Kupangidwa kwa Ulamuliro wa America: Mmene Nthambi Zitatu Zimaloŵera

United States Constitution imakhazikitsa boma la boma lokhazikitsidwa pa kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, kugaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu zolingana: malamulo, mabwana, ndi chiweruzo. Mabungwe ameneŵa analinganizidwa mwadala kuletsa kuikidwa kwa mphamvu panthambi imodzi iliyonse, nkhaŵa Oyambitsawo amene anaigwira kwambiri pambuyo pa zokumana nazo zawo ndi ufumu wa Briteni. Pamene nthambi iliyonse imachita zinthu modziimira payokha, kuyenderana kwawo ndi dongosolo lapamwamba la zofufuza ndi kulinganiza kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumayambitsa vuto lalikulu limene limapanga lamulo lalikulu lililonse, lamulo, ndi lamulo loweruza. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense kufunafuna mmene demokrase ya kutsa lamulo lalamulo la malamulo a ku malamulo alamulo ndi ulamuliro watsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Nthambi Yoyamba ya Malamulo: Nyumba za Malamulo

Mfundo I ya Malamulo imaika malamulo onse m'Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States, kuipanga kukhala nthambi yoyamba ya boma. Congress ndi bimear, yomwe ili ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, aŵiri paboma) ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 435 ogawidwa ndi anthu). Nthambi ya malamulo imalamulira mphamvu ya kachikwama, imalengeza nkhondo, imalamulira malonda a mayiko, ndipo imapanga malamulo onse a boma. Koma kugwirizana kwake ndi akuluakulu ndi nthambi za khoti ndi nthambi za khoti la lamulo kumakhala kopitirira pa kulinganiza malamulo wamba.

Kupereka Malamulo: Kugwirizana ndi Ulamuliro

Kugwirizana kooneka kwambiri pakati pa Congress ndi desidenti kumachitika m'dongosolo la malamulo. Lamulo liyenera kudutsa zipinda zonse ziŵiri mu mtundu wofanana ndiyeno n’kuperekedwa kwa Pulezidenti. Pulezidenti angasaine m'lamulo, kuitumiza, kapena kulilola kukhala lamulo popanda kusaina pambuyo pa masiku khumi (Losande yosanja). Mphamvu imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri: Nyumba ya malamulo ikhoza kuchotsapo kulemera kwa magawo aŵiri okha ndi matatu aakulu m’nyumba zonse ziŵiri, , chitsulo chapamwamba, mwachitsanzo, 2020 Congress a Readentive of National Device Aclation Acct , koma kulephera koteroko kuchitika ndi 5% ya ma democletiact.

Kuposa pa kuthamanga, luso la Pulezidenti la kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi bungwe losonkhezera likulu la boma limapanga magule andale osalekeza. Madiresi a Boma la Union, lomwe limafunidwa ndi Mfundo Yachiwiri, Chigawo 3, ndi nthaŵi yovomerezeka kwa Pulezidenti kuti apereke njira. Koma mayanjano amwayi ndi "misonkhano ya White House yokhala ndi mipando yaikulu ya komiti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito aprikiti ya ozunza."shapeni nkhani za malamulo mwamphamvu mofanana ndi mmene zimachitira.

Kulinganiza Malamulo ndi Mphamvu ya Chogulacho

Congress imalamulira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma pa pulogalamu ya oweruza. Malamulo amapatsa Nyumba ya Oimira mphamvu imodzi yokha yoyambitsa mafashoni a ndalama (Arcicle I, Chigawo 7). Mphamvu imeneyi ya bajeti ndi imodzi ya macheke amphamvu kwambiri a Congress pa nthambi ya akuluakulu. Pulezidenti amatumiza ndandanda ya ndalama chaka chilichonse, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo siiyenera kuitenga. Pochita ntchito, kulinganiza kukambirana kumakhala kwapamwamba koyambitsa mikangano, kutsogolera ku ku kuletsa boma pamene appropries atha. 20182119, kuima kwanthaŵi yaitali kwambiri mu U.S. Mbiri yakale (masiku 35), inasonyeza mmene nthambi ya malamulo singaletse ntchito yauyang'a ntchito ya boma mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kufufuza

