Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Nkhani Yoimira Nkhani

Madongosolo a pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu (PR) cholinga chotembenuza mavoti oikidwa m'zigamulo za boma m’njira imene imachepetsa kupotoka pakati pa gulu la anthu opanga mavoti otchuka ndi mbali yake ya mipando ya nyumba ya malamulo. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo onse opambana monga ngati woyamba wapita ndi chizindikiro (FPTP), kumene wosankha wochuluka m'chigawo amapambana mpando ndipo mavoti ena onse amachotsedwa bwino, madongosolo a PR amalinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale magulu ogwirizana ndi chichirikizo choyenera kutsimikizira. Lamulo lamakhalidwe ndilo: ngati gulu lilandira 30 peresenti ya voti ya dziko, liyenera kukhala ndi magawo 30 peresenti a mipando.

Nkhani ino ikufotokoza kupambana kwa madongosolo a PR popereka chithunzi cholungama, kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa democracy, ndi kusamalira mavuto amene amabuka kuchokera ku mbali zambiri za ndale zadziko. Mwa kusumika maganizo pa zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko ndi kufufuza kwa akatswiri, tidzapenda mapindu ake ndi malonda ndi kuona mmene PR ingasinthidwire ku zochitika zosiyanasiyana zandale zadziko. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kwa nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi okonzanso zinthu amene amafunafuna madongosolo osankhidwa amene amalimbitsa osati kusokoneza demokrase.

Mbiri Yakale Yoimira Malo

Maziko a nzeru za kuimira ndandanda ayamba kuyambika chapakati pa zaka za zana la 6519. Katswiri wa masamu ndi wosanthula Mtsogoleri D’Hondt [1] adapanga imodzi ya njira zogawira mipando zofala kwambiri (njira ya D’Hondt) mu 1878. Pa nthawi yomweyo, loya wachingelezi ndi wafilosofi Thomas Hartas Vote (STV). Kupanga koyamba kunachitika ku Belgium mu 1899, ndipo pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, mayiko a ku Ulaya, Denmark, Sweden, Sweden ndi Netherlands adatengera mtundu wina wa PR.

Madongosolo a PR anawonjezera kufalikira pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, pamene mademokrase atsopano anafunafuna kupeŵa kusakhazikika kogwirizana ndi zotulukapo za kupotozedwa kwakukulu. Lerolino, maiko oposa 80 amagwiritsira ntchito PR pa nyumba yawo yaing'ono ya nyumba ya malamulo, ndipo ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito PR m'masankho a m'chigawo kapena a kumaloko. Kuwonjezeka kwa PR kwasonkhezeredwa ndi chikhumbo cha kuwonjezera kuphatikizidwa, kuchepetsa mavoti otayidwa, ndi kulimbikitsa kutengamo mbali kokulira m'ndale zadziko.

Mitundu ya Madongosolo Oimira Malamulo

Kuimira mavoti si njira imodzi koma njira zosankhira. Mavoti amasiyana kwambiri pa mmene amatembenuzidwira m’mipando ndi mmene ovota amasonyezera zimene amakonda.

Mndandanda wa PR

Mu Ndandanda PR, ovota anaponya chisankho cha ndandanda ya chipani cha ndale zadziko. Maset m'nyumba yoyaluza amagawidwa m'magawo onse mogwirizana ndi mavoti awo. Chigawirocho chingaŵerengedwe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za masamu . Kaŵirikaŵiri njira ya D’Hondt kapena Hare quare yokhala ndi matsala ambiri. Ndalama za PR zingatsekedwe (Ofuna kugawa, osati ofunsira) kapena kutsegula (makampani angalongosole zimene angafune pakati pa ofunsirawo). Mandandanda otsekera akupereka utsogoleri a gulu amapereka ulamuliro wamphamvu pa udindo woyang'anira, pamene kuli kwakuti makampani asankhidwa.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

STV ndi mtundu wa osankhidwa woikidwa mwapadera woimira anthu. Ofuna kusankhidwa mogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna, ndipo chigawo cha Droop [1] chigawo cha Droop [1] dermine chilolezo cha chisankho. Mavoti a extpluct kuchokera kwa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi ovota ochotsedwa amasamutsidwa mogwirizana ndi zimene osankhidwawo amakonda. STV imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masankhoti a pamalikulu ku Republic of Ireland ndi Malta , ndi pa masankhoti ena a kumaloko ku Scotland ndi New Zealand. Chifukwa chakuti mavoti apamwamba a osankhidwa, STV angatulutse masinthidwe aumwini kuposa mapulogalamu a ndandanda a bungwe lina.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

