Table of Contents
Asayansi asintha kwambiri njira imene anthu amapezera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso. Mwa kungogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta angapo kapena kutsekera pa foni, anthu angatulutse mwamsanga nkhani za m'nyuzi, malo olankhulira, mavidiyo, ndi malingaliro a nkhani iliyonse. Kusavuta kwa anthu kupezeka, ngakhale kuli tero, kumakhala ndi udindo waukulu ndiponso wonyalanyazidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Kufunikira kwa kutsimikizira kulondola chidziŵitso chodyedwa ndi kugawidwa ndi anthu ena. Kulakwa kumafalikira mofulumira kuposa kale, ndi kufufuza kuti nkhani zonama zimayenda mofulumira nthaŵi zisanu ndi chimodzi kuposa nkhani zowona pa pulatifomu yonga Titter. M'malo otero, mfundo za m'chilengedwe sichiri chizoloŵezi chaumwini chokha chokha. Nzika zamakonozi ziyenera kutulukira m’gulu la ogula zinthu ndi ongogwira ntchito.
Kuzindikira Zomwe Zikuchitika
Kufufuza mfundo ndi njira yadongosolo yotsimikizira kuti mfundozo n’zolondola. Zimaphatikizapo kufufuza zimene atolankhani amanena, kuphatikizapo nkhani zofalitsidwa, malo olankhulira anthu, ndemanga zapoyera zoperekedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, kutsatsa malonda, ndi ngakhale mavairasi. Cholinga n’chakuti atsimikizire ngati chidziŵitso choperekedwa kwa anthu n’choona, chodalirika, ndiponso chochirikizidwa ndi umboni. Kufufuzako kungachitidwe ndi mabungwe a akatswiri monga Politifact, Snopes, ndi FactChect.org, komanso ndi luso limene nzika iliyonse ingaphunzire ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pamoyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kufufuza mfundo si kwatsopano . Ofufuza za m'mageti atsimikizira kalekale asanatulukire [1] koma kufunika kwake kwakhala kukukulirakulira m'nyengo ya manambala. Lerolino, aliyense angafalitse zolembedwa pa Intaneti popanda kuyang'anira nkhani. Kusintha kwa chidziŵitso kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti mabodza angafalikire kwambiri osunga zipata akakhala ndi mpata wowawongolera. Kumvetsa mmene kuyang'anira zinthu kumagwira ntchito, ponse paŵiri monga mwambo wa akatswiri ndi monga chiŵiya chaumwini, ndiko sitepe loyamba la kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso chanzeru.
Kufunika kwa Kukafuna Kupeza Zinthu
M’dziko lodzala ndi mawu onama, kupenda mfundozo kumatumikira zifuno zingapo zofunika zimene zimafika pamlingo woposa kulondola kwa munthu aliyense:
- Promotes zodziŵa kupanga zosankha: chidziŵitso cholondola chimathandiza nzika kusankha bwino pankhani za ndale, zaumoyo, ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, m'mliri wa Chovid-19, kuyang'anira kumathandiza kuchotsa nthano zowopsa zokhudza mankhwala ndi akatemera, zomwe zingapulumutse miyoyo. Ngati olembawo adalira pa chidziŵitso chotsimikizika m’malo mwa kuzungulira mphini, angaponye maboti ozikidwa pa zenizeni m’malo mwa nthano.
- Kuŵerengera mlandu: ziŵerengero za anthu ndi mabungwe amapatsidwa mlandu wa zimene anena. Zoona zimapanga mbiri yapoyera ya ndemanga, kutheketsa nzika kuyang'anizana ndi andale zadziko ndi matchulidwe a nyuzi pamene asochera ku chowonadi. Kuŵerengera kumeneku kumachirikiza mwambo wa kuona mtima ndi kuwonekera m'nkhani yapoyera.
- Kupeputsa: Mishformation kaŵirikaŵiri imalimbitsa tsankho lomwe liripo ndi kukulitsa malingaliro. Mwakulongosola kusamvetsetsa ndi kuchotsa nkhani zonama, mfundo zotsimikizira zingathandize kusiyanitsa pakati pa magulu otsutsana. Pamene mbali zonse ziŵiri zigwirizana pa mfundo zazikulu, mkangano wopindulitsa umakhala wothekanso.
