezera kufunika kwa malamulo omveka bwino, ozikidwa pa malamulo amene amafuna zinthu m’njira yochitira lipoti za ndalama.
  • Mabungwe olamulira ayenera kuphatikizapo uyang'aniro weniweni. Enron ’ bungwe la otsogolera linavomereza mabizinesi a pa pepala ndi kuchotsa kampani ’ mpambo wa makhalidwe pa nthaŵi zambiri. Mabungwe odziimira okha okhala ndi ukatswiri ndi ulamuliro wa kutsutsa kuyang'anira ali mzera wosuliza wolondola.
  • Kutetezeredwa ndi makampani kumafuna zonse ziŵiri malamulo ndi maphunziro. Antchito ambiri a Enron anali ndi ndalama zawo zosungidwa pa ntchito m'kampani popanda kuzindikira ngozi. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitetezo cha boma n’chofunika, wosungitsa maphunziro a kuchulukitsa ndi kuopsa kwa zinthu zikukhalabe mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kusungidwa kwa malonda.

Kupenda Nkhani 5: Upangano Wopambana wa Fodya

Kuchokera Kumbuyo ndi Kupitira Patsogolo

Mu 1998, majaji a boma 46 anasaina Master Settlement Agreement (MS) ndi makampani anayi aakulu kwambiri a fodya ku United States. MSA inathetsa milandu imene mayiko anabweretsa kuti apezenso ndalama zothandizira anthu odwala. Makampaniwo anagwirizana kulipira pafupifupi $206 biliyoni pa zaka 25 zoyambirira, kuti aletse kutsatsa malonda ndi makampani ogulitsa, makamaka makampani a fodya amene anawononga makampani amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwirizanitsa ubale ndi kukopa anthu.

Kuyankha Mokakamiza ndi Mwalamulo

MSA sintchito yamwambo yosungitsa fodya yoperekedwa ndi bungwe la boma; inalinso ntchito yogwirizana ndi maloya a boma kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a kuvutitsa kwa anthu, chitetezo cha ogula, ndi lamulo loletsa kusungidwa. Chipanganocho chinali ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu. Chinasintha malo ogulitsa zinthu za fodya, kuchotsa zikwangwani ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa zonga Joe Camel. Chinakhazikitsanso maziko a ndalama zimene maboma apakati akupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kusuta fodya. Pambuyo pake, Family Smokit Devition and Tobacco Control Act ya 2009 anapatsa gulu la FDA kuyang'anira zinthu za fodya, kumanga pa maziko oikidwa ndi MSCA.

Maphunziro Ophunziridwa

  • Kusungitsa lamulo kwa chigawo chimodzi kungafikire zimene bungwe limodzi lingakwanitse. MSA inasonyeza kuti maloya a boma onse ogwira ntchito pamodzi angatenge makampani amene kale sanali kugonjera malamulo a boma. Chitsanzo chimenechi chakhala chikuchitika m'zochitika zophatikizapo opioids, chinsinsi cha zinthu, ndi ounistration.
  • Masinthidwe angakhale chiŵiya cha kusintha kwa nyumba, osati kuchira kwa zachuma. MSA’ ziletso pa kutsatsa ndi kutha kwa magulu a malonda a malonda zinapanga masinthidwe osatha m'maindasitale amene sanapereke chilango cha ndalama. Oyang'anira ayenera kulingalira ngati mawu othetsera angafune kukhala ndi machiritso a makhalidwe amene amayambitsa makhalidwe oipa.
  • Ubwino wa thanzi la anthu ndi kachitidwe ka lamulo kangalimbikitsena. MSA inayambika zaka zambiri za kupeputsa, kufufuza, ndi kufotokoza kwa magulu a zaumoyo a anthu. Nkhani imasonyeza kuti kusungitsa lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala kogwira mtima kwambiri pamene kuli kochirikizidwa ndi anthu osunga matanki ambiri amene angapange chitsenderezo ndi kupereka umboni.
  • Njira zoyang'anira nyengo yaitali n’zofunika. MSA inaphatikizapo makonzedwe a kuyang'anira kopitirizabe ndi chigamulo chotsutsana. Mapangano okakamiza amene saphatikizapo njira za uyang'aniro wanthaŵi yaitali asintha kapena sagwira ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kutsekeredwa kwa Mabuku: Nkhani Zofala M’milanduwo Yokakamizidwa

