Chithandizo cha padziko lonse chakhala njira yopezera ndalama zothandizira kuthandizira madzi, ukhondo, ndi ukhondo (WASH) m'mayiko otsika ndi pakati. Ntchito zimenezi . Kuchokera ku kukumba mabowo ndi madongosolo a madzi a m’mipope mpaka kunyamula thumba ndi kulimbikitsa ukhondo . Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachindunji ziŵiri za zoletsa zofunika kwambiri za thanzi la anthu ndi ulemu wawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti zolinga zazikulu nzabwino, chipambano chenicheni cha kugwira ntchito kaya kuloŵerera kumeneku kudzetsa kupita patsogolo kwa thanzi la anthu onse, mwaŵi wa zachuma, ndi kakhalidwe kakhalidwe. Nkhaniyi ikupenda umboni, magule aakulu a chipambano, mavuto osatha, ndi njira zosintha zimene zimatsimikizira ngati kuyendetsa madzi ndi ntchito zaukhondo zapadziko lonse zikuthandiza kusungidwa kwaunjika kwaumoyo.

Chifukwa Chake Maluso a Madzi ndi Ukhondo Amadetsa: Mabungwe a Anthu ndi Achuma

Padziko lonse, anthu pafupifupi 2.2 biliyoni satha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi akumwa, ndipo 3.5 biliyoni sapeza njira yosamalira ukhondo, malinga ndi . Zotsatira zake n’zoopsa. Madzi owonongeka ndi ukhondo wambiri ndi matenda aakulu a kutseguka m’mimba, amene amapha pafupifupi 1.4 miliyoni ya ana omwe ali pansi pa zaka zisanu. Kuchuluka kwa matenda a padiaroea ana adakali ana kumbuyo kwa ubwana wawo kumathandizanso kulepheretsa, kuwonongeka kwa thupi, ndi kufooketsa dongosolo la thupi. Kuposa imfa, kusonkhanitsa madzi kumapha akazi ndi atsikana, amene amathera maola maola pafupifupi 1. Tsiku lililonse akuyenda kupita ku malo akutali, sukulu ndi kusoŵa mwaŵi wa zachuma. Motero, kuyendetsa kwa zaka zaumoyo sikuthandizana chifukwa cha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya umphaŵi, ndi kuchepetsa umphaŵi, ndi kuchepa kwa umphaŵi.

Chithandizo cha padziko lonse cha madzi ndi ukhondo . OECD ikusimba kuti chithandizo cha boma cha madzi ndi ukhondo waukhondo, mabanki a zitukuko zambiri, maziko, ndi mabungwe osakhala a boma chakula kwambiri pa zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo. Bungwe la Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) likusimba kuti chithandizo cha boma cha kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi ukhondo chinafika pafupifupi $1,000,000,000 mu 2021. Komabe funso likutsalabe: Kodi ndalamazo zawonongedwa bwino? Yankho lagona pa mapulani, kupha, ndi kutsata kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kufufuza Mogwira Mtima: Makina Ofufuzira Masainiko

Kuthandiza si kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi ukhondo. Malo aukhondo amafunika kuona zinthu zambiri zimene sizimangosonyeza kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimatuluka mwamsanga (m’chitsanzo, zitsime zambiri zimene anakumba) komanso zotsatira zake komanso kukhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali. Zinthu zimene anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndi izi:

Kupeza ndi Kusindikiza

Muyezo waukulu wa ntchito yopanga projekiti , woyendetsedwa ndi WHO ndi UNICEF, ndi anthu ambiri amene tsopano ali ndi njira zopezera madzi abwino kapena ukhondo. Maluso opezera mayeso poyeza makwerero a madzi, Sanitation ndi Hygiene, amayendera malo akuya padziko lonse pogwiritsa ntchito "masitepe" (kuchokera pamwamba pa madzi kupita ku mautumiki abwino). Maluso kaŵirikaŵiri amayesedwa mwa kusamutsira anthu a makwerero ameneŵa. Komabe, kupezeka kokha kungakhale kosokeretsa. Kamangidwe kamene kamagwira ntchito kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha asanaphwake kamapereka njira yofikira bwino kwambiri, ndi chimbudzi chimene chimagwa popanda ntchito yopanda kanthu.

Mmene Thanzi Limakhalira

Chonulirapo chachikulu ndicho kuwongolera kwa thanzi . Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda a chitseko, kufa kwa ana, kuchepa kwa kuchepa kwa matenda a m’madera otentha monga trachoma ndi schistosomiasis. Kulimbana kwamphamvu, kuphatikizapo mayeso osakonzeka, kwasonyeza kuti kuwongolera madzi pamlingo wa kugwiritsidwa ntchito (mphindi., mankhwala a m’madzi apanyumba) angachepetse diarrhoea ndi 30-50%. Santitions , makamaka maprogramu aukhondo a chitaganya, asonyezanso kuchepa kwakukulu m'kuchotsapo anthu ndi matenda ena. Komabe ntchito zambiri zimalephera kupeza njira zochiritsira bwino zaumoyo kuposa kudzipha, kuchititsa mavuto aakulu.