MMP imaphatikiza mbali za PR ndi magawo ena. Opanga mavoti aŵiri: imodzi kwa wofunsira wa kumaloko (kaŵirikaŵiri wosankhidwa ndi FPP) ndi imodzi ya mpambo wa zipani. Voti ya gulu imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukweza mipando yapadera kuti mpando wa mipando ikhale yovomerezeka kotero kuti mpando wa mipando usonyeze kusanthula kwa gulu. Mayiko onga Jeremani, New Zealand, ndi Bolivia amalingalira za kusungidwa kwa malo a kumalo pamene akutsimikizira kuti pali kugwirizana. Komabe, kucholoŵa m'nkhani za mavoti aŵiri kungasokoneze anthu ena ovota, ndipo dongosololo likufuna njira yokonzedwa bwino yopeŵera mipando kapena kukwera mipando.

Mitundu Ina

Njira zowonjezereka zimaphatikizapo mpambo wa PR wokhala ndi mawu apamwamba (m., 5% ku Germany), zimene zimaletsa zigawo zazing'ono kuloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo, ndi magaŵano a , amene amagwirizana ndi madera ambiri panthaŵi imodzi.

Ubwino wa Kuimira Malo

Ochirikiza PR amanena kuti dongosololi limapereka mapindu ambiri kuposa njira zina zothandizira anthu ovutika ndi matenda.

Kuwonjezedwa kwa Malingaliro Osiyanasiyana

Mwa kuchepetsa njira yopezera mipando, madongosolo a PR amalola magulu andale kuloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zipani zoimira mafuko aang'ono, zikondwerero za chigawo, zochititsa malo okhala, kapena mabungwe atsopano a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mu New Zealand [1] pambuyo pa kusinthira ku MMP, Māori Party ndi Green Party zinapeza malo a palamente amene anali osatheka kulowa pansi pa FPP. Sween ndandanda ya PR imapatsa nthaŵi zonse mipando ya anthu asanu ndi atatu kapena kuposapo, kusonyeza mpando wapata waukulu wa malingaliro kuchokera pa [1] Kuchokera kutali mpaka pa Halop. Kusintha mpikisano kutanthauza kuti mapwano a gulu la anthu otchuka, ndi ogwirizana kwambiri.

Kuchepetsa Zotaidwa

M'madongosolo aakulu, voti ya wosankha wotayika imatayidwa kwambiri; m'masankho a FPTP, kaŵirikaŵiri 40-50 peresenti ya mavoti sapita kwa woloŵa wopambana m’chigawo chilichonse. Madongosolo a PR amachepetsa kwambiri chiŵerengero cha mavoti otayidwa chifukwa ngakhale zigawo zazing'ono zingapeze chithunzi ngati zipambana malire a lamulo. Kuchepetsa kusanthula kotayitsa kungalimbikitsenso kutembenuka kwapamwamba, monga momwe osankhira amaonera kuti zimene asankhazo zili ndi mpata wa kusonkhezera zotsatira zake.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito

Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Anice (IDEA) kwapeza kuti maiko ogwiritsira ntchito madongosolo a PR amakhoterera kukhala ndi chiwonero chapamwamba kuposa awo ogwiritsira ntchito madongosolo apamwamba. Chifukwa chotchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri nchakuti ovota ku PR akuona kuti chivoti chawo chiri “chotanthauza" chifukwa chakuti chimathandizira pa mipando yonse ya magawo mmalo mwa kutayidwa m'chigawo chotetezereka. Belium [ma] (mavoti ofulumira)] ndi yotchuka kwambiri [[FLT] [FFF:3] [ya] [yapamwamba] [yake] [yapamwamba]) yochirikiza zonse ziŵirizo zokhala ndi mlingo woposa 80 peresenti, pamene maiko onga United States (octrial) amatembenuka kaŵirikaŵiri 55 . Ngakhale kuti malamulo ena ovomerezekapo ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi a zandale zadziko, pogwirizana ndi kuwonjezera, potippenyansiti.

