Mpikisano wa nthaŵi zonse pakati pa White House, Capitol Hill, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri umasonyezedwa kukhala kusagwira ntchito kwa boma. Veto ziwopsezo, malo oimira boma, ndi oweruza amaonedwa kukhala zopinga kuyendetsa. Komabe kutsutsana kumeneku sikuli kulakwika m'dongosolo la America; ndiko mbali yake yolongosola. Oyambitsa a United States, okhazikika m'chizindikiro cha kuŵala ndi ochenjera, amamanga boma la mphamvu zogawana maulamuliro. Ufulu wa malamulo, mkulu, ndi nthambi za chiweruzo sizinalinganizidwe kuti zichite bwino, koma kuti apeze ufulu. Mwa kukakamiza, malamulo akupanga ufulu umene umateteza ufulu wa munthu ndi kulamula kuti boma lichitepo kanthu. Kuyamikira thanzi la ulamuliro wa demokrase, liyenera kumvetsetsa ufulu wa manthambi ake atatu.

Mndandanda Wabulu: Magwero ndi Makonzedwe

Makonzedwe a boma la United States ali chikumbutso cha nthanthi ya ndale zadziko ya Kutseguka. Baron de Montesquieu, m'ntchito yake ya 1748 Mzimu wa Malamulo , adatsutsa kuti ufulu wa ndale zadziko umafuna kulekana kwa lamulo, nduna, ndi maulamuliro achiweruzo. James Madison ndi oweruza ena anatembenuza malamulo opeka ameneŵa kukhala maziko otsimikizirika pa Constitution ya 1787. The Virginia Plan, yolembedwa ndi Madison, inapangidwa ndi Madison, ikupanga chitsanzo chosavuta cha dongosolo la malamulo logwirizana.

Chikhumbo Chiyenera Kupangidwa cha Kudzitukumula Kotsutsana ndi Chikhumbo

Malongosoledwe omveka bwino a cholinga cha opanga maulansiwa amapezeka mu Federal list No. 51, kumene Madison analemba motchuka kuti, "Ngati anthu anali angelo, palibe boma limene likanafunika. Ngati angelo akanalamulira anthu, osati kuyang'anira kunja kapena mkati mwa boma kukakhala kofunika. Chifukwa chakuti anthu saali angelo, boma liyenera kugawidwa. Nthambi iliyonse imapatsidwa ufulu mwa kuipatsa "zofunika ndi zolinga zaumwini zoletsa kuloŵerera kwa ena. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kupatsa Pulezidentiyo mphamvu ya chikwama ndi kusatsata, ndi moyo wa judia. Mabungwe ameneŵa analinganizidwa kuichititsa kukhala yovuta pa mfundo iliyonse kapena nthambi iliyonse kapena kuletsa kuloŵerera boma.

Mphamvu Zosiyana, Ntchito Zogaŵikana

Kuli kuvomereza kofala kunena kuti nyumba yoyamwira imapanga malamulo . Pamene kuli kwakuti m’lingaliro lotakata, chenicheni chimasintha kwambiri. Pulezidenti amagawana nawo m'malamulo kudzera mwa chuti. Nyumba ya malamulo imagawanamo kukhazikitsa mabwana ndi oweruza. Malamulo "amachititsa lamulo mwa kumasulira malamulo ndi malamulo, kukhazikitsa magawo onse. Mabungwewa amagaŵana ndi maulamuliro andale, monga momwe amachitira ndi kugaŵana ndi andale, monga momwe wasayansi wa kugaŵanirana ndi kuletsa.

Kuŵerenga lemba lonse la Federal List No. 51 kudzera ku Laibulale ya Congress .