Kusungika

Kusungika ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri . Ndicho chinthu chovuta kwambiri . Ntchito imakhalabe ngati maziko ndi makhalidwe aukhondo zikupitirizabe kupereka mapindu kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu mpaka khumi pambuyo pogwira ntchito. Maphunziro a World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program ndi ku Liral Water Supply Network amasonyeza kuti 30-40% ya zopombera za manja m'chigawo cha Saharani mu Africa sizigwira ntchito zaka ziŵiri mpaka zisanu. Kulimba kumadalira pa kukhala ndi anthu a m’dera, ntchito zamakono, kupezeka kwa zigawo zosungidwa, ndi ndalama zopindulitsa (m., ndalama zopimira) zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimanyalanyaza zinthu zimenezi zimawomba zinthu zoyambirira.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu ndi Kuvomerezana ndi Chidani

Maprojekiti amene amaloŵetsamo kwambiri akazi popanga zosankha ndi kupanga mapulani amaoneka kukhala abwino. Akazi ndiwo ogwiritsa ntchito ndi oyang'anira madzi apanyumba ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ukhondo waukhondo. Pamene atenga nawo mbali m'kulinganiza, maziko a zinthu amaikidwa bwino, amasungidwa nthaŵi zonse, ndiponso amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosasintha. Mofananamo, maprogramu aukhondo amene amasamalira kuipidwa kwa chikhalidwe . Zonga kufunika kwa kusamalira ukhondo wa kumwezi m'masukulu

Zimene Zimathandiza: Maprojekiti Osonyeza Kuti Zinthu Zachitikadi

Mabuku ofotokoza za mmene zinthu zinapangidwira komanso mmene zinapangidwira, amasonyeza kuti pali njira zina zimene zimagwirizana ndi zimene zimachitika.

Malo Ofuna Kugwiritsa Ntchito

Makonzedwe ambiri a chithandizo adatsatira "umboni ndi masiye": mabungwe akunja anapanga malo a madzi kapena zimbudzi zokhala ndi chidziŵitso chochepa. Maprojekiti ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri analephera. Mosiyana, makampani ofunidwa ndi mafikishoni [1] kumene anthu amadziŵikitsa zinthu zawo zofunika, kuthandizira chuma (kapeni, ntchito, kapena zipangizo), ndi kukhala ndi thayo la kuyang'anira . Umboni wa WHO nthaŵi zonse umagogomezera kuti kutengamo mbali ndiko chipambano cha ntchito.

Kuchuluka kwa Madzi, Ukhondo, ndi Hygiene

Maprogramu ena ogwira ntchito kwambiri ogwirizanitsa madzi operekedwa ndi kupititsa patsogolo ukhondo ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe laukhondo. Kupereka madzi oyera okha kungakhale ndi chiyambukiro chochepa ngati anthu alekabe kutulutsa matenda m’nyumba ndipo sasamba m’manja ndi sopo. pulogalamu ya USH ku Mali imachepetsa diarrhoea ndi 31%, poyerekezera ndi zala, minda, ntchentche, matenda, ndi kuloŵerera kumene kumalepheretsa njira zambiri zopatsira zinthu panthaŵi imodzi kuchepetsa kwambiri matenda a diarrhooea. Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu ya USH ku Mali ichepetsa diarrhoe kufalikira ndi 31%, poyerekezera ndi 14% ya madzi okha.

Kumanga Udindo Wosamalira Zinthu M’deralo

Ngakhale nyumba zabwino kwambiri zidzalephera popanda kukonzedwa. Zotsatirapo zachipambano zimawononga pophunzitsa akatswiri a malo, kukhazikitsa unyolo wa zopereka za ziwalo zosawonongeka, ndi kupanga nyumba zoyendetsera anthu (m’chitsanzo, makomiti ogwiritsira ntchito madzi). Mafilimu ena atsopano, monga ngati "chuma cha m'magazi" njira yaukhondo (kumene zinyalala za munthu zimasinthidwa kukhala zofeŵetsa kapena zophera), amapanga mitsinje imene imasunga ntchito ndi kusungitsa, kuwonjezera kusungidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Kuwongolera Zinthu M’malo mwa Kusintha Kochepa

Kutsimikizira kuti umphaŵi ndi zitseko za maziko nzovuta, maprojekiti ambiri ogwira ntchito amatengera njira "yotsatizana". Mwachitsanzo, m'matauni kumene madzi opopa madzi satheka nthaŵi yomweyo, njira zothetsera mavuto (m'chitsanzo, ma kiosk kapena madzi a ATM) amaperekedwa pamene akuchilikizidwa kaamba ka kugwirizana kwalamulo. Kufuna kuchepetsako kumapeŵa msampha wa kuyembekezera kwachikhalire kaamba ka njira yothetsera yangwiro imene siifika.

