Table of Contents

Maziko a Chigwirizano cha Chiŵeniŵeni: Kumvetsetsa Kufunika kwa Kukhoma Misonkho

Misonkho ndi yosangofunikira kuyendetsedwa ndi chuma chamakono. Njira iliyonse, sukulu, chipatala, ndi khoti lotetezera anthu imadalira pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za msonkho. Mwa kupereka misonkho, anthu ndi mabizinesi amathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi mautumiki ndi zipangizo zimene zimathandiza kuti anthu akhale odalirika, otetezeka, ndi otukuka. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbali zosiyanasiyana za misonkho m’chitaganya, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya misonkho, chifukwa chake kulipira misonkho, ndiponso zimene zimachitika pamene dongosolo lisweka.

Kodi Misonkho N’chiyani?

Msonkho ndi malipiro a ndalama okakamiza operekedwa ndi boma kwa nzika zake, okhalamo, kapena amalonda. Mosiyana ndi malipiro aufulu kapena malipiro a mautumiki, misonkho njokakamiza ndipo njosungidwa ndi lamulo. Cholinga chachikulu cha msonkho ndicho kubweretsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za boma . Koma msonkho umatumikiranso zolinga zachiŵiri monga kugulitsa ndalama, kuyendetsa zigawo zachuma, ndi kusonkhezera khalidwe (m’njira, kulipira fodya kuti aletse kusuta).

Misonkho ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani ya ndalama, katundu, katundu, ntchito, malonda, ndi chuma.

Mbiri Yake ya Msonkho

Maziko Akale

Ufumu wa Roma unapereka ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito yawo ya nkhondo ndi ya anthu onse kudzera m’mabungwe a boma, ntchito za miyambo, ndi misonkho. M’zaka za m’ma 500 C.E., ku Ulaya, misonkho inkapangidwa monga yakhumi (misonkho ya tchalitchi) ndiponso misonkho (yochokera pa chiwerengero cha malo ophera moto).

Chisinthiko Chamakono

M’zaka za m’ma 1800, boma la Britain linakhazikitsa msonkho wa ndalama zimene anthu ankalandira kanthawi kochepa kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito ya msonkho mu 1799. Mu 1913, boma la United States linakhazikitsa lamulo loti anthu azikhoma msonkho wa ndalama zambiri ndipo linakhazikitsanso malamulo a boma owonjezera pa malamulo a boma owonjezera a msonkho.

Ntchito ya Misonkho M’gulu: Kuposa Kusonkhetsa Ndalama

Misonkho si yongofuna kulipira zinthu zokha ayi, koma ndi mbali zazikulu za anthu zimene zopereka za msonkho zimathandizira kwambiri:

Maphunziro a Anthu Onse

Nkhoma za katundu ndi misonkho ya ndalama zimene amapeza zimapereka mbali yaikulu ya ndalama za masukulu a K-12 ndi mayunivesite a boma. Ku United States, pafupifupi 90% ya ndalama zoyendetsera sukulu za boma zimachokera ku boma ndi ku malo amodzi. Ndalama zimenezi zimakhudza ndalama za aphunzitsi, zipangizo za m’kalasi, nyumba za m'masukulu, mapulogalamu apadera a maphunziro, ndi ntchito zina zapasukulu. Popanda misonkho, mwayi wa maphunziro umadalira pafupifupi pa chuma chaumwini.

Mautumiki Osamalira Zaumoyo

M'maiko okhala ndi njira zosamalira zaumoyo wa anthu ambiri .Monga ngati Canada, United Kingdom, ndi maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya . Misonkho imasunga zipatala, zipatala, kufufuza zamankhwala, ndi maprogramu a mankhwala oletsedwa. Ngakhale m'maiko amene amadalira kwambiri inshuwalansi yaumwini, monga United States, ndalama zosungira msonkho za ndalama za Amedicare, Medicaid, Service Inshuwalansis program ya Ana (CHIP), ndi njira zaumoyo monga kugaŵira ndi kuyang'anira matenda.

Malo Opangira Zinthu ndi Zoyendera

Misewu, mabwalo a ndege, mabwalo a ndege, kutumiza anthu, mafakitale osungira madzi, ndi magetsi, zonsezo zimayendetsedwa makamaka mwa misonkho, makamaka misonkho ya mafuta, misonkho ya katundu, ndi ndalama za boma. American Society of Civil Engineers imayerekezera kuti U.S. ikufuna $2 biliyoni [6 . m'zopereka za chuma m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi, ndalama zimene ziyenera kubwera kuchokera ku misonkhoma, malipiro a antchito, kapena kubwereka.