Mphamvu ya Malamulo: Dongosolo la Lamulo

Mfundo I ya Konsichushoni ikhazikitsa nthambi ya malamulo, ndipo makamaka ndiyo nkhani yoyamba ndi yaitali. Kuikidwa kumeneku kunali kwadala, kosonyeza chikhulupiriro cha olemba malamulo a mtunduwo kuti mphamvu yolemba malamulo inali yofunika kwambiri ndi yofunika kwambiri kukhazikitsa. Nyumba ndi chigwirizano cha zigawo, chogawidwa m'Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira Audindo (oimira boma, kutumikira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi). Magaŵano a mkati mwa nyumbayo anali Kulolera Kokha Kokha Kwakukulu, komanso amatumikiranso kupanga kupenda kwapansi pa nyumbayo.

Chikalata cha Kudziimira Pawokha Mwalamulo

Ufulu wa Congress umadalira pa malamulo angapo ofunika. Mawu kapena Debatope Claus (Chigawo I, Chigawo 6) imateteza mamembala a Congress ku kumangidwa kapena kumanga milandu ya boma yokhudzana ndi ntchito yawo yalamulo, kutsimikizira kuti sangaopsedwe ndi mkulu wankhanza kapena jadiary. Mphamvu ya Purse (Purcele, Game 9) imalengeza kuti "Palibe Ndalama zimene zidzatengedwa kuchokera ku Tribitale, koma ku Connsénation of Appropriations zopangidwa ndi lamulo. Mfundo imeneyi imapangitsa nthambi yonse ya boma kudalira pa Congresssion ndi zofunika zake. Kuposa izi, mphamvu za bungwe la malamulo ndi zochuluka, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kubwereka msonkho, kulengeza zamalonda, kuyendetsa ndalama, ndi kukweza nkhondo.

Malonda ndi Mphamvu Yofutukuka

Kumasulira kwa Commerce Claus (FLT: 1) , Gawo 8, Classia 3) wakhala dalaivala wamkulu wa ulamuliro wa boma pa moyo wa dziko. M’zochitika zonga Mcloch v. Maryland [1] [1819]), Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha maulamuliro omveka, kulamulira kuti Councilation ingapange banki ya dziko ngakhale kuti sinatchulidwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo, malinga ngati inatumikira mapeto oyenera pakati pa mphamvu za boma. Lamulo limeneli, lophatikizapo kuŵerenga kofala kwa Claus mu [FLD:2]. Wackard. Fulburn . v [FLD:] [12] [19], anavomereza kuchuluka kwa dziko lonse, kuyendetsa ufulu wa za kuyendetsa chuma cha boma.

Kuŵerenga chidule chonse cha McCulloch v. Maryland ku Oyez [1].

Kuopa Kudzilamulira Mwalamulo Masiku Ano

Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress ndi "First Branch," kudziimira kwake kolimba kumayang'anizana ndi mavuto osasintha. Kukula kwa boma kwaphatikiza kupatsa mabungwe ulamuliro wofunika kwambiri wopanga malamulo kwa mabungwe akuluakulu, chikhoterero chimene otsutsa amatsutsa chiphunzitso chosadalirika ndi mphamvu ya malamulo kwa mkulu. Madongosolo a democratic mu Congress amasokonezedwa ndi kugaŵikana kopambanitsa kwa maufumu, chisonkhezero cha ndalama zolinganizidwa m'ndale zadziko, ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo ka kutsendedwa kwa ma freclex kuchokera ku mpikisano weniweni wa otembenuza anthu. Kuchotsa ntchito yochotsa malamulo a Congresstion monga nthambi yodziimira payo ndi yolingana ndi yogwirizana ndi chiwonjezeko ndi chitoko chachikulu kwa maulamuliro a ku America lerolino.

Mphamvu ya Otsogolera: Mphamvu ndi Kachitidwe

Mfundo II ya Konsichushoni imayamba ndi mawu osavuta amwambo: "Gulu la Ukulu la Udindo lidzapatsidwa kwa Pulezidenti wa United States of America . Chigamulo chimodzi chimenechi ndi magwero a mphamvu zazikulu zoyendetsera. Mosiyana ndi bungwe la Congress, mkulu ndi udindo wa bungwe, wokhoza kupanga chosankha cha mwamsanga ndi chochita chotsimikiza. Monga momwe Alexander Hamilton ananenera mu Federalist No. 70, "Kukana mwa mkulu kuli mkhalidwe wotchuka m’kalongosoledwe ka boma labwino. Pulezidenti ali woyenerera mwapadera kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani za dziko lachilendo ndi kutsimikizira kuphedwa kokhulupirika kwa malamulo.