- Imawonjezera democracy : Democracy yogwira ntchito imafuna kusankhidwa kokhoza kupanga zigamulo zolingalira bwino. Kutsimikizira kuti chidziŵitso cha m'chilengedwe sichikuipitsidwa ndi ndawala za dala, mabodza, kapena zolakwa wamba.
Kupyola pa ntchito zazikulu zimenezi, kuyang'anira mfundo kumatetezeranso anthu ku chinyengo, chinyengo cha zachuma, ndi ngozi zaumoyo. M'nyengo ya ma email opanga ndalama ndi kupenda zinthu zopeka, kukhoza kutsimikizira zonena kuli luso lothandiza kupulumuka.
Zida Zopangira Kusodza Kogwira Mtima
Mwamwayi, zida zambiri zilipo kuthandiza anthu kutsimikizira mfundo. Mawebusaiti amenewa amayendera mfundo zolembedwa ndi kuwonjezera zinthu ndi njira zofufuzira. Kudziwa bwino zinthu zimenezi kungathandize kwambiri kulondola zinthu zimene mumagwiritsa ntchito komanso kugawana. Pansipa pali zina mwa zida zothandiza kwambiri komanso mmene mungazigwiritsire ntchito.
Mawebusaiti Ofufuza Zenizeni
Mabungwe ofufuza mfundo za choonadi amapereka kufufuza kokwanira kwa nkhani zotchuka, mphekesera, ndi ndemanga za ndale zadziko. Malo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri saali a aparikiti ndipo amalemba ofufuza amene amafufuza zinthu zimene zinachokera ku magwero awo oyambirira.
- [[FLT :1] Snopes [[FLT :2] : Imodzi ya malo akale kwambiri ndi olemekezeka kwambiri oyendera mfundo, Snopes imakuta chilichonse kuchokera ku mavairasi a pa Intaneti ku mphekesera za ndale zadziko. Imapereka mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane ndi zizindikiro zonga "Bhodi," "Enima," kapena "Akuganiza."
- FactCC. org [1]: A ntchito ya Annenberg Public Policy Center, FactCheck org imasumika pa kulondola kwenikweni kwa mawu onenedwa ndi andale zadziko ndi kusatsa malonda kwa ndale zadziko kwa U.S. iko kuli kolimba kwambiri pa zikalata zogwirizana ndi masankhoti.
- [[NTRANT:0] PALITIFOC [FLT :] Mawu a Pritact special poti ndi choonadi-O- Meter kuchokera "Inde" mpaka "Iwodi pa Moto ". Imasinthanso kulondola kwa malonjezo andale zadziko ndi kugaŵira motsatizanatsatizana pa nkhani zovuta.
- Maiko-Oncting Network (IFCN): [[FLT :1] Chigwirizano cha padziko lonse chimenechi chimatsimikizira mfundo zolondola zimene zimamamatira ku miyezo yotsimikizirika ya kuonekera ndi yosakhala yapadera. Website imalola inu kupeza nsonga zotsimikizirika zotsimikizira m'maiko osiyanasiyana.
Zothandizira Kupanga Mabuku ndi Zipangizo Zogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta
Mukamafufuza zinthu zimene zikukuchitikirani, mukhoza kuona ngati zimene mumachita pa Intaneti n’zodalirika.
- NewsGunder: Kufutukulidwa kumeneku kumapereka chiyeneretso choikizira kwa zikwi za nyuzi ndi mawebusaiti a chidziŵitso . Kumagwiritsira ntchito atolankhani ophunzitsidwa kusanthula malo alionse pa zisonyezero zisanu ndi zinayi, kuphatikizapo kuwonekera, kuŵerengera, ndi kupeŵa nkhani zolakwika. Chithunzi chobiriŵira chimasonyeza magwero odalirika; chithunzi chofiira chimachenjeza za mawu osadalirika.