Maboma Ovomerezana ndi Maboma ndi Ndale Zandale

PR siimatulutsa mbali zazikulu imodzi; mmalo mwake, imalimbikitsa boma logwirizana. Pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsa ena amaona kugwirizana kukhala kosakhazikika, akatswiri ambiri amatsutsa kuti ndale za mgwirizano zimachirikiza kulinganiza, kulolera, ndi kupitirizabe kwa lamulo. M'maiko onga [[FLT: 0] Germany ndi [FLT] [[FLT]] [] NUD] NUPU, makabati apanga mogwira mtima kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kukonza malamulo otsatizana ndi kupyola pa zopingamirapo zazikulu zosinthasintha. Motero PR amapanga maboma amene amasonyeza malingaliro a voti mmalo mwa kuchuluka kwa osankha.

Mawu Osavuta Kumasulira ndi Oimira Osavuta Kufotokoza

Chifukwa chakuti madongosolo a PR angasankhe mamembala ambiri m’chigawo chilichonse, kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa opanga malamulo , akazi ambiri a mafuko ochepa, ndi owonjezereka opita ku magawo osakhala a 76eli . Kugwiritsira ntchito ndandanda ya magulu kungawonjezere chiyambukiro chimenechi. Kupenda kochitidwa ndi Inter à Parliamentary Union kumasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi PR kapena dongosolo losanganikirana asintha, pa avareji, 24,8% a akazi oimira nyumba ya malamulo, poyerekezera ndi 19.6% m'madongosolo aakulu. Kukhala ndi nyumba ya malamulo imene imasonyeza kwambiri chiŵerengero cha anthu chiwonere kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa kupanga malamulo ndi kukhulupirira anthu.

Mavuto a Kuimira Malo Oimira

Palibe dongosolo la sankho limene liri langwiro, ndipo madongosolo a PR amadza ndi mpambo wawo wa mavuto aakulu amene ayenera kusamaliridwa mosamalitsa.

Kugaŵanika ndi Kulephera kwa Boma

Chiyambi cha PR chotchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri nchakuti chingatsogolere ku mapalamenti ogaŵanika kwambiri. Pamene mamembala ambiri aang'ono apambana mipando, kungakhale kovuta kupanga mgwirizano ndi unyinji wowonekera ndi papulatifomu yogwirizana. Israel [1] Italian [[FLT:] [1], kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa PR kwa zaka zambiri, ndi maboma okhalitsa pa avareji ya zaka ziŵiri. Kugwedezekako kungathetsedwe pamene magulu otsutsa dongosolo la zinthu apeza phindu kapena kulowa m'malo ake. Italy , kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa pafupifupi PR m'nyengo ya nkhondo yothandiza kusinthasinthasintha kwa boma (maboma 60 pakati pa 1946 ndi 1990). Komabe, kulandiridwa kwa magulu ogwirizana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mapangano ogwirizana kwa mayiko ambiri.

Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu ndi Magetsi

Mavoti a kampani, ma projekiti aŵiri, ndi ziŵerengero zingasokoneze ovota omwe ali ozoloŵera kusanthula kosavuta kwa “X”. Ku New Zealand, kutsatira kusinthira ku MMP, makampani a maphunziro anali ofunika kulongosola njira ziŵiri [1]vote . Mofananamo, m'masankho a STV, osankha ena amapeza ntchito yapamwambayo kukhala yolemetsa. Komabe, kucholoŵana sikumachepetsa mosapeŵeka kutembenuka; kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti ngakhale m'madongosolo ochokera, potsirizira pake osankhidwawonetsa, ndipo kuyenerera kwa dongosolo la STV kungabwezeretse chisokosoko.

Akhoza Kuchititsa Mapwando Oopsa

PR ingapereke papulatifomu kwa magulu otengeka maganizo amene angapanikizidwe pansi pa malamulo aakulu. Kupambana kwa magulu oyenerera kwambiri mu Swenen (Sweten Democrates]) ndi [FLT] German [[FLT]] [] (kuthandiza kwa Jeremani) kwadzutsa nkhaŵa za “kuchuluka kwa malingaliro opambanitsa". Maiko ena amatchula zimenezi mwa kuika khomo lochepera povota (m.g., 5% mu Germany, 3% mu Israyeli). Ena amadalira pa malamulo oletsa amene amaonedwa kuti amatsutsa. Kugulitsako kumachepetsako ndi kuchepetsa kwabwino.

