Obergefell v. Hodges Court: Mmene Ukwati Wachikazi Unakhalira Lamulo la Dzikolo

Pa June 26, 2015, Khoti Lalikulu la United States linapereka chigamulo chochotsedwa mu Obergefell v. Hodges , polingalira kuti kuyenera kwa kugonana kwatsimikiziridwa kwa okwatirana aŵiri a kumbuyo kwa Claus ndi Kutetezera Claus kwa Masinthidwe a 14. Chiweruzo cha 5–4 chigamulo choletsedwa pa boma limodzi pa ukwati wa dziko lonse, chikumafuna kuti onse 50 apange maukwati onse aŵiri ndi kuzindikira maukwati pakati pa anthu aŵiri a kugonana. Kupambana kwa LGTQ+ , Oberge adapanga chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha ufulu ndi ulemu, kukhazikitsanso ufulu walamulo ku America.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zimene zinachitika, zimene khoti Lalikulu linkanena, zimene linkaganiza, zimene zinkachitika mwamsanga, ndiponso zimene zimachitika nthawi zonse pa mlandu wa mlanduwu.

Chiyambi cha Kagulu ka Ukwati Wolingana

Nkhondo yoyamba ya lamulo inachitika mu 2003 pamene Khoti Lalikulu la Massachusetts linalamulira mu Goodridge v. Dipatimenti ya za Umoyo wa Anthu inagwira ntchito mwa malumbiro a boma, njira zodzitetezera, ndi makhoti aang'ono kuti apeze ufulu wa kukwatira. Chigamulo choyamba cha lamulo chinayamba mu 2003 pamene Khoti Lalikulu la Juji la Massachusetts linalamulira mu Goodridge v. Dipatimenti ya Umoyo wa Public Health ja] Boma silingakana malosensi a maukwati a anthu audindo audindo amodzi pansi pa malamulo a boma. Chigamu choyambacho chigamu cha Massachusetts Massachusetts.

Pambuyo pa Goodridge, mlingo wa malamulo anafalikira m'dziko lonselo. Maboma ena anavomereza kuti ukwati ndi wolingana; ena anauletsa mwalamulo kapena kukonzanso malamulo. Pofika 2014, maboma makumi atatu ndi asanu ndi aŵiri analetsabe ukwati wa kugonana, pamene mayiko khumi ndi atatu ndi magawo a Columbia anaulola. Malamulo amenewa anapangitsa kuti mabanja a amuna ndi akazi okhaokha amene anakwatirana m’dziko limodzi asamukire ku dziko lina limene linalo silinavomereze ukwati wawo.

Milandu Ikuluikulu Imene Inachititsa Kuti Afike ku Obergefell

Milandu yaikulu yambiri yotsutsa ziletso za boma ndi kuyala maziko a Bwalo Lapamwamba’ kuloŵerera. Mu 2010, mlandu wa boma Perry v. Schwarzeger [1] (pambuyo pake Hollingsworth v. Perry) unagwetsa California ’ Proctation 8, imene inaletsa ukwati wa pakati pa anthu a m'magazi. Khoti Lapamwamba linaletsa apilo pa malo oima, ndipo linalola kuti maukwati achiŵiri a kuyambiranso ku California koma kuchotsa funso lalikulu.

Mlandu wina wowopsya unali United States v. Windsor [FLT ] (2013), umene unagwetsa Chigawo 3 cha Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Khoti linagamula kuti boma silikanavomereza maukwati auchiŵalo ofanana amene anali ovomerezeka m’lamulo la boma. Windsor adakhazikitsa kuti okwatirana amodzimodzi a kugonana m’maboma kumene kunali kololedwa ndi boma, koma silinafune kuti alole kapena kuvomereza maukwati oterowo.

Chitokoso chimenecho chinadza mwa kulumikizana kwa milandu isanu ndi umodzi yosiyana kuchokera ku Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, ndi Tennessee — maiko onse amene anali ndi malamulo kapena kusintha kwa malamulo ofotokoza ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi.