- Media Bias/Fact Cheke: Mwezi wowonjezera umenewu nyuzi zopereka mawu ponse paŵiri a tsankho ndi maumboni owona. Imathandiza ogwiritsira ntchito kumvetsetsa kudalira kwa ndale zadziko kwa magwero ndi kaya ngati kumafalitsa chidziŵitso cholongosoka mosalekeza.
- B.S jaket : Chida chopepuka chimene chimapanga mbendera zodziŵika ndi magwero osadalirika pamene mupita kwa iwo. Ndi njira yachidule ya kukhala tcheru ndi mawebusaiti okhoza kuyambitsa mavuto.
Kufufuzanso Chithunzi ndi Kutsimikizira Zakumbukiro
Kusintha zinthu zimene mukuona kuti ndi zoona kungakuthandizeni kudziwa kumene kunachokera chithunzicho komanso ngati chasinthidwa.
- Google Reinfied Facial Search : Kulase chithunzi kapena kupopa URL yake kuti apeze kwina kumene chimawonekera pa web. Izi zingawone ngati chithunzi cha chitsutso chakale chikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonyeza chochitika chamakono.
- : [1] Injini yapadera yofufuza chithunzi yapadera imene ili yaluso kwambiri pa kupeza zigwirizano zenizeni ndi kusintha pa intaneti.
- [[FLT: 0] [1] sanganizo la Weversuct: Lopangidwa makamaka kaamba ka atolankhani ndi ofufuza kutsimikizira mavidiyo ndi zithunzi za pa wailesi ndi pa Intaneti. Imapereka zida zofufuzira metameta, kuwonjezera pa tsatanetsatane, ndi kutulukira madesiki ozama.
Mmene Mungadziŵire Zonena: Chitsogozo Chapang’onopang’ono
Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zapadera, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoonera zinthu n’kofunika kwambiri.
- Kamphindi ndi kukayikira kayankhidwe kanu koyamba. Kuyankha kwamphamvu kwa malingaliro , kuseketsa, mantha, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zizindikiro zakuti zimene zilimo zinalengedwa kunyalanyaza kuganiza kwanu kosuliza. Musanayambe kugawana.
- Kudziŵikitsa magwero oyambirira. Kodi ndani ananena mawuwo? Kodi ndi mboni yaumwini, ndemanga ya boma, kapena lipoti lachitatu? Fufuzani magwero aakulu mmalo mwa zolemba kapena chidule.
- Kapenyetsetsani kudalirika kwa magwero. Gwiritsirani ntchito chiŵiya chonga Manyuzipepala kapena Media Bias / Fact Kuwona ngati njira yotulukira ili ndi mbiri yolondola. Samalani ndi maakaunti osadziŵika kapena mawebusaiti olembedwa bwino.
- Sekedzani macheke a zinthu omwe alipo. GODSD / webusaiti yofufuza mfundo kapena kungofufuza Google ndi mawu akuti "chekeck" kuwona ngati yafufuzidwa kale.
- [[FLT: 0] Kusintha mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo. [[FT:1] Ngakhale chidziŵitso choona chingakhale chosokeretsa ngati chichotsedwa pa mawu ozungulira. Pezani mawu onse, vidiyo yoyambirira, kapena nkhani yonse. Chiganizo chimodzi chingapotozedwe kutanthauza zosiyana ndi cholinga cha wokamba nkhani.
- Seckuck kaamba ka kujambula ndi kujambula vidiyo. Gwiritsirani ntchito kubwerera kumbuyo kufunafuna chithunzi kutsimikizira kuti zithunzi sizikusinthidwa kuchokera ku zochitika zosagwirizana. Mavidiyo, funafunani zizindikiro za kusanthula kapena mbadwo wa AI.
- Kaundula wochuluka wa magwero odziimira. Chidziŵitso chodalirika kaŵirikaŵiri chimatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zingapo zodalirika zimene sizigwirizana ndi ndalama kapena kukondera kwa olemba. Ngati buku limodzi lokha linena za mawu ochititsa chidwi, lankhulani nawo mokayikira.
- Chigawo kokha pambuyo pa kutsimikizira. Ngati simungatsimikizire, musachipititse. Ngakhale mpheto wamba ikhoza kufalitsa nkhani zolakwika zambiri.
