Programu Zopanga De-Radical: Kampala Kotchedwa Critical M’zochitika Zauchigaŵenga Zamakono

Pankhondo yolimbana ndi chiwawa, maboma ndi mabungwe a anthu akunja akuyang'ana kwambiri kuposa njira zotetezera zolimba zonga kuloŵerera kwa nkhondo, kuyang'anira, ndi kutsatiridwa kwa lamulo. Maprogramu a kukonza malo ayamba kukhala mbali yaikulu ya njira zolimbana ndi ugandaganda. Kuloŵerera kumeneku kumakhala kothandiza anthu amene asonkhezeredwa ndi malingaliro onyanyira, kuwatsogolera ku chiwawa ndi kuwachititsa kuti asatengere anthu ena. Mapangano aakulu oletsa kuloŵerera kwawo m'chitaganya. Ngakhale kuti lingaliroli si latsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwa zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, makamaka monga nkhondo ku Middle East, Africa, ndi Asia atulutsa ziŵerengero zazikulu za anthu omenya nkhondo ndi otchuka. Kusintha kwamakonoku kungatheke kuchititsa kutero, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zawo zoyendera bwino, ndi kuyesa kuchepetsa njira zaunika njira zaumoyo, mapulogalamu, kuchepetsako kwa zaka makumi aŵiri, makamaka kuchepetsa upandu kwa zaka makumi aŵiri, kapena kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito kofala kwambiri. Komabe, ngakhale kutsimikizira kuti, ngakhale kutsimikizira kwa anthu otsutsa kwambiri.

Kodi Maprogramu Osintha Zinthu ndi Otani?

Maprogramu a kukonza zinthu ndi opangika olinganizidwa kuwongolera kapena kusintha malingaliro opotoka, makhalidwe, ndi mayanjano. Iwo amagwira ntchito pa lingaliro lakuti kusintha ndiko njira, ndipo chifukwa chake, kungathetsedwe. Mwachibadwa, kusumika maganizo pa anthu amene akhala ndi malingaliro opotozedwa kale , kubwezedwa ku malo ankhondo, kapena kudziŵidwa mwa kuyang'anira anthu. Cholinga chachikulu nchakuti achepetse kuthekera kapena kuchirikiza uchigaŵenga mtsogolo.

Maprogramu ameneŵa amasiyana ndi zoyesayesa wamba za kuchotsa, zimene zingasumikidwa pa kusintha khalidwe popanda kusintha zikhulupiriro zapansi. Kusintha kwa maselo kumachititsa kusintha kwakukulu: kuchotsa nzeru pa madongosolo a maganizo amene amalungamitsa chiwawa. Opanga agwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa kupereka uphungu wa maganizo, maphunziro a maganizo, maphunziro a zamaphunziro, maphunziro a ntchito, ndi kuchirikiza anthu. Njirayi kaŵirikaŵiri ndiyo kupatsa anthu nzeru zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro a zapamwamba a zamaganizo, ntchito za kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi maphunziro a zachitetezo. Maprogramu amayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe a boma, koma NGO ndi magulu achipembedzo amachitanso ntchito zazikulu m'mayiko ambiri.

Njira ndi Mafikidwe

Makonzedwe a maprogramu osintha zinthu amasiyanasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi nkhani za kumaloko, mtundu wa chiwopsezo choopsa, ndi zinthu zimene zilipo. Komabe, ambiri amagaŵana mbali za maziko zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza anthu amene akutenga nawo mbali.

Kupereka Uphungu Wamaganizo ndi Kuloŵererapo kwa Makhalidwe

Chinsinsi chapadera ndicho njira imodzi kapena gulu lakuchiritsa yokonzekeretsedwa kusamalira kupsinjika maganizo, kupotoza maganizo, ndi kusokonezeka maganizo zimene zingakhale zothandizira kusintha. Cog Directive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kuthandiza otenga mbali kudziŵa ndi kutsutsa njira zoganizira zosayenera, monga ngati kukhulupirira kuti chiwawa ndi ntchito yolungama kapena kuti magulu a anthu akunja ndi adani opatulidwa. Olangiza amathandizanso kukulitsa chifundo, malamulo a maganizo, ndi kulimbanirana ndi mabodza osokoneza maganizo. Maprogramu ena amaphatikizapo kupulupukumira ndi kusasamala kwa anthu, makamaka anthu amene akumana ndi chiwawa kapena kusoŵa mpikisano.