Zinenero Zokometsera: Nkhani za Chikondi, Kutaikiridwa, ndi Kulemekezedwa

Pamutu pa Obergefell v. Hodges ali anthu enieni amene miyoyo yawo inayambukiridwa ndi malamulo aupandu waukwati. Mtovu wotsogolerayo, James Obergefell , James Obergefell , adasudzula Ohio chifukwa cha kukana kumundandandalika monga mkazi wotsala wa John Arthur Arthur, mnzake wa zaka zoposa makumi aŵiri. Arthur anavutika ndi matenda a amyotrophic laterratic scleroptic (ALS), ndipo okwatiranawo anapita ku Maryland kukakwatirana mu 2013 pamene kunaonekera kuti Arthur &squo; imfa, Ohio anakana kuzindikira ukwati pa Arthur &quo; imfa. Ofell adafuna kukhala wotchulidwa monga wotchulidwa ndi &lquo; wokwatirana ndi wotsendeka, komano.

Ofufuza ena anaphatikizapo April DeBoer ndi Jayne Reulle, banja la ku Michigan limene linafuna kugwirizana kulera ana awo atatu koma silinathe chifukwa chakuti Michigan ’ chiletso cha ukwati chinawaletsa kudziŵidwa monga okwatirana okwatirana. Ndiponso pakati pa ofufuza anali manesi, othandizira oferedwa, ndi makolo amene anayang’anizana ndi tsankho m’kugonedwa m’chipatala, choloŵa, ndi zoyenera za makolo chifukwa chakuti anali okwatirana aunyamata mmodzi m’maunansi odzipereka.

Nkhani zimenezi zinapereka umboni wokhudza anthu amene anakhudza kwambiri anthu ndiponso khoti.

Milandu ya Malamulo Pamaso pa Khoti Lalikulu

Nkhani zoikidwazo zinapereka mafunso aŵiri ofunika: (1) Kodi Lamulo la 14 la Kukonzanso zinthu limafunikira boma lalamulo la kupereka chilolezo cha ukwati kwa anthu aŵiri osiyana ziŵalo? ndi (2) Kodi Lamulo la 14 la Kukonza Malamulo limafuna kuti boma livomereze ukwati wa kugonana kofananako mololedwa m’boma lina?

Opempha ’ Kukangana

Attorney a okwatirana amodzimodziwo anatsutsa kuti ukwati uli choyenera chotetezeredwa ndi Act Process Claus . Iwo anapereka zitsanzo zonga Loval v. Virginia [1] (1967), zimene zinathetsa ziletso pa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, ndipo Hackley v. Safley . , imene inatetezera ufulu wa akaidi kukwatira. Opemphawo anasunga kuti malamulo alamulo a I-gnome, ubwenzi, ndi kupanga banja kumene kunagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa okwatirana osiyana-ex.

Anatsutsanso kuti ziletso za boma zinaswa Exct Protection Claus mwa kubisa malingaliro a kugonana. Chifukwa chakuti ziletsozo sizinali zovomerezeka ndi boma monga kuthandizidwa ndi boma, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zinazikidwa pa kukana kapena makhalidwe abwino a — sizingapulumuke mlingo uliwonse wa kuyang'anira milandu. Palacttiffs ’ malongosoledwe anasonyeza kuti ziletsozo zimaletsa okwatirana auchinyama ndi oyenerera kulowa m’zipindu za boma zoposa 1,100, kuphatikizapo mapindu a Social Security, mapindu a kuyang'anira, ndi zoyenera za kuchipatala.

Ovomereza Oletsa

Maboma ochirikiza ziletsozo anatsutsa kuti mbiri yakale yakhala ikumvedwa kukhala mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi, ndi kuti ukunena kuti uli ndi chifuno choyenera cha kuchirikiza kubala ndi kulera ana m’mabanja amwambo amenewo.