Thayo la Ntchito ya Mwamuna M’nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Mayiko
Udindo wa bungwe la Covic umagwira ntchito kuposa kusamala zinthu. Kumaphatikizapo kutenga mbali mokangalika m'zochitika za demokrase, kuchita nawo ntchito ndi chitaganya, ndi kukhala nzika ya makompyuta. Ziŵiya ndi maluso a kutsimikizira zili chabe zatanthauzo pamene adziŵitsa ntchito. Nazi njira zingapo zimene anthu angakwaniritsire ntchito zawo za m'chitaganya m'nyengo ya chidziŵitso.
Khalani Odziŵa Zinthu Mwa Kudzera mwa Odalirika
Kuchepetsa chakudya choyenera ndi ntchito ya boma. Kudalira pa pepala limodzi kapena kudyetsa algorith-dved kungayambitse njira yosonyezera zimene mumakhulupirira. Mmalomwake, gwiritsirani ntchito nkhani zambiri kuchokera ku mitundu yonse ya ndale zadziko, kuphatikizapo njira zoperekera lipoti lamphamvu monga Associated Press, Reuters, NPR, ndi BBC. Kulembetsa ku manyuzipepala amene amagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zenizeni ndi kuonetsetsa. Kuchuluka kwa malingaliro kumathandiza kuti mupewe mabodza.
Kambani Nkhani ya Pachiŵeniŵeni
Kulondola kwa zinthu ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zopindulitsa. Kukambirana nkhani zofunika kwambiri kumafuna kumvetsera, kulemekeza maganizo osiyana, ndi kutsimikiza mtima kugawana nkhani zotsimikizika. Pamene mukumana ndi munthu wina wonena zinthu zabodza, peŵani kuipitsa anthu; m’malo mwake, lankhulani mwachinsinsi kugwirizana ndi mfundo yotsimikizira mfundo za choonadi ndi pepala laulemu. Kulimbikitsa ena kukhala ndi zizoloŵezi zolondola. Nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni imakulitsa chikhulupiriro chofunikira pa anthu onse kuti athetse mavuto.
Kudziŵa ndi Kutengamo Mbali m’Zosankha
Kufufuza kwa zenizeni kumakhala kotsatirapo kwambiri pa bokosi losandutsa. Pambuyo pa kuvota, gwiritsirani ntchito zinthu zosakhala zapakrati monga Ballotediya kapena Vote411 ku malo a ofufuza, mafashoni ovota, ndi kulondola kwa malonjezo awo. Onani maziko enieni a nkhani zazikulu monga ngati ziganizo zachuma, mapulani a zaumoyo, ndi malamulo a malo okhala. Voti yodziŵitsidwa ndiyo malo a democracy yoimira.
Chirikizani Kuŵerenga Nkhani za M’deralo ndi Kupeza Choonadi
Malo oulutsira nkhani za m'manyuzipepala a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo oyamba kupereka lipoti pa makomiti a sukulu, mabungwe a mizinda, ndi maulamuliro ena a kumaloko. Komabe ambiri atsika kapena atha chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma. Kutumiza nyuzipepala yakumaloko kapena kupereka ku nyuzipepala yopanda phindu kuchirikiza mwachindunji mtundu wa manyuzipepala amene ali ndi mphamvu zoŵerengera anthu. Kuwonjezera apo, amathandiza mabungwe onga ngati News Literacy Project project kapena International Fact-Cheging Network, imene imagwira ntchito yopanga mphamvu za anthu kuti apezetsedwe.
Lipoti Lolakwika
Mapulogalamu ambiri a pa wailesi ndi pa TV amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusimba malo amene ali ndi chidziŵitso chonyenga. Ngakhale kuti kugwira ntchito kwa malipoti ameneŵa kumasiyanasiyana, kulephera kudziŵidwa bwino lomwe [1] makamaka zinthu zimene zingawonongedi dziko, monga ngati thanzi kapena chitetezo, ndi kachitidwe kang'ono koma kaphindu. Mapulatifomu ena amachirikizanso "kumwa," kumene ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi mfundo zabwino, mfundo zozikidwa pa zimene zimachotsa nkhani zonama.