Nyumba yamilandu ili ndi ulamuliro waukulu woyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo kuweruza milandu, kutulutsa mapologalamu, ndi kufufuza mabungwe a boma. Ntchito imeneyi imafufuza mphamvu zauyang’aniro mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira mphamvu imeneyi mu Mcrain v. Daughherty . Daugh . (1927), likugwira ntchito ya Congress kukakamiza ndi zolemba kuti adziŵitse malamulo. Kufufuza kwapamwamba kwa mayeso, nkhani za ku Iran-Chontro, ndi Komiti ya January 6 . Illittactet kuonetsa mmene Nyumba ya malamulo ingavumbulire khalidwe loipa la zaudindo ndi ngakhale kufalitsa kufalitsa.

Mphamvu Yosafuna Kuzigwiritsa Ntchito

Malamulo amapatsa Nyumbayo mphamvu yokha ya kulephera kugamula (Artle, Gawo 2) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yokha yoyesa kuyesa kuweruza (Article I, Chigawo 3). Izi ndizo kuyang'anira komaliza kwa Kongranti pa pulezidenti, pulezidenti, kapena woweruza wa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusagwirizana kuli njira ya ndale zadziko, osati wapandu, kumafuna voti ya anthu ambiri m’Nyumba kubweretsa milandu ndi mavoti aŵiri ovoti a Nyumba yachifumu kuti aikidwe ndi kuchotsedwa. Ndi mapulanilansi atatu okha amene anatsutsidwa ndi Nyumba: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (19, ndi Donald Curcian, 2019 ndi 201). Palibe amene anaimbidwa ndi Bungwe la boma, ngakhale kuti oweruza angapo anachotsedwapo. Oweruza ambiri andale ambiri amapangidwa ndi gulu la anthu.

Kutsimikiziridwa kwa Mapangano a Oyang’anira ndi Oweruza

Uphungu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi mbali yovomereza (Article II, Gawo 2) limapatsa nthambi yalamulo mphamvu yapadera m'kuyendetsa ponse paŵiri nthambi ya akuluakulu ndi jaji. Pulezidenti amasankha alembi a kabungwe, oweruza a boma (kuphatikizapo Oweruza Apamwamba a Bwalo Lamilandu), akazembe, ndi akuluakulu ena apamwamba, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuwatsimikizira mwa kuvota kwa anthu ambiri. Zimenezi zimapanga kugwirizana kwakukulu: Pulezidenti ayenera kusankha mameneine ovomerezeka ku Khoti, kapena kuchedwa kapena kukanidwa. Njira yotsimikizira ya Supreme Court yakhala ya kupikisana, monga momwe ikuonekera m'nkhondo pa Robert Bork (1987, (197, , inakana), Tlance Thomas (1991, kutsimikizira mofulumira) ndi kutsimikizira kwa Amy Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr Barnet mu 2020 Brie.

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Pulezidenti monga Wolamulira Wamkulu ndi Mtsogoleri Wadziko Lina

Mfundo yachiŵiri ya maulamuliro apamwamba kwa Pulezidenti, amene amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma, mkulu wa boma, ndi mkulu wa boma. Nthambi yapamwamba imaphatikizapo Pulezidenti Wamkulu, madipatimenti a Kabitaija (15), mabungwe odziimira, makhomu, ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma. Kulankhulana kwa Pulezidenti ndi Congress ndi makhoti sikusintha ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsutsana.