Mavuto Amene Amalepheretsa Anthu Kugwira Bwino Ntchito

Ngakhale kuti pali umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti ntchito zambiri za m’dziko lonse za m’dzikolo zikuwonongedwabe, ntchito zomangamanga, ndalama, ndiponso khalidwe la anthu n’zovutabe.

Kupeza Malipiro ndi Kulakwa

Ngakhale kuti bungwe la ODA lakhala likuchuluka, likuimirabe kachigawo kakang'ono chabe ka chithandizo chonse chothandiza kukonza zinthu . Pafupifupi 5-6% ya biladal ODA . Ndiponso, ndalama zambiri zimaperekedwa patsogolo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa zogwiritsa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kukonza, kapena kuyang'anira. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pamene zinthu zangokhala, maboma ndi anthu a m'madera ambiri alibe chuma choti apitirizebe kuyenda. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumafunikiranso ndalama zambiri: zochitika za nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ndi kusokoneza magwero a madzi, kufunikira kukonza zinthu zokwera mtengo.

Kulamulira Kofooka ndi Chiphuphu

M'mayiko ena, mabungwe ofooka, kuloŵerera pa zandale, ndi ziphuphu zingafooketse ntchito. Ndalama zingapatsidwe ku makampani osadziwa ntchito, ndi kumalizidwa kwa malo osapimidwa bwino. Lipoti la 2019 lolembedwa ndi Transparency International linatsimikizira kuti kusasamala m'chigawo cha madzi kumawonongetsa chuma chomakula madola mabiliyoni pachaka. Popanda njira zodziwitsira ntchito, ngakhale maprojekiti odalirika angapereke zotsatira zopanda phindu.

Zopinga za Makhalidwe ndi Chikhalidwe

Kupereka chimbudzi sikumatsimikizira kuti chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha anthu pa malo ochotsera chakudya, ndi kusungira madzi zimasiyana kwambiri. Kuchotsa anthu m’midzi kungakhale kochokera kwambiri m’madera akumidzi, ndipo kutsuka ndi sopo kungakhale kosachitikabe ngakhale kuti pali ntchito yozindikira. Kusintha kwaukhondo kumafuna kuzindikira zikhulupiriro za kumaloko, kugwiritsira ntchito njira zophunzitsira anthu, ndi kugwira ntchito ndi anthu odalirika. Nthaŵi zambiri ntchito yachidule imakhala yosoŵa nthaŵi ndi kulolerana kwa pangano lakuya.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kumachititsa Kuti Kukhale Koopsa Kwambiri

Kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezeka kusoŵa kwa madzi m’madera ambiri, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa chilala ndi madzi osefukira amene amawononga madzi ndi zimbudzi. M'madera a mchere, ntchito zowononga madzi a pansi pa nthaka zingawononge mwamsanga. Kumanga kumakhala kwachikale. Kumanga kumakhala malo omangapo zinthu monga thanzi la mvula , madzi a pansi panthaka a madzi osefukira, ndi ziwiya zosawononga madzi.

Malingaliro a M’madera: Mavesi Osiyanasiyana, Zitsanzo Zosiyanasiyana Zogwira Mtima

Malo amene anthu amamangapo madzi ndiponso zimbudzi amasiyanasiyana kwambiri chifukwa cha dera limene akukhala, mmene malo awo amagwirira ntchito, ndiponso mmene chuma cha anthu chikuyendera.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Madzi a m’midzi ya kumidzi m'chigawo cha Saharan Africa akukhalabe vuto lalikulu. Kusungika kuli kochepa kwambiri kuposa m’madera ena, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa anthu, kusoŵa zitsulo zothandizira kubweretsa unyolo, ndi kulephera kulamulira kwa anthu a m’madera ena. Maulamuliro a anthu, ngakhale kuti amakwezedwa kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera chifukwa amaika mtolo wosatheka kwa odzipereka. Mapangano atsopano monga ngati operekedwa kwa olemba ntchito zaumwini .