Bungwe Loyang’anira Mgwirizano ndi Malire Ake

Nthanthi ya mkulu wa bungwe laudindo imavomereza kuti Pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wonse pa nthambi ya akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yochotsa akuluakulu a boma. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu ya pulezidenti m'nyengo yamakono. Pulezidenti agwiritsa ntchito chipangizo champhamvu monga chiŵiya champhamvu chopangira malamulo, amalamulira magulu ankhondo monga Mtsogoleri wa kampani, kukambirana mapangano (ndi chivomerezo cha Boma), ndi kuvomereza kukhululukidwa. Komabe, mphamvu zimenezi sizili zotheratu. Pulezidenti Carence Caree amamangapo malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress, akuchepetsa mphamvu ya ndunazo za kunyalanyaza kapena kukana malamulo.

Kulephera Kuzindikira: Malire Okwanira

Malire a ulamuliro wa akuluakulu anasonyezedwa mwamphamvu mu ttp Comment Comment shop Comment . v. Sawyer (1952). Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya ku Korea, Pulezidenti Truman anatulutsa lamulo lapamwamba logwira zitsulo za chitsulo zaumwini kuti apeŵe chigawenga chimene ananena kuti chikawononga chisungiko cha dziko. Khoti Lapamwamba linawononga lamulolo. Lingaliro la Jaji Woweruza Hugo Black’s Court linatchula kuti mphamvu ya Pulezidenti "iyenera kutengera ku ntchito ya Congress kapena ku Konsichurstmention. Popeza kuti Congress adapereka njira zina zochitiraposol m'kangano wa ntchito, Pulezidenti Robert Jackson sangachitepo kanthu popanda ntchito. Woweruza wotchuka Robert Jackson anakhazikitsanso kaungwe kaungwe kaungwe kamodzi kamodzi kayendetsedwe ka ulamuliro ka ulamuliro ka ulamuliro ka ulamuliro ka ulamuliro ka .

[[FLT: 0] Ŵerengani chidule chonse cha Zolemba Zosatsata pepala la Tube Co. v. Sawyer pa Oyez [1]

Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Ukulu

Mapresidenti amakono alamulira mowonjezereka mwa maofisala a akuluakulu a boma, zilengezo, ndi mabukhu a Office. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi ndi zipangizo zodalirika zoyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma, iwo nthaŵi zina agwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa zolinga zazikulu zimene zimasokoneza malamulo. Kukula kwa boma monga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndi Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security . Kuphatikizana kwa maulamuliro m'mabungwe kumadzutsa mafunso aakulu okhudza kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi kusungidwa kwa udindo wapamwamba ku pulogalamu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Mphamvu ya Chiŵeruzo: Kumasulira ndi Kumaliza

Mfundo III ya Konsichushoni ikhazikitsa nthambi yachiweruzo. Ndiyi yachidule kwambiri pa nkhani zitatu zolenga nthambi, kutsogolera Hamilton kutcha jajiyary nthambi ya "chilombo yoopsa" mu Federalist No. 78. Siilamulira lupanga kapena chikwama. Komabe mphamvu yake njaikulu. Ufulu wa judiary uli mkhalidwe wake wofunika kwambiri, kwa khoti limene lingaopsezedwe kapena kulamulidwa ndi nthambi zina sizingathetseretu mikangano kapena kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha pa boma polimbana ndi Econdal.