Mphamvu za Veto ndi Malamulo

Veto mwina ndi chiwongolero cha mkulu pa Congress. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo lililonse loperekedwa ndi Congress, lokakamiza kuti lifune kupambana. Kuphatikiza pa lamulo la malamulo a dziko lapansi, mapresidenti amakono amagwiritsa ntchito chiwopsezo cha chivomerezo cha chivomezi cha kuchotsa ku Congress . Mabishopu amalembanso zikalata zotsagana ndi kusaina lamulo limene lingafotokoze lamulolo kapena kusonyeza mmene lilingalililililili. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusaina mawuwo sikunagwirizana ndi lamulo, iwo agwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira mafotokozedwe a akuluakulu, nthaŵi zina zotsutsa ziganizo.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Ntchito Yosatsatira

Mapulani a kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu a boma la boma popanda lamulo latsopano. Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo koma amalamulidwa ndi Malamulo ndi malamulo omwe alipo. Malamulo audindo ali chida champhamvu kwa mapresidenti kuti afikire zolinga zalamulo pamene Congress yagaŵidwa kapena kutsekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Prezidenti Franklin D. Rooselt anatulutsa Ordercy 90666 pankhondo ya Dziko II, kuvomereza Chigawo cha Japann American (pambuyo pake chochirikizidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Kama v. United States[FL:1]). Barack Obama anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akulu otsogolera ntchito pa kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ya ku Ogeasts Proult (DCA). Komabe, malangizo apamwamba angatsutsidwe ndi pulezidenti woyang'anizana ndi kutsutsa mlandu woyang'mbuyo kwa mlandu, pamene anayang'anizana ndi kutsutsa chigamuke cha Pristrust .

Nkhani Zakunja ndi Mphamvu ya Pangano

Pulezidenti ndi woyambitsa woyamba wa malamulo achilendo, kuyendetsa mayanjano, kukambirana mapangano, ndi kutumikira monga mkulu wa asilikali. Komabe maulamuliro a Prezidenti a boma akunja amayesedwa ndi Congress: mapangano afuna kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhale yoyanjana ndi mavoti aŵiri, ndipo ndi Nyumba za Malamulo zokha zimene zingayambitse nkhondo. Kulimbana pakati pa maulamuliro a akuluakulu ankhondo ndi ulamuliro wa bungwe la boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kwakhala mutu wobwerezabwerezabwereza, kuchokera ku Nkhondo ya Korea (kulimbana popanda chilengezo chalamulo) ku Chilolezo cha Kugwiritsira Ntchito Gulu lankhondo (AMF) pambuyo pa 9 / 11. Maulamuliro a Nkhondo a 1973, anapitirira pa Prezidenti Nixon’s, zoyesayesa kuchepetsa ntchito yaunduna yankhondo koma zautsogoleri wankhondo, monga momwe zakhala zongopekaditsa ntchito, monga momwe pulezidenti wamasulira kaŵiri kapena kulephera kwake.

Kusankha ndi Kuchotsa Mphamvu

Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu ambiri, koma amafuna kutsimikiziridwa. Akangotsimikizira, akuluakulu a boma ambiri amatumikira pa chisangalalo cha Pulezidenti ndipo angachotsedwe popanda chifukwa. Komabe, Konsichushoni siilankhula za malire ochotsedwa, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira ziletso: mwachitsanzo, mabungwe odziimira okha monga Federal Reserve kapena Securities ndi Exchange Commission ali ndi makhonsati amene angachotsedwe, kuswa kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro ndi kudziimira. Mkangano wa mabungwe odziimira a boma usilikalire umasonyeza kugwirizana kolimba pakati pa nduna, Regionation (imene inawalenga), ndi (ikumasulira mabwalo awo).