Mavuto Olimbana ndi Zinthu Zamoyo
Ngakhale kuti pali zipangizo zamphamvu ndiponso zolinga zabwino za munthu, zovuta zambiri zimalepheretsa kuyang’anira zinthu. Kudziwa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu agonjetse vutoli.
Chidziŵitso Chochuluka ndi Kufulumira kwa Ubwino
Chidziŵitso chochuluka chopangidwa pa sekondi iliyonse nchodabwitsa. Pa makompyuta, mawu onama angatenge kachilombo kake m’mphindi zochepa, kufikira mamiliyoni ambiri ofufuza zinthu asanakhale ndi mpata wa kupenda. Pofika nthaŵi imene chiwongolero chafalitsidwa, chivulazo chimakhala chitachitika kale [1] makamaka chifukwa chakuti kuwongolera sikumafikira kufalikira kofanana ndi bodza loyambirira. Kusintha kumeneku ndi chida chimene palibe chipangizo chilichonse chimene chingachithetseretu.
Kulimbikitsa Bias ndi Maganizo Osonkhezeredwa
Mwachibadwa anthu amakopeka ndi chidziŵitso chimene chimatsimikizira zikhulupiriro zawo zimene zinalipo kale ndipo ali othekera kwambiri kukana umboni umene umatsutsana nawo. Kutsimikizira kumeneku kumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuyang'ana maganizo. Nthaŵi zina, kupereka cheke cha zenizeni kungawonjezere chikhulupiriro chonyengacho chodziŵika monga "vuto la moto" kulaka zimenezi sizimafuna kokha chidziŵitso cholongosoka komanso njira zolankhulirana zimene zimakopa makhalidwe ndi madict.
Kusaphunzira Kuŵerenga ndi Kuŵerenga
Anthu ambiri alibe maluso ofunika kwambiri ofufuzira bwino m'mabuku ndi m'nkhani. Iwo sangadziŵe kusiyana pakati pa nkhani ya nkhani ndi pepala la malingaliro, kapena angakhulupirire mapulani a pawebusaiti oyang'anira mapu a masamu enieni. Kufufuza . . .Stford University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kukula kwa Mazira ndi Zamkati Zochuluka
Kupita patsogolo kwa luntha lachibadwidwe kwapangitsa kukhala kotheka kupanga mavidiyo opeka, zojambula zojambula, ndi zithunzi. Mafilimu amtundu wa juefakes angaonetse wandale amene sananenepo kapena wodziŵa zinthu zimene sanagwiritse ntchito. Mabodzawa ndi ovuta kwambiri kuzindikira ndi maso akhungu. Pamene zipangizo zopimira zopimira zikupangidwa, luso la zopangapanga zinthulo likupitirizabe kupeputsa njira zotsimikizirika. Ofufuza zinthu ayenera tsopano kulimbana ndi malire atsopano a zinthu zopanga zimene zimafuna luso la zojambula zinthu zotulutsa zinthu zopanga zinthu zimene zimafuna kuchotsa nzeru.
Kuwongolera Malamulo a Kachitidwe
Marogome a makompyuta a za mayanjano amapangidwa bwino kaamba ka pangano la ukwati, osati kulondola. Malingaliro, kukwiya, kapena zolembedwa zonyenga kaŵirikaŵiri zimalandira kutsekereza kowonjezereka, kugawana, ndi kachitidwe kuposa kusimba kopanda pake, kowona. Mapulogalamu ayamba pang'onopang'ono kusintha mwa kutchula malo osocheretsa kapena kuchepetsa kufikira kwa olakwa obwerezabwereza, koma zisonkhezero za malonda ozikidwa pa chisamaliro zimakhalabe chopinga cha dongosolo la kuletsa kuwona mtima kwa zinthu.
Kulimbikitsa Kuphunzira ndi Kuŵerenga Zoulutsidwa
Kuti tithetse mavuto amenewa komanso kuti tithe kudziwa zoona zenizeni, kulimbikitsa anthu kulemba ndi kulemba nkhani n’kofunika kwambiri. Anthu amene amaphunzira ku CD ndi vidiyo amafunika kudziwa bwino zinthu kuti adziwe bwino zinthu pamoyo wawo.