Magulu Othandiza Anthu ndi Maneseji Otetezera

Maprogramu osonkhetsa misonkho amene amathandiza okalamba (Chisungiko cha Makampani, madesiki), malova (inshuwalansi ya ntchito), mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa (chithandizo cha chakudya, malo osungira nyumba), ndi anthu opunduka. Maprogramu ameneŵa amachepetsa umphaŵi ndi kupereka chotetezera panyengo ya mavuto a zachuma. Malinga ndi [[FLT: 0] OECD , maakaunti a anthu a pafupifupi 20% a GDP m'maiko otukuka.

Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chitetezo cha Dziko

Madipatimenti a apolisi, malo ozimira moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, makhoti, ndende, ndi asilikali onse amachirikizidwa ndi misonkho. Mu 2024, boma la United States linawononga mabiliyoni 800 [$ pa chitetezo chokha. Pamlingo wa kumaloko, misonkho ya katundu imachirikiza mautumiki a apolisi ndi amoto amene amachitira ku ngozi za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Misonkho imachirikizanso makonzedwe a malo osungirako zachilengedwe: njira zopangira madzi oyera, mapaki a dziko, kuyang’anira kuipitsa, kukonzanso magetsi ofunikira, ndi kufufuza za nyengo. Maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito misonkho ya malo okhala — monga msonkho wa carbon .

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Misonkho

Msonkho

Msonkho wa ndalama zimene munthu amapeza ndi chigawo chimodzi cha malipiro a munthu kapena a bizinesi amene amalipira ku boma. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi msonkho wopita patsogolo wa ndalama zimene amapeza, kumene msonkho umawonjezeka ndi mabulaketi a ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, msonkho wa ndalama zimene boma la United States limalandira kuyambira pa 10% mpaka 37% ukudalira pa ndalama zimene amalipidwa.

Agulitsa Msonkho

M’madera ambiri, zinthu zofunika monga kugula ndi mankhwala amazilipira kapena kulipira ndalama zochepa kuti achepetse katunduyo pa mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa.

Msonkho wa Malo

Misonkho ya katundu imayendera mtengo wa malo ndi nyumba zimene boma limasunga. Imeneyi ndi njira yoyamba yopezera ndalama m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, sukulu, misewu, ndiponso nkhalango zotetezeka.

Msonkho wa Malamulo

Msonkho wa ofesi ndi wothandiza pa phindu la makampani. Msonkho wa ofesala watsika padziko lonse zaka makumi angapo zapitazo pamene maiko akupikisana kukopa malonda. OECD yatsogolera zoyesayesa kukhazikitsa chiŵerengero cha msonkho wa 15% wa padziko lonse wa kampani kuletsa "kuloŵa pansi pa kampani."

Likulu Lipeza Msonkho

Makomboni amapatsidwa ndalama za msonkho pogulitsa zinthu monga masheya, mabotolo, malo, ndi zinthu zina zopezeka. Malo amalikulu a nthaŵi yaitali (mafaelo osungidwa kwa chaka choposa) kaŵirikaŵiri amakhomedwa msonkho wamalipiro ochepa kuposa ndalama zimene anthu wamba amapeza kuti alimbikitse kuikizira ndalama.

Kuchotsa Misonkho ndi Maboma

Msonkho wa ndalama zimene amakhoma ndi zinthu zina monga mowa, fodya, petulo, ndi matikiti a ndege.

Chifukwa Chake Kukhoma Misonkho N’kofunika: Zifukwa Zisanu Zofunika

Kukula kwa Anthu ndi Zochita Zawo

Malo osungiramo misonkho, malaibulale, malo osungirako anthu, ndi zigwirizano za chikhalidwe. Zimenezi ndi zinthu zaunyinji zimene zimapindulitsa aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za kukhoza kwake kulipira. Mapaki a anthu onse okhala ndi katundu wambiri amawongolera chuma, amachepetsa upandu, ndi kuwonjezera moyo.

2. Kukhazikika kwa Chuma

M’nthaŵi ya kutsika kwa chuma, ndalama za msonkho zimatsika, koma kuwonongera ndalama za msonkho pa maprogramu onga ngati mapindu a ulova ndi ntchito za maziko kukhoza kulimbitsa chuma. Izi zikudziŵika kukhala kuchepetsa ndalama.

3. Kupereka ndi Kulinganiza

Nkhoma zopita patsogolo ndi maprogramu otumiza zinthu zimachepetsa mpata pakati pa olemera ndi osauka. World Bank [1] Ikunena kuti maiko okhala ndi malamulo a misonkho opita patsogolo kwambiri amawoneka kukhala ndi kusalingana kochepa. Popanda misonkho, mapindu a kukula kwa chuma angakhudze anthu olemera.