Kugwirizana Kofooka

Kukula kwa ndandanda kapena dziko lonselo PR kungafooketse kugwirizana pakati pa wopanga malamulo ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa malo. M'madongosolo kumene osankha olamulira, ziŵalo za munthu aliyense payekha zingakhale ndi mlandu waukulu ku utsogoleri wa gulu kuposa kwa ovota a kumaloko. MMP ndi STV amayesa kusunga maunansi a kumaloko, koma ngakhale m’madongosolo amenewo unansi wachindunji kaŵirikaŵiri sumachepa kwambiri kuposa m'zigawo chimodzi cha 76. Kusoŵa kwa mlandu kwa kumaloko kungatsogolere ku ku kuchotsa voti, makamaka m’madera akumidzi.

Kufufuza za Makhoti: Kuimira Malamulo m’Zochita

Kupenda mmene PR imagwirira ntchito m’maiko osiyanasiyana kumathandiza kumveketsa bwino lomwe kupambana kwake kwenikweni kwa dziko ndi mikhalidwe imene imamka ikuyenda bwino kapena kufooka.

Germany: Kukhazikika kudzera m’magazi

. . . . . . ndi theka la bungwe la Mixed . . . . . . . ndi kukonza kuti pakhale mpando wa mpando wa mpando wonse, ndi kusintha kuti atsimikizire kulinganiza. 5% imaletsa magulu aang'ono kwambiri kuloŵa, pamene umunthu wa oimira a kumaloko umapereka utumiki wodziimira. Maboma a Chivomerezo ndiwo mwambo, koma kuchirikiza kusadalirana (kumene kumafuna kuti wokonzanso wina asankhidwe) kwaletsa mtundu wa mavuto osaoneka ndi maso a nyumba za malamulo ena. Kugwirizana kwa Jeremani kwa ogwirizana kwa ogwirizana ndi oyendetsa zinthu kumakhala kogwirizana kwabwino kwa mobwerezabwereza kumachititsa kuti kusokonezeka kwa PR kukhale umboni wosatsimikizirika.

Sweden: High Turnout ndi Broad Consenus

Sweden amagwiritsira ntchito njira yotsekereza ya PR ndi 4% ya dzikolo (kapena 12% m'chigwirizano chimodzi). Chotulukapo ndicho malo ambiri amene amapanga pakati pa nthambi ya kumanzere kapena pakati pa maboma ogwirizana mowoloŵa manja. Voter vortout mosalekeza imaposa 85%, ndipo dongosololo limakhala ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Chitsanzo cha Sweden chimasonyeza kuti kugwirizana kwakukulu kungakhale pamodzi ndi ulamuliro wogwira ntchito, makamaka pamene magulu ali ndi chikhalidwe cha kukambirana ndi kulolera molakwa. Kukhalapo kwa mamembala asanu ndi atatu kapena angapo mu Riksdag sikumaletsa kupangidwa kwa mabwalo otetezera; mmalo mwake, chimalimbikitsa kugwirizana kwa anthu ambiri (“69" ndi“Alldance") kumene kumayenderana mgwirizano wogwirizana.

New Zealand: Kusintha Kwachipambano

New Zealand inasintha kuchoka ku FPP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 pambuyo pa ma a seminailo aŵiri omwe anasonyeza kusakhutira ndi dongosolo la oweruza. Kusinthako kunatsogolera ku nyumba ya malamulo yosiyanasiyana, ndi Green Party , New Zealand Cost, ndi Māori Party ikukhala yodziŵika nthaŵi zonse. Chikalata ndi maboma ochepa akhala mwambo, kufunikira kuti anthu agwirizane pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana. Pamene kuderali kunaonekera bwino, New Zealand yakhala ndi nyengo za ulamuliro wamphamvu, kuphatikizapo kutsogolera kwa Helen Clark (1999-2008) ndi kugwirizana kokhazikika pambuyo pa 2017. Kukhutiritsa kwa anthu onse ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa dongosololo kudakalibe kwapamwamba, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito chipani chovota kwa gulu kwawonjezera kufunika kwa malamulo a anthu a m'mapulatifomu a m'deralo.