Kuteteza Moyo ndi Kugulitsa: Sine Qua

Mizati iŵiri ya kudziimira kwa tseru ndiyo moyo wokulira mkati mwa "Kulingalira kwabwino" ndi chiletso cha kuchepetsa malipiro a oweruza. Kuvomereza kumeneku kuchokera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko kumalola oweruza a boma kulamulira mogwirizana ndi kumasulira kwawo lamulo ndi Malamulo, ngakhale pamene zosankha zawo sizikukondedwa ndi ambiri, Pulezidenti, kapena Nyumba ya Malamulo. Chitetezero chimenechi nchofunika pa ntchito ya kupenda kwachiweruzo. Woweruza woyang'anira kusankhidwanso kapena malipiro sangakhale chothekera kwenikweni kutsutsa chigamulo chimene chimatsutsa zikondwerero zamphamvu zandale.

Marbury ndi Madison and Judicial Review

Chida champhamvu kwambiri m'zida zachiweruzo ndicho mphamvu yolengeza ntchito za Congress ndi Pulezidenti wosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi siikutchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo. Inapangidwa ndi Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall m'nkhani yosonyeza zachizindikiro Marbury v. Madison [1803] [Ganizo la Marshall] ndi lomveka: "Ili ndi chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kunena kuti lamulo ndilo. Ngati lamulo likutsutsana ndi Lamulo, oweruza ayenera kutsatira Lamulo. Zimenezi zimapangitsa Khoti Lapamwamba kukhala lomaliza pa tanthauzo la malamulo, udindo umene uli pakati pa moyo wa Amerekani.

Kuŵerenga chidule chonse cha Marbury . Madison pa Oyez [1].

Chipwirikiti Cholimbana ndi Majoriti

Ufulu wa oweruza umayambitsa vuto ndi malamulo a demokrase. Mawu akuti "oweruza a boma-joritarianism," opangidwa ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Alexander Bickel, akusonyeza kuti oweruza osasankhidwa angasinthe malamulo operekedwa ndi makhoma a boma osankhidwa ndi democracy. Zimenezi si zolakwika koma mbali ya dongosolo la malamulo lolinganizidwa kutetezera ufulu wofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri. Vuto la oweruza ndilo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu zimenezi, mogwirizana ndi ntchito ya nthambi zosankhidwazo pamene zikuteteza malamulo alamulo. Kutsimikizira kwa oweruza kwakhala nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha ndalamazo chifukwa cha kumasulira kokhudza malamulo apamwamba.

Njira Yogwirizanitsira: Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika

Nzeru yeniyeni ya kupatukana kwa mphamvu za ku America iri m'macheke ndi malinganizidwe ogwirizanitsa nthambi. Nthambi iriyonse iri ndi njira zodzitetezera ndi kukaniza kuchenjerera kwa ena. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kumayambitsa dongosolo lamphamvu ndi laudani limene kaŵirikaŵiri limafuna kukambitsirana ndi kulolera molakwa.

Zimene Anachita: Kuphunzira Nkhani Potsatira Malamulo

Malamulo a boma akhazikitsa oweruza ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi chitsanzo changwiro cha maulamuliro ogwirizana. Pulezidenti amasintha, kuchita ntchito yaudindo. Nyumba ya Malamulo imapereka "Umboni ndi Kuvomereza" ndipo iyenera kutsimikizira kuti pulezidentiyo akuyang'anira mwamphamvu. Maguluwa akuchititsa kuti Pulezidenti asankhe ofunsira ndi kupempha ndi kuletsa kuti asakhale ndi makhoti kapena nthambi yapamwamba. Kamodzi kanatsimikizira, Gawo III amatumikira moyo, kutsimikizira kudziimira kwawo kwa Pulezidenti yemwe anawaika ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo imene inawatsimikizira. Maseŵera ochititsa mantha ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene imalamulira mokwanira kulembedwa kwa makhoti a bungwe la judia.