Magulu angapo aufulu wachipembedzo anapereka chenjezo lachidule lakuti maboma ofuna kuvomereza ukwati wa kugonana angaswe zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo za anthu ndi mabungwe amene amatsutsa kugwirizana koteroko pamaziko a makhalidwe abwino kapena a zaumulungu. Komabe, khotilo silinatsimikizidwe kuti nkhaŵa zimenezi zilungamitse kukana ufulu waukulu kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku Amereka.

Khoti Lalikulu Limene Linagamulapo: Kuchepetsa Kulingana kwa Anthu

Pa June 26, 2015, Jasitisi Anthony Kennedy anapereka lingaliro la anthu 5-4, ogwirizana ndi Court ’ zigamulo zinayi zomasuka: Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, ndi Kagan. Lingaliro nlodziŵika chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa chinenero chake ponena za tanthauzo la ukwati ndi mbali yake m’ulemu wa munthu.

Jasitisi Kennedy analemba kuti: “ Palibe mgwirizano umene uli wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa ukwati, pakuti umaphatikizapo zolinga zapamwamba kwambiri za chikondi, kukhulupirika, kudzipereka, kudzipereka, ndi banja. Popanga mgwirizano wa ukwati, anthu aŵiri amakhala chinthu chachikulu kuposa pamene anali. ” Iye anagogomezera kuti opemphawo sanafune kuchotsetsa ukwati koma kukhala ndi miyoyo yawo ndi ulemu. Khotilo linagamula kuti ufulu wa kukwatira ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri m’lingaliro la kudzilamulira, ndi kuti okwatirana azichita zinthu zofanana ndi zimodzimodzizo.

Zogwira Zamphamvu

  • Ukwati uli kuyenera kofunika kotetezeredwa ndi Accouste Process Claus of the 14th Amendment, ndipo ufulu umenewo umafikira kwa okwatirana a kugonana kofanana.
  • Malamulo a boma amene amaletsa ukwati wa kugonana umodzimodzi amaswa Holy Avincible Protection Claus chifukwa chakuti amasankhana pamaziko a mkhalidwe wa kugonana popanda chikondwerero chovomerezedwa ndi boma.
  • Maboma ayenera kuzindikira maukwati a kugonana kofananako ochitidwa mololedwa m’maiko ena, akumatsimikizira kukhala osungika kwa ukwati ndi mapindu m’mizera yonse ya boma.

Malingaliro Osiyana

Oweruza anayi otsutsawo adatsutsa. Anachenjeza kuti chigamulocho chikatsogolera anthu a ku Amereka ponena za mkhalidwe wa malamulo &dquo, Thomas, ndi Atalia — ndipo analemba malingaliro osiyana osonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts adatsutsa kuti ambiri aswa mbali yake ya chiweruzo mwa kukonzanso gulu lomwe linakhalako kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Anachenjeza kuti chigamulocho chikachititsa anthu a ku Amereka kutsutsa mkhalidwe wa malamulo a ” ndipo akawononga Court ’ kuyenera. Woweruza Scalia ’ kutsutsa kwake kunali kwachikulu, kutsutsa kwa anthu ambiri m' “ &dqueo; &ido; kuneneratu kuti ufulu wachipembedzo unzake wa chipembedzo ndi kulingana ndi kulingana kwa Chilungamo. Pamene anapetsa Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha .

Mosasamala kanthu za ukulu wa kutsutsa, ambiri a ’ malamulo anali ndi mphamvu yalamulo. Patangotha maola angapo chigamulocho , akuluakulu a boma m’mayiko angapo osungitsa boma anayamba kupereka zilolezo za ukwati kwa okwatirana a kugonana kofanana, ndipo maboma otsalawo anatsatira mwamsanga.

Chiyambukiro Chamwamsanga ndi Chanthaŵi Yaitali pa Ufulu wa Ukwati

Chiyambukiro chopindulitsa cha Obergefell v. Hodges anali wofulumira ndi wochuluka. Usiku, okwatirana a kugonana kwa ofanana m'maiko makumi asanu onsewo anapeza kuyenera kwa kukwatira, ndipo maukwati omwe alipo kuchokera ku maiko ena anatsimikiziridwa. Chigamulocho chinafutukulidwa mwachibadwa kuposa 1,100 za ufulu wa boma ndi mathayo, kuphatikizapo mapindu a msonkho, Social Security, kuchirikiza dziko, ndi choloŵa, kwa okwatirana a mtundu umodzi wa Ex - Ex m'dziko lonselo.