Nthambi Yoweruza: Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu ndi Mphamvu ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mfundo III ikhazikitsa nthambi yachiweruzo, yokhala ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba koposa. Oweruza amamasulira malamulo a boma ndi Konsichushoni, ndi mphamvu yake ya kupenda chiweruzo . Choyamba chanenedwa mu Marbury . Madison [1] (1803)] (mphiko wapamwamba) . imapanga katswiri wofufuza malamulo onse aŵiri a Congress ndi Pulezidenti. Ngakhale kuti judiary amafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala nthambi yowopsa kwambiri (Alexander Hamilton mu Federal List No. 78, kuyanjana kwake ndi malamulo ndi manthambi ena a ku America ndi malamulo ake.

Kupenda Malamulo a Chiweruzo

Khoti Lapamwamba lingalengeze lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress losathetsa lamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi, yosatchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo, inakhazikitsidwa ndi Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall mu Marbury v. Madison. Zitsanzo zambiri: mu R. Wade v. [[FLT] [[FFFF:]] [3] - [3] [7]), Khoti linaswa malamulo a boma oletsa kuchotsa mimba; [[FLT:] Dederation of Independent v. [FL:5], (20], Khoti inachirikiza Afford Careance Active Active Active Active Active Arctstion pansi pa mphamvu ya kukhoti koma inakana chigometso cha Clasting [FF] mu United States; Flate:] ndi "5] Zigamu zake zowopsa za lamulo lotsutsa lamulo lowonjezera, pamene chigamu .

Kupenda Zochita za Olamulira

Makhoti amayang'ananso nthambi ya akuluakulu mwa kupenda lamulo la malamulo, malamulo, ndi zochita. Ngati ntchito yapamwamba iposa ulamuliro wa boma kapena kuswa malamulo, khoti lingaithe. Mwachitsanzo, mu achichepere Commentach Commentauch & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1] (1952), Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira kuti Pulezidenti Truman atsedwe ndi zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa nkhondo ya Korea chifukwa chakuti inapitirira mphamvu yake ya ulamuliro. [FLT. FLT.] V. v [FLT.] [FL.] [20] [20], Khoti la Pulezidenti Briti la Trump] (208]), lidalitse lamulo lake loletsa kusamuka, ngakhale kuti mabaibulo a boma ango anatsekedwa ndi makope a kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kuukira kwa malamulo a boma.

Kusankha ndi Kufufuza pa Disitiviya

Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo imawatsimikizira, ndipo oweruza amatumikira kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse (kutsatira Khalidwe labwino” kutsimikizira kudziimira. Kusankha kumeneku kuli ntchito yosuliza: Pulezidenti angapange chigamulo kwa zaka makumi ambiri mwa kutchula oweruza amene ali ndi malingaliro apadera achiweruzo. Nyumba ya Malamulo, makamaka pamene ikulamuliridwa ndi gulu lina, ingaletse kapena kuchedwetsa kugamula kwa lamulo. Nkhondo ya pa Khoti Lapamwamba yakulakula, ndi kukana kulingalira Woweruza Merrick Garland mu 2016 (pansi kwa Pulezidenti Oma) ndi kufulumira kwa Justice Barrett mu 202020 ikugogomezera mmene kuŵerengera kwa ndale zadziko kumathandizira kusankha kwa chiweruzo.

Kuzengedwa Chilango ndi Mphamvu ya Makhoti

Congress ili ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa khoti. Imasankha chiŵerengero cha oweruza (pakali pano 9) ndi kukhazikitsa makhoti ang'onoang'ono. Pansi pa Article III, Chigawo 2, Congress ingachepetse ulamuliro wa Khoti Lalikulu, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzikamodzi koma kwamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, khoti litawononga lamulo mu Ex e McCardle [[FLL: 1] [1869], Congress , Congress inachotsa ulamuliro wa Khoti pa milandu ina, ndipo Khoti linachirikiza kuchotsedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti kamodzi kamodzi kaŵiri, kuwopseza kwa ulamuliro wa gulu lankhondo kungasonkhetsenso khalidwe la komiti yapamwamba.