South Asia

South Asia yapanga kupita patsogolo kodabwitsa m'kuchepetsa kutseguka kwa magetsi kotseguka, makamaka ku India kupyolera mu Swachh Bharat Mission (Secreate India Mission). Komabe, kusumika maganizo pa kumanga chimbudzi nthaŵi zina kwaposa kukhazikika . Kufufuza kwina kwasonyeza kuti unyinji wa zimbudzi zomangidwa pansi pa programuyo sizikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kapena kukhala ndi zowonongeka. Kuipitsidwa kwa madzi kuchokera ku zonyansa zosagwiritsiridwa ntchito kumakhala nkhani yaikulu, makamaka ku Bangladesh ndi mbali zina za India, kumene mwachibadwa kumakhala ndi ma arsenic m’madzi a pansi pa nthaka kumawonjezera vutolo.

Latin America ndi Caribbean

Kumanga matauni ku Latin America kwayambitsa mavuto aakulu a madzi ndi ukhondo m'malo amwaŵi. Maprojekiti ambiri amasumika maganizo pa kufutukula mitchatho ku madera opeza ndalama zochepa, koma kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi mavuto osatha. Zitsanzo zina zatsopano, monga kugwiritsira ntchito madongosolo a madzi onyansa (kuunika, migwirizano ya anthu) ku Brazil, zapeza mathereshoni ndi kukwera mtengo pang’ono, kusonyeza phindu la luso la zopangapanga zinthu zopanga zinthu.

Mikhalidwe Yomadza ndi Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo

Madzi ndi mbali ya ukhondo zikusintha, zikusonkhezeredwa ndi tekinoloji yatsopano, njira zopezera ndalama, ndi kuzindikira kowonjezereka kwa kufunika kwa kusintha kwa dongosolo la zinthu m’malo mwa ntchito zazokha.

Zotsatirapo Zake ndi Zopereka Zogwirizana ndi Ntchito

Opereka ndalama za kampani akuyesa mowonjezereka kupezerapo ndalama zochokera ku zopereka (RBF), kumene kuli ndalama zogwirizana ndi zotsatirapo zotsimikizirika, monga ngati chiŵerengero cha anthu opeza madzi kapena kuchepetsa m'matumbo. World Bank’s Global Prevenaption for Verosed Approates (GPRBA) yachirikiza ntchito za m'maiko angapo zimene zasonyeza kupambana ndi kulondola bwinopo kuposa zitsogozo zamwambo. RBF imapanga zisonthozo pafupi kwambiri ndi ziyambukiro za nthaŵi yaitali.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta ndi Makompyuta Omwe Ali Kutali

Zipangizo zoyendera mafoni a m’manja, makompyuta a m'manja, ndi mastet a makompyuta a Web tsopano amalola opereka ndi makampani a ntchito ya kutumiza madzi ku madera amene akugwira ntchito nthaŵi yeniyeni. Ku Tanzania, ntchito ya mwater imagwiritsa ntchito kuyang'anira mafoni kuti idziwe zopombera zothyoka ndi kukonza zinthu mofulumira. Mofananamo, kutumiza ukhondo wa SMS ndi kujambula njira za kachitidwe kake ka zinthu zagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Kenya ndi Ghana. Zidazo zithandiza kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera mwamsanga.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Magulu Otsatira Matenda

Mpando wa pamsewu pakati pa Wash ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ukudziŵika kwambiri. Maprojekiti amene amateteza madzi a pansi panthaka kuwonjezera mphamvu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zomapanganso popopa madzi ndi nyengo. Mofananamo, mbali ya zaumoyo imavomereza kuti kuyendetsa zinthu zonse zaumoyo kumafuna mautumiki a zaumoyo. Kuyambira 2019, JMP yafufuza WASH m'malo a zaumoyo, ndi maprogramu ambiri othandiza tsopano ASYH ndi njira zaumoyo wa ana.

Kumaliza: Kuchepetsa Kubwerera pa Kusungitsanso Mankhwala

Chithandizo cha padziko lonse cha madzi ndi ukhondo zapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ndi kupita patsogolo kwa anthu. Umboni umasonyeza kuti pamene ntchito zasintha bwino lomwe , pokonzekera kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndi pokonza zosamalira, ndi popititsa patsogolo ukhondo pamodzi, zingapereke thanzi ndi mapindu a zachuma. Komabe, kachigawoka kamalimbanabe ndi kulephera kwa zinthu zapamwamba, ndalama zokwanira zothandizira kusintha kwa nyengo. Njira ya kutsogolo ikuchokera pa zomangira zanthaŵi yaitali za ntchito zanthaŵi yaitali, kukwaniritsa ntchito za moyo, kuyang'anira ntchito zamakono, ndi kutsimikizira kuti akazi osoŵa mphamvu kwambiri ndi atsikana ndi mbali iliyonse ya ntchito. Ndi njira zimenezi, njira zapadziko lonse zikhoza kupitirizabe kuthandizira anthu aumoyo waukhondo wapadziko lonse kuti apezenso bwino.