Kulimbikitsa Anthu Owathandiza

Zipinda zangozi, malole ozimira moto, apolisi, ndi masukulu a boma alipo chifukwa chakuti misonkho imatsimikizira kuti iwo ali ndi ndalama. Malo owonjezera pa phindu alipo pa ntchito zina, koma sangalowe mmalo mwa njira zonse zimene dongosolo lopanga msonkho limapereka. Kupereka misonkho kumatsimikizira kuti mwana wodwala wa m’banja lopeza ndalama zochepa alandirabe chithandizo.

5. Kugwira Ntchito ndi Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo wa Boma

Ngati boma silinapereke malamulo oyenera, silingathe kukhazikitsa malamulo, kukhazikitsa dongosolo lokhudzana ndi malamulo, kukhazikitsa mtendere, kapena kuimira nzika padziko lonse.

Zotsatirapo za Kusakhoma Misonkho

Kuwalakwira Mwalamulo

Kuthaŵa msonkho . Kubisa ndalama zobisika kapena katundu kuti mupeŵe kukhoma msonkho(ndi upandu). Malamulo amaphatikizapo ndalama zolipidwa, chiwongola dzanja pa misonkho yosalipidwa, kulanda katundu, ngakhale kumangidwa. Ku United States, kuthaŵa msonkho kungatuluke m’ndende zaka zisanu. Ngakhale kulephera kubwezera chilango.

Kuchepetsa Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu

Pamene anthu ambiri kapena makampani apeŵa misonkho, boma limapeza ndalama zochepa. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuchepa kwa maphunziro, kukonzanso zinthu za m'mafakitale, ndi maprogramu a zachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kuthaŵa msonkho kofala ku Greece m'ma 2000 kunathandizira ku vuto la ngongole zazikulu za dzikolo ndi kutsata njira zoyendera.

Kusokonezeka kwa Chuma

Kupanda kulipirira kumafooketsa chipambano cha dongosolo la misonkho. Pamene kugonjera kuli kochepa, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amakweza ziŵerengero pa awo amene amalipira, akumayambitsa mtolo wolemera pa nzika ndi mabizinesi oletsa lamulo. Zimenezi zingaletse ntchito ndi kuikizira ndalama, kuvulaza chiwonjezeko chonse cha chuma.

Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Anthu olemera amapewa kupereka msonkho chifukwa chakuti apeza ndalama zambiri zogulira ndalama.

Kutaya Kukhulupirika

Chikhalidwe cha anthu osalandira ndalama zambiri chimachepetsa kukhulupirira boma ndi pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Nzika zimasiya kufunitsitsa kukhoma misonkho ngati zikhulupirira kuti ena sakulipira. Zimenezi zingapangitse kuti ndalama zimene anthu amalandira zichepe, anthu osauka, ndiponso anthu ena osagwirizana ndi malamulo.

Msonkho ukulimbana ndi misonkho. Msonkho sufuna: Kodi kusiyana n’kutani?

Kuzindikira kusiyana nkofunika. Kupeŵa msonkho n’koletsedwa: kumaloŵetsamo mwadala ndalama, kukwezedwa, kapena kulephera kukonza mafaelo. Zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zalamulo zochepetsera msonkho, monga chitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwezedwa ndi ngongole, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwezedwa kuti zikwaniritsidwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupeŵedwa kuli kwalamulo, njira zopitira kumbuyo zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimasulizidwa kukhala zosaloleka ndi kuchotsa msonkho. Mayiko ambiri apanga lamulo loletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa misonkho.

Kulimbikitsana pa Msonkho: Kulimbikitsa Madongosolo a Zaumoyo

Maphunziro ndi Kusamala

Nzika zimavomerezana ndi kumvetsetsa mmene misonkho imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Maboma ayenera kufalitsa malipoti omveka bwino ndi ofikirika onena za ndalama za msonkho. Maiko ambiri amapereka malisiti osonyeza mmene ndalama zawo zimawonongedwera. Mwachitsanzo, "Munalipira $X m'misonkho, imene inachirikiza maola Y a maphunziro ndi Z makilomita atatu a msewu.

Kuwona Bwino ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Pamene nzika ziwona kuti ndalama za msonkho zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito mogwira mtima ndi popanda ziphuphu, kutsata ziwonjezeko kuwongolera. Kupenda ndalama kwa kampani, kutseguka kwa bajeti, ndi makomiti oyang'anira nzika zimathandiza kukulitsa chidaliro. International Worldwild Bacculbin Internation imaika mayiko pa kuwonekera bwino kwa bajeti.