Programu za Maphunziro ndi Curicula
Masukulu ndi mabungwe a anthu ayenera kugwirizanitsa kulemba ndi kulemba ndi kujambula mawu m'masukulu awo onse. Mwachitsanzo, Project yophunzitsa kulemba ndi kulemba imapereka ndalama zaulere kwa aphunzitsi, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a kudziŵa zolakwika, kupenda magwero, ndi kumvetsetsa. Mayiko ena, monga California ndi Illinois, akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna malangizo ophunzitsa kulemba ndi kulemba m'manyuzipepala m’masukulu a K-12. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimaphunzitsa ana kukayikira zimene amaona pa Intaneti ndi kufunafuna umboni wa zikalatazo zisanavomereze kuti ndi zoona.
Alimbikitseni Kuganiza Moganizira Ena Kuyambira Paubwana Wanu
Kuŵerenga wailesi ndi ma CD si kungodziŵa webusaiti imene mungadalire; koma ndi kukulitsa chizoloŵezi cha kukayikira ndi kutsimikizira. Makolo ndi aphunzitsi angatsanzire khalidwe limeneli mwa kukambirana nkhani za m'nyuzi pa gome la chakudya, kufunsa mafunso onga akuti: “Kodi tidziŵa bwanji zimenezi? kapena "Ndani analenga uthenga umenewu ndipo chifukwa ninji? Kulimbikitsa ana kuyerekezera nkhani zambiri za chochitika chimodzimodzicho kumakulitsa maluso a kapenyedwe amene adzafunikira monga achikulire.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zipangizo za Umisiri Pophunzitsa
Zida zoyendera zinthu zokonzedwa kuti zikhale zothandizira kuyang'anira makalasi. Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira angapemphedwe kutsimikizira zimene akunena pogwiritsira ntchito Snopes ndi kuyang'ana zithunzi zochokera ku zilembo zina, ndiyeno apereke zimene apeza. Njira imeneyi imathandiza kuti anthu azitha kulemba ndi kukumbukira. Malaibulale ndi malo akuluakulu angaperekenso mapulogalamu a anthu achikulire amene amafutukulidwa ndi kutsimikizira kuti akugwiritsa ntchito ma foni kapena kompyuta.
Anthu Oyamba Kuyamba Kuyenda M’derali
Kufufuza zenizeni ndi kulemba ndi kujambula si ntchito za munthu mwini ayi; zingakulitsidwe pa mlingo wa chitaganya. Malaibulale a kumaloko, matchalitchi, ndi mabungwe a boma angalandire "kufufuza zisonyezero zachisawawa" kumene opezekapo amaphunzira kugwiritsira ntchito zida ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maluso. Kugwirizana ndi atolankhani a m'malo kapena aphunzitsi a pa yunivesite kumawonjezeranso kukhulupirika ndi luso. Magulu a anthu olankhula ndi a za chikhalidwe cha anthu angatumikirenso monga malo oyendera mfundo zenizeni, kumene mamembala ake amalondola bwino zinthu zimene zili m’mudzimo.
Kumaliza
Kufufuza zenizeni ndi thayo la nzika ndi maluso a democracy yogwira ntchito m'nyengo ya manambala. Ziŵiya zothandizira kutsimikizira n’zofikirika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse, kuyambira pa webusaiti zopatulidwa zoyang'anira zinthu ndi kukonzanso injini yofufuzira zithunzi. Komabe ziŵiya zimenezi n’zothandiza kwambiri ngati anthu akufunitsitsa kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Mwakutsatira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, kuchita nkhani zachikhalidwe, kuchirikiza nkhani zodalirika, ndi kuchirikiza kufalitsa mabuku, ndi kufalitsa zofalitsa nkhani m'mauthenga nkhani m'maudindo osiyanasiyana, nzika zingayendetseke mfundo zamakono ndi kudalirana ndi zikhalidwe za anthu. Kulimbana ndi nkhani zosochezetsa sikuli kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kumene kumafunikira kuti nzika iliyonse ikhale ndi mbali yogwira ntchito.