Macheke ndi Kulinganizika pa Zochita: Zitsanzo Zachizindikiro

Njira ya kupima ndi kulinganizika si chinthu chongoyerekezera; imagwira ntchito nthaŵi zonse m'ulamuliro weniweni wa dziko. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo za fanizo zimene zimasonyeza kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa nthambi:

Chikalata cha Afford Care Act (200-2015)

ACA anapatula Congress ndi mavoti a Democratic okha ndipo adasaina ndi Pulezidenti Obama. Anatsutsidwa mwamsanga, Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo lalikulu mu NFIB v. Sebelius , koma anapeza kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingakakamize kuwonjezera malamulo a Medicaid . Mu 2015, Khoti linachirikizanso ACA mu . Mfumu Burwell , nthaŵi ino yomasulira mawu onena za msonkho. Pakali pano, Pulezidenti Obama anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito mbali za lamulo, ndi mabungwe a Repablic Republic kuyesa kuipira kuipira Reviblicration, pamene Revice Rege.

Kuletsedwa kwa Maulendo (207 - 2018)

Pulezidenti Trump analetsa lamulo la mkulu wa boma loletsa kuyenda kuchokera ku maiko angapo a Chisilamu adatsutsidwa mwamsanga m'khoti. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono, akutchula onse aŵiri ulamuliro wa malamulo ndi Chiyambi cha Malamulo a Claus, anatseka lamulolo. Mtsogoleri wa Ninth Treat anakhazikitsa lamulo limodzi. Boma linakonzanso lamulolo, koma linatsekedwanso. Potsirizira pake, Khoti Lapamwamba ku [FL: 0] Trump v. Hawaii . adachirikiza Baibulo lachitatu, akupeza kuti Pulezidenti anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa kusamutsira ndi kuti lamulo silinaswe kukhazikitsa Claus. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene bungwe la judia lingaletse ntchito yoyendetsa ntchito ya kanthaŵi, likufunikira kukonzanso kapena kukonzanso malamulo.

Madison (103) – Foundational Interaction

Mlanduwu unabuka ndi mikangano ya ndale pakati pa Pulezidenti wochoka John Adams (Federalist) ndi Pulezidenti wobwerayo Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican). Adams anaikidwa oweruza angapo pakati pausiku, koma mabungwewo sanaperekedwe. Mlembi wa Jefferson wa Boma James Madison, anakana kupereka ntchito ya Marbury. Marbury adasukira mwachindunji m'bwalo Lapamwamba pansi pa makonzedwe a Jadiary Act ya 1789. Woweruza wamkulu Marshall anakhazikitsa kupenda mlandu mwa kulengeza kuti mbali ya Chikalata cha Jeudiary Act inali yosakhala yachigamu. Chigamu cha judiary kusoŵa malamulo, koma chinatero m’njira imene inapeŵa kutsutsana ndi ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa khotilo lolamuliralo lopanda ulamuliro.

Watergate ndi United States kutsutsana ndi Nixon (1974)

Pa nthawi ya mlandu wa Watergate, Pulezidenti Nixon anayesa kuletsa matepi omvetsera ongoperekedwa ndi loya wapadera. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula mogwirizana kuti udindo wapamwamba ndi wochepa ndipo silipereka umboni wa milandu. Nixon anavomera ndipo mwamsanga anasiya. Mlanduwu ukusonyeza kugwirizana koopsa: makhoti angakakamize mkulu wa matepi kutulutsa chidziŵitso, ndipo mkulu ayenera kuvomereza, ngakhale pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Ilo limasonyezanso ntchito ya kufufuza kochitidwa ndi bungwe (Komiti ya Nyumba ya Magedo game) kuvumbula mlanduwo.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo kwa Masiku Ano ndi Kuloŵererana Kosinthasintha