Netherlands: Kuchuluka Kopambanitsa

Netherlands imagwiritsira ntchito ndandanda ya dziko lonse ya PR ndi chitseko chotsika kwambiri (.67% ya voti). Chotulukapo nchimodzi cha madongosolo apamwamba osandutsa masankho padziko lapansi, kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga magawo 10-15 mu 1506seat Tweede Kamer . Ngakhale kuli tero chidutswa chimenechi, Netherlands yakhala ndi maboma okhazikika, othandizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha pragmatism ndi mapangano a mgwirizano. Nkhani ya Dutch imasonyeza kuti kugaŵanitsidwa kwakukulu sikumachititsa kufooka ngati magulu akugwirizana ali ofunitsitsa kugwirizana. Komabe, dongosololo limayang'anizananso ndi: Kukambitsirana kungatenge miyezi yambiri, ndi magulu a omvera apeza malo aakulu m'masankhoti, kuyesa mapangano a dongosolo la kukhazikitsa.

Kuyerekezera ndi Madongosolo a Magulu Aakulu

Kumvetsetsa mphamvu ndi zofooka za PR nkosavuta pamene kusiidwa ndi njira ina yokulira: yoyamba ­ pastנthe prepres (FPTP), yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’maiko onga United Kingdom, Canada, ndi India.

Kuimira

FPTP molinganiza pansi pa projekiti yaing'ono ndi zikondwerero za chigawo. M'chisankho cha 2019 UK, Conservative Party inapata 56% ya mipando pa 44% yokha ya voti, pamene Liberal Democrat adapata 1.7% ya mipando pa 11.6% ya voti. Kudzisala koteroko kungachotse osankhidwa ndi kupanga “mipando yotetezeka” kumene mapeto ake anaikidwiratu. Madongosolo a PR amachotsa kwambiri kupotopetsa zimenezi, kutsimikizira kuti mpandowo ugawawone pafupi ndi voti.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kukhazikika

Madongosolo a malonda olinganiza zinthu a kulinganiza kuti adziikire mlandu wowonekera bwino: chipani chimodzi chingapange boma ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ochuluka, ndipo ovota anga “kuchotsapo maupandu otsatizana [1] mwachindunji. Mu PR, thayo la malamulo limafalitsidwa pakati pa ogwirizana, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa ovota kulanga kapena kubwezera zipani zakutiza. Kumbali ina, madongosolo a a akuluakulu angatulutse malamulo mwadzidzidzi pamene maboma asintha, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amagwirizana amasunga malamulo ogwirizana kwambiri.

Kusankha Zovala Zokhala

Madongosolo a PR amapereka mameno owonjezereka a maphwando, amene angawonjezere kugaŵiridwa ndi chikhutiro. M'kuvota kwapadera kuli kofala: ovota angasiye chipani chokondedwa chifukwa chakuti iwo amaona kuti palibe mpata wa kupata chigawo. PR imachepetsa kufunika kwa kuvota mwapadera, kulola ovota kufotokoza zimene amakonda.

Ntchito ya Malo Ozungulira ndi Kukongola kwa Chigawo

Kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo lililonse la PR kumadalira kwambiri pa ziphatikizo ziŵiri: pulogalamu ya votoral (imlingo wochepa wa mavoti a gulu liyenera kulandira kuti apambane mipando) ndi ukulu wa chigawo (ndipo mipando yambiri imene imagawiridwa m’chigawo chilichonse). Mabango a pansi ndi madera aakulu amatulutsa zinthu zowonjezereka, komanso amawonjezeranso kugaŵikana. Masewero apamwamba (mphindi, 5 peresenti ku Germany) amachepetsa kudulidwa koma amasiya zigawo zazing'ono koma zovomerezeka. Nkhaninso za chigawo chimodzi chokhala ndi mipando 400 zimagaŵana mokulira, pamene chigawo chokhala ndi maazati atatu okha (mo monga mndandanda ya masankhoti a PR) chimatulutsa zotulukapo zochepa.

Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi M'dziko lonse IDEA desikitale ya padziko lonse ikusonyeza kuti njira yabwino yopimira kuimira ndi kukhazikika ili pakati pa 3% ndi 5%. Mayiko ambiri amasintha zisinthiro zimenezi m'kupita kwa nthaŵi kuti asinthe njira zawo zochitira zinthu.