Chilamulo cha Banja ndi Ufulu Waukholo

Chimodzi cha mbali zazikulu za chiyambukiro ndicho lamulo la banja. Malamulo a boma a kulamulira kulera ana, kulera ana, ndi kulera ana ana adapanga kale zopinga za mabanja a amuna osiyana. Obergefell, okwatirana a kugonana ofanana angatengere mosavuta ana, kupatsidwa ana olera, ndi makolo onse aŵiri oikidwa pa zikalata zoikira ku kubala. Makhoti anayambanso kugwiritsira ntchito malingaliro a makolo amene amagwira ntchito kwa mabanja osiyana. Zimenezi zinathetsa mikhalidwe yopweteka kwambiri imene mwana akakhala ndi kholo limodzi lokha lalamulo kapena kutaya unansi ndi kholo losakhala la banja la makolo.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Kuwononga Ufulu wa Anthu

Kwa okwatirana a chisembwere chimodzimodzi, Obergefell anapereka mankhwala ofunika kwambiri. Pasanagamulidwe, ngakhale m’mayiko kumene ukwati wa kugonana unali walamulo, akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m'dzikolo nthaŵi zina ankazengereza kapena kukana makhadi obiriŵira ozikidwa pa Defense of Marriat Act. Windsor atawononga DOMA, ndi Obergefell anapanga ukwati kukhala wolingana padziko lonse, okwatirana amtundu umodzi a m'maukwati anapeza ufulu woloŵa m’dziko limodzi monga okwatirana osiyana ndi a m'mabanja a m'mathengo. Zimenezi zinalola mabanja zikwi zambiri kukhalabe pamodzi mu United States.

Kuchiritsa ndi Kusankha Kwamankhwala

Kuchezerana m’chipatala, kupanga zosankha zamankhwala, ndi inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo zinawongokeranso kwambiri. Obergefell, okwatirana ambiri a kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi anzawo anayang'anizana ndi tsoka la kumanidwa kulowa kwa mnzake wotchedwa ’ ali pambali pa matenda amwadzidzidzi. Kuzindikira kwalamulo kwa ukwati kunatsimikizira kuti okwatirana angapange zosankha zamankhwala, angacheze ndi makampani a zachipatala, ndi kupeza makonzedwe a inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo wa banja popanda kukondera.

Kupitirizabe Kuvutika Mwalamulo ndi Pamayanjano

Ngakhale kuti Obergefell anathetsa nkhani ya lamulo ya ukwati wa kugonana kofanana, sunathetse kulimbana kwa kulingana kotheratu. Nkhani zambiri zikutsala, zimene zambiri zakhala malo odziŵirapo ndale zadziko ndi lamulo la America.

Kulimbana ndi LGBTQ+ Malamulo

M’zaka zotsatira Obergefell, maboma ena anakhazikitsa malamulo amene amalola mwachindunji tsankho pa LGBTQ+ anthu m’madera onga ngati kulera ana, nyumba, ntchito, ndi malo ogona a anthu onse — kaŵirikaŵiri podzionetsera kuti akuteteza ufulu wachipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri apereka malamulo oletsa mabungwe olera ana kuti asiye kupatsa ana awo amuna kapena akazi anzawo ngati kuchita zimenezo kungawombane ndi zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ameneŵa samawononga Obergefefe, iwo amaswa lamulo lalikulu la kuchiritsa kofanana ndi kumene chigamulocho chakhala.