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi kwasintha m'kupita kwa nthaŵi. Utsogoleri wamakono wakula kwambiri, makamaka pambuyo pa New Deal ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndipo akatswiri ambiri akutsutsa nthambi yaikulu imene ikulamulira ntchito. Nthaŵi zina Nyumba ya Malamulo yabwezanso ntchito mwa kuyang'anira ndi kulamulira kwa ndalama, koma mapulofesa ndi kutha kwa nthaka achititsa kuti adalire kwambiri malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ndi zochita za munthu mmodzi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, jajidiya yakhala ndi mbali yaikulu m'kuyang'anira ntchito zapamwamba, makamaka mkati mwa ulamuliro wa Trump ndi Biden. Nkhani zingapo zamakono zasonyeza kutsutsana kopitirizabe:

  • Mwayi wa ntchito ndi kugonjera kwa gulu la apolisi: Nduna ya Trump nthaŵi zonse inakana kugwirizana ndi Nyumba yaing'ono, kutsogolera ku kunyozedwa kwa ziganizo ndi nkhondo za m'mabwalo. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Trump v. Mazars [1] [FLT] [20] anakhazikitsa mayeso olinganiza a mabodza a pulezidenti a maakaunti a zachuma, koma mapanganowo akhalabe a mkangano.
  • Mphamvu za kulolera: Mapresidenti apempha National Emercitution Act kuti achitepo kanthu popanda Nyumba ya Malamulo, monga kumanga khoma loyandikana ndi malire. Nyumba zingathetse ngozi ndi chigamulo chimodzi, koma zigamulo zoterozo zimafuna chitsimikizo cha unyinji wa anthu kapena sigini ya pulezidenti.
  • Kuperekedwa kwa mphamvu ya malamulo: Nyumba za Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimapereka malamulo aakulu amene amapatsa maulamuliro mabungwe akuluakulu. Khoti Lapamwamba lalimbana ndi malire a nthumwi, ndi zosankha zaposachedwapa zonga West Virginia v. EPA [202] [mafunso a] chiphunzitso, "kufuna kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo alankhule bwino pamene akupatsa ena zachuma kapena zandale zofunika zazikulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mapangano a mwambo ndi chiberekero: Nyumba ya Malamulo inachotsa chigamulo cha khoti laling'ono mu 2013 (“chigamulo cha nyukiliya” ndi kwa Khoti Lalikulu mu 2017, kupangitsa kutsimikizira kwa anthu wamba. Zimenezi zakulitsa nkhondo za lamulo ndi kusintha kugwirizana pakati pa Khoti ndi desitaramenti.

Mbadwo uliwonse umamasuliranso malire a mphamvu, ndipo nthambi zimapitiriza kukambirana mbali zawo mwa njira zozoloŵereka ndi ndale zamwamwaŵi.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Kupatukana ndi Maulamuliro

Kugwirizana pakati pa nthambi za malamulo, zoyang'anira, ndi zachiweruzo kumapanga mtima wamphamvu wa ulamuliro wa Amereka. Dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana, pamene nthaŵi zina losathandiza ndi la mkangano, limaletsa nthambi iliyonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zosaletsedwa. Kukakamiza kugwirizana, kulolera, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Kumvetsa zimenezi kuyambira pa njira yoyendera mfundo zachiweruzo, kuyambira kukhazikitsa nkhondo mpaka kuyang'anira anthu omvera ndi kuyang'anira ziwiya zoyendera boma ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi udindo. Monga momwe James Madison analembera mu Federalist No. 51, “Kufuna kutchuka kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti kuthetse chikhumbo. Kuyang'anira manthambi atatuwo kumakhalabe njira yaikulu yotetezera ufulu ndi kulamulira lamulo la lamulo ku United States.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani Malamulo a Malamulo a Dzikolo Center a Unduna wa Malamulo , [[FLT ]] .gov loyamkiritsa za malamulo [, ndi [[FLT:] Website ya Khoti yalamulo [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [5]. [malembo a m'mbiri,] Makalata oyambirira a Zikalata ndi [FLT:] ANTCUTT] ndi [FT.CUTTT] Zikalata zovomerezeKA] zabwino.