Kusintha ndi Kusintha

Maiko ogwiritsira ntchito PR kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha madongosolo awo kukonza zotuluka. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT: 0] Italy [1] ISRAYES adachoka ku PR yoyera kupita ku dongosolo lapadera losanganizidwa ndi mamembala [1] mu 1993, ndiyeno kubwerera ku dongosolo lowonjezereka mu 2017, pofunafuna kopitirizabe kaamba ka chitukuko. Israel inakweza khomo lake kuchokera pa 1.5% mpaka 2% mu 1992, kenaka kufika ku 3.25% mu 2014, poyesa kuchepetsa kugaŵikana. Masinthidwewa amasonyeza kuti palibe mapangidwe a ntchito kosatha; miyambo yandale, ndi madongosolo oyendetsera a boma ayenera kupendedwa nthaŵi zonse.

Kusintha kwina ndiko kugwiritsira ntchito ndandanda yotseguka [[FLT: 1] kupatsa ovota chisonkhezero chowonjezereka pa kusankha ofunsira. M'maiko onga Finland ndi [[FLT]] Brazil , otsegula [1] PR awonjezeka mutraptic ndi kulola votioffice ku “kusankha kwawo. Komabe, mitu yotsegulira ingatsogolerenso ku mkupiti wamphamvu pakati pa oyembekezera a pa gulu limodzimodzilo, ndipo ingafooketse chilango.

Kusuliza ndi Mabodza

Otsutsa PR kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti maboma ogwirizana samakhala otsimikizirika kwenikweni, ndi kuti PR imapatsa mphamvu zipani zotsalira. Komabe, mademokrase ambiri okhazikika ndi okhupuka . . Germany, Sweden, New Zealand . Kumene PR yachititsa kusakhazikika (monga ku Italy kapena Israel), vutolo kaŵirikaŵiri linali chifukwa cha kugaŵanikana kopambanitsa, kumene kungachitidwe mwa kukweza malire kapena kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kusuliza kwina kofala nchakuti PR imachepetsa kuŵerengera mlandu, chifukwa chakuti kugwirizana kunganenezene mlandu kaamba ka malamulo osatchuka. Komabe kufufuza kwa kuŵerengera kwa mgwirizano mu Germany ndi Netherlands kukupereka lingaliro lakuti ovota ali okhoza kuzindikira magulu aakulu m’boma ndikuwafupa kapena kuwalanga iwo moyenerera. “kulimba mtima kwa thayo” nkochepa kuposa m’dongosolo la progalamu ziŵiri, koma kulibe.

Monga wasayansi yandale [[FLT: 0] Pippa Norris [1] akutsutsa, unjiniya wa voti wochepera pa nkhani za ndale zadziko zokulira. Madongosolo a PR amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene ali m'chitaganya chokhala ndi zigwirizano zademokrase zolimba, zoulutsira mawu, ndi kufunitsitsa kulolera molakwa. M'maiko okhala ndi magaŵano a mafuko kapena malingaliro, ngakhale dongosolo lauchigamulo silingatsimikizire demokrase yokhazikika popanda chitetezo chowonjezereka.

Kumaliza: Tsogolo la Kuimira Maulosi

Kuimira boma kwakhala chipangizo champhamvu chomangira nyumba zoimira anthu zomwe zimasonyeza kusiyanasiyana kwa osankha. Kugwira kwake ntchito sikufanana: kumadalira pa kusintha kwapadera, chipata, ukulu wa chigawo, ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko za dziko lililonse. Pamene apanga, madongosolo a PR amapereka zisonyezero zapamwamba kwa anthu ochepa, wovota wamkulu, ndi malamulo ambiri osankhidwa m'malamulo. Zitokoso za kugaŵa, kucholoŵa m’malo, ndi kuloŵa konyanyira zingachepetsedwe ndi malamulo a ndawala, malamulo a zandamali, ndi malamulo a malamulo a ndandanda ya malamulo a za ndalama.

Pamene mademokrase ambiri alingalira za kusintha kwa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa kwambiri [1] kuphatikizapo Canada, United Kingdom, ndi South Korea . Umboni wochokera ku maiko a PRûa udzakhala wofunika. Palibe dongosolo ladongosolo lolondola, koma lamulo lakuti nyumba yopanga malamulo ikhale yosonyeza mavoti ndilo maziko a chiphunzitso cha demokrase yamakono. Kujambula kwa mapulogalamu kumapereka njira yachindunji yopezera galasilo, ndipo kwa maiko ambiri kwatsimikizira kukhala ponse paŵiri kwamphamvu ndi yokhalitsa. Mwakupenda chipambano ndi kulephera kwa PR padziko lonse, tingapange madongosolo osankhidwa amene amalimbitsa demokrase m’malo mwa kuisintha.