Kuwonjezerapo, mlingo wa “ pepala la zamankhwala la pa kanyumba kosungiramo malamulo ” ndi ziletso za maseŵera zomaukira anthu osinthasintha zinthu zabuka. Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo akutsutsa kuti njira zimenezi zakonzedwanso kutsutsa nzeru ya Obergefell ndi kachitidwe ka kulingana. Litigation ikupitiriza kutsutsa ngati malamulo amenewo amaswa Lamulo la 144.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo ndi Chikumbumtima Zotetezera

Kulimbana pakati pa LGBTQ+ ufulu ndi ufulu wachipembedzo mwinamwake ndiko nkhani yosatha ya lamulo ya pambuyo pa Obergefe. Ambiri a malingaliro anavomereza kuti “ awo amene amamamatira ku ziphunzitso zachipembedzo zimene zimalongosola ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi angapitirize kuchita tero, Apprdo; koma sanapereke chitsogozo chotsimikizirika cha mmene angathetsere mikangano ya zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndi malamulo osasankhana. Zimenezi zatsogolera ku mpambo wa nkhani zazikulu zachipembedzo, kuphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] Macable market [4] market v. Coloravian Rights Commistion [1] [FL:1] (20.20]) ndi kutsutsa mwachindunji milandu ya chipembedzo.

Mabungwe ena achipembedzo ndiponso anthu ena ayesetsa kuteteza ufulu wawo wosakwatira kapena kupatsa mabanja kapena ntchito anthu ogonana. Khotili latsutsa kuletsa anthu kusaloledwa kwa ziwalo zimene zingawononge kwambiri LGBTQ+ anthu, koma lasiyanso malo okhala ngati silikulepheretsa anthu kukhala ndi malo opapatiza oyenera.

Zoyesayesa Zandale Zakusintha Kapena Kulamulira Oberge Wagwa

Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka khumi za kukhazikitsa lamulo, pakhala zoyesayesa zandale ndi zamalamulo zobwerera ku Obergefell. Mu 2022, Supreme Court ’ chigamulo cha Dobbs v. Jackson Women ’ Organization Health Organization , zimene zinagwetsa Roe v. Wade, analimbikitsa olemba zalamulo kuyerekeza kuti njira ina yoyenerera, kuphatikizapo Obergefell, ikhoza kuimbidwanso. Woweruza Thomas ’sssss agwirizana mu Dobs adaitanidwa mwachindulo kaamba ka Bwalo kuti abwezere malamulo ake pa kulingana kwa ukwati, kulera, ndi kuyanjana kwa externex.

Poyankha, Congress inakhazikitsa Respect for Marriage Act mu December 2022], imene inakhazikitsa kuvomereza kwa boma kwa kugonana ndi mafuko ndi maukwati omwe amafunikira kuti avomereze maukwati ochitidwa mwalamulo m’maiko ena. Lamulo linalinganizidwa kupereka khoti lotetezera ngati Khoti Lapamwamba linagwetsa Obergefell. Linadutsa ndi chichirikizo cha bipartis, kusonyeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa maganizo a anthu kuyambira 2015. Komabe, lamulo silikufuna kuti anthu apereke malaisensi a ukwati ku maukwati ofanana ngati Obergefee adasulidwe; limafuna kuti asulidwe la maukwati a m'mayiko ena akwate.

Kufufuza kwa anthu kwasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku America amachirikiza ukwati wa kugonana. Malinga ndi Pew Research Center, monga 2023, 61% ya U.S. amavomereza kuti ukwati wa kugonana ukhale wovomerezeka, pamene kuli kwakuti 32% okha amatsutsa. Chichirikizo nchamphamvu kwambiri makamaka pakati pa achinyamata. Kusintha kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti pakhale chiyembekezo cha kugawidwanso kwakukulu kwa Obergefell, ngakhale kuti sikungatheke, kupatsidwa Court’ kudalira pa kutchuka kwamakono.

Tanthauzo Losiyanasiyana la Ufulu wa Nzika

Obergefell v. Hodges si nkhani ya ukwati ayi; ndi chinthu chosinthasintha kwambiri ufulu wa anthu ku America. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti malamulo aletsa anthu kusankha zochita paokha zimene zimalongosola umunthu wa munthu ndi moyo wa banja. Inakana lingaliro lakuti boma lingaletse ufulu waukulu wozikidwa pa kutsutsa kwa makhalidwe abwino a gulu lina.