Kum’thandiza

Malamulo a msonkho ovuta amalimbikitsa zolakwa ndi kupeŵa. Mafomu opeputsa, kupereka chithandizo chaulere, ndi kupereka chitsogozo chomveka bwino amachepetsa mtolo pa okhoma misonkho. Mayiko ambiri tsopano amapereka ndalama za msonkho zotsala zochokera kwa abwana awo ndi kulembedwa kwa mabanki, zomwe zimachititsa kugonjera kukhala kosavuta.

Kupereka Malipiro

Mphoto za malipiro apanthaŵi yake . monga ngati chiwongola dzanja kapena kuloŵa m'malotale a anthu onse . Pa nthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kusungitsa mwamphamvu, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira kopeka kwa mtanda (m., malipiro olingana ndi olemba ntchito olembedwa ndi mapindu aumwini), amawonjezera upandu wa kupezeka.

Kuloŵa M’gulu

Kupanga bajeti [1] Kumene anthu akuvota mmene angagwiritsire ntchito mbali ina ya ndalama za msonkho . Kupereka anthu chilolezo chachindunji powononga ndalama za anthu. Njira imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachipambano m’mizinda monga Porto Alegre, Brazil, ndi New York City, USA.

Anthu Padziko Lonse Ankapereka Msonkho

Mabungwe a misonkho amasiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Mayiko a ku Scandinavia monga Denmark ndi Sweden ali ndi misonkho yapamwamba (koposa 55 peresenti kwa opeza ndalama) komanso amathandiza anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo maphunziro aulere, malere a makolo opatsa, ndi kusamalira thanzi la anthu onse. Mosiyana ndi Singapore ndi United Arabhu Emirates, misonkho ya munthu mwini ili yotsika kapena yosakwanira koma imadalira pa misonkho ya (VAT, misonkho ya kampani, ntchito ya makampani) ndi ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu ang’onoang’onoang’ono.

Maiko otukuka kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi kugonjera msonkho chifukwa cha chuma chachikulu chamwamwaŵi, kuchepa kwa ulamuliro, ndi ziphuphu. Malinga ndi International Monetary Fund [1], kuwongolera kusonkhanitsa msonkho m'maiko opeza ndalama zochepa nkofunika kwambiri kuti apeze Zonulirapo za Sustating Development.

Mtsogolo mwa Kukhometsa Msonkho: Zikhalidwe ndi Mavuto

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafoni ndi Mafoni ndi Malo

Ntchito zikamakula pa Intaneti, m’mafakitale monga ku Uber, ku Airbb, ndi m’misika yogulitsa zinthu zaulere, maboma amakumana ndi mavuto a kulanda msonkho wa mabizinesi amenewa.

Msonkho Waung’ono Padziko Lonse

Mu 2021, maiko oposa 130 anavomerezana pamlingo wa msonkho wa makampani wapamwamba wa 15% padziko lonse, wolinganizidwira kuletsa phindu losintha ndi mabungwe a maiko osiyanasiyana. Kutsatira malamulo kuli mkati, ndipo kuimira umodzi wa masinthidwe a misonkho apadziko lonse m’zaka za zana limodzi.

Msonkho wa Malo Okhala

Misonkho ya carbon ndi kapusi ndi magetsi zikuchuluka kwambiri monga zipangizo zothandizira kusintha kwa nyengo. Ndalama zochokera ku misonkho imeneyi zingasonkhezere ntchito za mphamvu zobwezeretsedwa kapena kubwezeredwa kwa nzika monga "phindu la kaboni . The World Bank ikusimba kuti kuyambira 2024, njira zopimira carbon price zoposa 70 zikuikidwa m'malo padziko lonse.

Misonkho Yachuma

Mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ali ndi misonkho ya ndalama, ngakhale kuti ambiri ailipira chifukwa cha mavuto amene anthu ali nawo ndiponso chifukwa choyendetsa ndege zankhondo.

Mapeto ake: Kubwereka Ndalama Mogawana M’tsogolo

Kukhoma misonkho si thayo lalamulo chabe . Ndilo kuikizira limodzi kwa chitaganya chimene tifuna kukhalamo. Ndalama iliyonse yosonkhanitsidwa kupyolera mwa misonkho imaimira chikole cha kumanga sukulu zabwino, zitaganya zosungika bwino, malo otetezereka, ndi malo okhala bwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo a msonkho samakhala angwiro, ndipo kutsutsana ponena za miyeso ndi chilungamo kudzakhalako, lamulo lamakhalidwe ofunika limakhalabe: chitaganya chimagwira ntchito bwino pamene aliyense apereka ndalama mogwirizana ndi kukhoza kwawo ndi kulandira mapindu mogwirizana ndi kusoŵa kwawo. Mwakumvetsa kufunika kwa misonkho ndi malamulo a msonkho, nzika ndi mabizinesi amachita mbali yofunika pochirikiza zabwino zimene anthu amakono atha kukhoza kupindula.