Kudzikakamiza: Kupenda Kotheratu

Congress imapereka mphamvu yotheratu pa Pulezidenti ndi oweruza a boma: Kuletsa. Nyumba ya Oimira ili ndi mphamvu imodzi yokha ya kutsutsa (kutsutsa), ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mphamvu imodzi yokha yoyesera kukakamiza ndi kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma pa udindo. Mphamvu imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti palibe nduna yosankhidwa imene ili pamwamba pa lamulo. N’njovuta dala kugwiritsa ntchito, kupempha voti yaikulu m’Nyumba ndi kuchotsa mavoti aŵiri aakulu kwambiri m'khoti, kutsimikizira kuti ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha chifukwa cha zolakwa zazikulu kwambiri: "Trea, Chisikiti, kapena Upandu ndi Misdeader . Chitseke chapamwamba chimenechi chimatetezera ndunayo kuti isachotsedwe chifukwa cha mikangano yandale.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Moyenera Ndiponso Mphamvu ya Kagula

Mphamvu ya chikwamacho ndi kufufuza kwaudindo wa boma kwa mkulu wa boma. Palibe lamulo, malamulo, kapena kachitidwe kapamwamba kamene kangachitidwe ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ikana kusonkhetsa ndalama. Izi zimapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu zazikulu pa makonzedwe a Pulezidenti. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, Pulezidenti angagwiritsire ntchito chikalata cha kuumba, kupanga kayendedwe ka kukambitsirana ndi kulolera molakwa kokhala maziko a ntchito yopanga malamulo. Chiwopsezo cha kutseka boma, pamene Congress alephera kuchotsa zikalata za Pricestions , zimagogomezera kukambitsirana kwapamwamba kwa maulamuliro opatuka.

Kupenda Chiweruzo Monga Malire a Lamulo

Malamulo a boma a boma ndi maulamuliro a boma amachititsa malamulo kapena kutsimikizira mmene makhoti adzamasulira ntchito zawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress ndi Pulezidenti angasunthire malire a ulamuliro wawo, makhoti ali ndi mawu omaliza pa tanthauzo la Malamulo. Mantha andale ameneŵa amakakamiza kuti achite mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, kapena kutsimikizira mmene makhoti adzamasulira zochita zawo. Mphamvuzo sizimakhalira nthaŵi zonse zongolamulira; nthambizo kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwirizana, koma mphamvu zoyendera pa kupenda khalidwe lawo kuyambira pachiyambi, kupititsa patsogolo mlingo wa malamulo aumwini.

Kusintha kwa Mtundu wa Boma la Ufulu

Ufulu wa nthambi zalamulo, zoyang’anira, ndi zachiweruzo ndizo maziko a ulamuliro wa malamulo a America. Ndi dongosolo lomangidwa osati pa chidaliro, koma pa kupenda kwenikweni kwakuti mphamvu iyenera kupendedwa ndi mphamvu. Kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro sikuli makina amene amadzilamulira okha; iko kumadalira kotheratu pa chikhumbo, umphumphu, ndi kudikira kwa anthu mkati mwa nthambi iliyonse, ndipo potsirizira pake, pa nzika zodziŵa ndi zotomera.

Nthambi ina ikafuna kuti ikhale ndi ulamuliro pa ina. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo itumiza mphamvu yake yopanga malamulo popanda miyezo yokwanira, pamene Prezidenti achita zinthu popanda chilolezo, kapena pamene abusa atsata kwambiri nthambi za ndale zadziko . Mfundo zapamwamba kwambiri. Dongosololi limadalira pa kuphophonya kwa ufulu. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira nyumba zimenezi nkofunika. Limafotokoza mikangano imene timaona m’nkhani, kapangidwe ka mikangano yathu ya ndale zadziko, ndi mphamvu ya malamulo olinganizidwa kutetezera ufulu mwa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro.

Chitsogozo chimenechi, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri zapitazo, chidakali chotsogolera chofunika polimbana ndi mavuto amakono. Mwa kuphunzira ndi kuteteza kulekana kwa maulamuliro, timachirikiza nzeru za oyambitsa: chitetezo chotsimikizirika kwambiri pa kupondereza si mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena boma logwirizana, koma dongosolo la mabungwe ogaŵana maulamuliro, aliyense wokhala ndi ufulu wokana, ndipo chisonkhezero cha kuyang'anira zolinga za ena. Woyang'anira ufulu wa maufumu ameneŵa ndi wophunzitsidwa ndi anthu onse kukhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo a m'Chilamulo.