Kulingalira kwa mu Obergefell kwatchulidwa m'milandu yotsatira yophatikizapo zoyenera za makolo, kulera ana, ndipo ngakhale mikangano ponena za ufulu wa ana. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khotilo silinawonjezerebe Obergefell ’ kulingalira ku mbali zonse za LGBTQ+ kutsutsa kudana, chosankhacho chapereka maziko amphamvu a lamulo kaamba ka kunena kuti kachitidwe ka kugonana ndiko gulu lokayikiridwa loyenerera kusanthula mowonjezereka.

M’mayiko ambiri, chigamulo chinasonkhezera magulu ofananawo ku mayiko ena. Mayiko angapo, kuphatikizapo Australia, Colombia, ndi Taiwan, analoledwa ndi lamulo la ukwati wa kugonana m’zaka zotsatira Obergefell, kaŵirikaŵiri akutchula Khoti Lapamwamba la United States’ mfundo. Komiti ya United Nations Yoona za Ufulu wa Anthu inatchulanso chigamulocho m'chigamulo chake cha ufulu wa anthu.

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Obergefell

Zaka khumi pambuyo pa chosankhacho, miyoyo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya zikwi mazana ambiri a okwatirana a kugonana kofanana ndi mabanja awo yasinthidwa kwambiri kaamba ka ubwino. Ana amakula akudziŵa kuti makolo awo onse aŵiri amadziŵika mwalamulo monga amayi awo kapena atate awo. Akazi ndi akazi amasiye angapeze mapindu a Social Security. Akazi apamtima angapange zosankha zamwadzidzidzi popanda kuopa kuchotsedwa. Ulemu wosavuta, wamphamvu wa kukhala wokhoza kunena kuti &lquo; mwamuna wanga ” kapena &lquo; mkazi wa my &rdo; &rdo; popanda chiyenere chalamulo cha anthu opulumuka. Tsopano akazi apabanja angapange zosankha zamwamuna popanda kuopa kuchotsedwa.

Komabe nkhondo ya kulingana kotheratu siinathe. Kusemphana kwa lamulo ndi chikhalidwe pa kusaloledwa kwa chipembedzo, ufulu wa kusinthasintha, ndi ukulu wa malamulo osakondera zikuimira malire otsatira. Koma maziko okhazikitsidwa ndi Obergefell ndi amphamvu: lamulo lakuti malamulo a malamulo samalola boma kukhazikitsa gulu lonse la anthu kukhala nzika yachiŵiri.

Kumaliza

Obergefell v. Hodges imaimira limodzi la malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ofala kwambiri m'mbiri ya America. Iko kunafutukula kukhazikitsidwa kwa ukwati kuphatikizapo okwatirana a kugonana kofanana, kutsimikizira chikondi, kudzipereka, ndi banja kupyola chisembwere. Chigamulocho sichinayambire pa malo obisika koma pa zaka makumi ambiri za ntchito, kuvomereza, ndi kulimba mtima kwa anthu amene anakana kuvomereza kuti unansi wawo ngwosayenerera kudziŵika.

Pamene kuli kwakuti zitokoso zidakalipo — kuchokera ku njira za lamulo zoperekera ziwopsezo zachiweruzo — maziko a kusungidwa kwa Obergefell adakali lamulo la dzikolo. Choloŵa chake chimawoneka m'miyoyo ya okwatirana auchimuna omwe tsopano angakwatiwe, kulera ana, ndi kukalamba limodzi ndi chitetezo chokwanira cha lamulo. Pamene chitaganya chikupitirizabe kutsutsana tanthauzo la kulingana, Obergefell adzakhalabe ndi chizindikiro cha lamulo lakuti ufulu uli wa aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za amene amamkonda.

[[ML:0] Zilozero za External:[[Kusintha:1]