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani iliyonse imaphatikizapo makampani osiyanasiyana ndi mfundo zodziŵika bwino, nkhani zingapo zobwerezabwereza. Choyamba, mwambo wa kugonjera uyenera kuyambitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba; pamene atsogoleri aakulu asonyeza kuti zinthu zachuma zimakhudza kwambiri kuposa khalidwe la makhalidwe abwino, kusadziletsa kumadziŵika. Chachiŵiri, kuyang'anira kwaumwini nkofunika, kaya mwa kupenda, oyendetsa zinthu, kapena kuyesa kwachitatu. Zilango ziyenera kukhala zowopsa kwambiri kuti ziletse osati kampani yolakwayo komanso ena amene akuganiza kuti ali ndi khalidwe lofanana. Chachisanu, liŵiro la kusungitsa lamulo likhale logwira ntchito. Chachisanu, liwiro la kuyang'anira zinthu; kuchedwa kutulukira ndi kuvomereza chiwerewere ndi kukwera ndi kukonza zinthu kokwera mtengo mtengo kwambiri.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Akatswiri Oyang’anira ndi Othandiza

Malinga ndi maphunziro a makampaniwa, machitidwe angapo odziŵika bwino angawongolere zotsatira za malamulo. Oyang'anira ayenera kuikiza mu ubongo wofuna kubwezera ndi kuyesa kwaumwini kuti aone ngati makampani akusonyeza chinyengo kapena kuti sagwirizana. Akatswiri a makampani ayenera kutsimikizira kuti makampani sadziwadi masiteshoni ndi kuti oimba mapilo amatetezedwa kuti asabwezere. Mabungwe a alangizi ayenera kulandira maphunziro okhazikika pa ngozi zotsendereza ndipo ayenera kupempha umboni wakuti mapulogalamu akugwira ntchito si papepala chabe koma kuti akugwira ntchito. Makampani ogwira ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, pangano logwirizana ndi opanga mapulogalamu ndi odzitsa malonda mwaufulu angachepetse kulangidwa ngati kuswa.

Mbali ina imene imafunikira chisamaliro chachikulu ndiyo mbali ya luso la zopangapanga kutheketsa ndi kutulukira makhalidwe oipa. Chotengera cha Volkswagen chinali njira yaluso yothetsera vuto la kugonjera, koma chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyenga. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kudziŵa zinthu za alytic ndi mamakina akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyendetsa zinthu kutulukira njira zawo zokayikitsa pa zachuma, zoulutsira zinthu, ndi zodandaula za anthu. Mtsogolo mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma mwakhala ndi kuphatikizapo zida zamakono ndi njira zamakono za kutumiza zida zamakono. Agulu la makampani a zamakono a kuthamanga ayenera kukhalabe patsogolo patalikitsa malonda awo mwa kupanga maluso awo a zamakono ndi kugwirizana ndi ofufuza ndi akatswiri a maindasitale.

Mapeto ake: Kupanga Njira Yolimbitsira Ntchito

Nkhani yofufuzidwa m'nkhani ino ikusonyeza kuti kukhazikitsa lamulo lauchigaŵenga sikumangokhudza kulanga oseŵera oipa; kuli ngati kuyambitsa njira yosasinthika. Cholakwa cha Volkswagen chinasonyeza kuti popanda kudzidalira, kudzisintha kwa munthuwe kungalephere. Ngozi ya Deeater Copingle inasonyeza kuti kuyang'anira ngozi kuyenera kukhala kochitidwa, osati kongonenedwa. Wells Fargo imachitira chithunzi kuti chikhalidwe ndi kubwezera kusonkhezera khalidwe. Enron inagogomezera kufunika kwa kudziimira pawekha ndi kupereka lipoti kowona mtima. Fodya MANA anatsimikizira kuti lamulo logwirizana lingatulutse kusintha kwa nyumba. Nkhani iliyonse imapereka mbali ya chibwibwibwi. Imapangidwa pamodzi, imapanga pulani yanzeru, yothandiza kwambiri imene imateteza chidwi ndi mabungwe amphamvu. Makampani oimba a