Maphunziro a Zaumulungu ndi Achipembedzo

Popeza kuti ziphunzitso zambiri zopambanitsa zimasonkhezera nkhani zachipembedzo, zandale, kapena za mbiri yakale, maprogramu a kutembenuza zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo magawo olinganizidwira kutsutsa nkhani zimenezo. Akatswiri achipembedzo ophunzitsidwa kapena odziŵa zaumulungu amaloŵetsamo okambitsirana zaumulungu, kupereka mafotokozedwe ena a malemba kapena chiphunzitso chimene chimachirikiza mtendere, kulolera, ndi kupatulika kwa moyo. Mwachitsanzo, zoyesayesa za kupeka ku Saudi Arabia ndi Indonesia zimaphatikizapo kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane malemba Achiquanic kuti atsutse kulungamitsidwa kwa chiwawa chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi magulu onga al-Qaeda kapena ISIS.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu ndi Kuloŵetsedwamo kwa Banja

Kubwezeretsanso kwachipambano kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kumanganso mayanjano ndi mabanja ndi anthu amene angakhale atasokonezeka kapena atadulidwa. Maprogramu ambiri amaphatikizapo kupereka uphungu kwa banja, maulendo apanyumba okhazikika, ndi magawo operekera mapangano kukonzanso maunansi. Mabanja amaphunzitsidwa kuzindikira zizindikiro za kubwereranso kwa kumbuyo ndi kupereka chichilikizo chosalekeza. Zoyesayesa za kuyanjana ndi anthu zimaphatikizaponso atsogoleri a kumaloko, anthu achipembedzo, ndi amene kale anali onyanyira amene amachita monga alangizi. Mwakupanga malo ochirikiza chitaganya, zoyesayesa zimenezi zimachepetsa malingaliro a kudzipatula amene angasudzukitse anthu kubwerera ku madongosolo osokoneza zinthu.

Kuphunzitsa Ntchito Zamanja ndi Maphunziro

Kuchepetsa chuma kuli chochititsa chodziŵika cha kusinthitsa zinthu. Kuti akonzetse kukhazikitsanso ntchito, maprogramu ambiri amapereka maphunziro a ntchito, chithandizo cha ntchito, maphunziro apamwamba, kapena ngongole za mabizinesi. Otengamo mbali amaphunzira maluso otsalira malonda monga ukalipentala, kulemba ndi kulemba makompyuta, kapena mamekitala. Nthaŵi zina, amapatsidwa ndalama pa nthaŵi ya programu kuti achepetse kusoŵa kwa ndalama. Mabungwe a zachuma sapereka kokha ntchito komanso amakulitsa lingaliro la chifuno ndi kukhala wodziimira kunja kwa kampani.

Gulu Liyamba Kugwirizana

Maprogramu amasiyana kaya asamalira aliyense payekha kapena m'magulu. Uphungu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi umalola kugwirizanitsa ndi mbiri zaumwini ndi masinthidwe, pamene magawo a gulu angachirikize ndi kuŵerengera kwa mabwenzi. Maprogramu ena, mofanana ndi a ku Singapore, amaphatikiza zonse ziŵiri: otenga mbali amaloŵa makalasi a chipembedzo ndi a zigawo pamene akulandiranso nthaŵi imodzi yamaganizo. Njira yochitira zinthu imadalira pamlingo wa ngozi ya otengamo mbali ndi chikhalidwe.

Kusintha Zinthu: Kupeza Zinthu Zothandiza

Kufufuza ngati maprogramu ochotsa ntchito imagwira ntchito kwenikweni kuli ndi mavuto a njira. Chiŵerengero cha opanga mapulogalamu osintha zinthu chija chakhala chochuluka . Chiwerengero cha anthu amene amabwerera ku ntchito yoopsa pambuyo pomaliza programu [1] kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga bungwe lopangira zinthu zoyendetsera ntchito, koma akhoza kusokeretsa. Anthu ambiri amene atenga nawo mbali pa ntchitoyi amakhalabe oyang'aniridwa, ndipo kutsekeredwanso kungasonyeze chitetezo chomangika m’malo mwa kuchepetsako. Ndiponso, kusakhalapo kwa khalidwe lachiwawa sikumasonyeza kuti asintha m’zikhulupiriro; munthu angakhale wochenjera kwambiri.

Kufufuza kumene kwayesa kufufuza kolimba kumasonyeza zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana. mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Saudi Arabia lafufuzanso maprogramu a kuchepetsa kwapadera kwambiri, linapeza kuti ambiri mwa anthu opatulidwa satha kugamula motsimikiza. Komabe, maprogramu ena anena kuti ndi otsika kwambiri. Saudi Arabia, mwachitsanzo, lapeza kuti pulogalamu ya Saudia ya Arabia yayambiranso kukonzanso anthu 10-20% chifukwa cha njira yake yaikulu, poyerekezera ndi kuchuluka kwa opatutsa malonda amene sanatengere mbali. Kufufuza kwa mapulogalamu a ku Indonesia kwa munthu wakale Jemayayah kunapeza kuti pafupifupi mamembala 15% a ntchito yosangulutsa m'zaka zochepa chabe, koma kumasonyezanso kuchuluka kwa ngozi.

Zinthu zingapo zimagwirizana ndi chipambano chachikulu. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutengamo mbali modzifunira, kuchirikiza banja mwamphamvu, ndi kukhala ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma. Programu zimene zimakhalapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali (m’mphindi 6 mpaka 12) ndipo zimaphatikizapo kulimba pambuyo posamala . Zonga ngati kupitiriza kupereka uphungu, kuyang'anira ntchito, ndi kulangiza kwa anthu. Zotsatira zimene zimadalira pa kukambitsirana kwa malingaliro popanda kulankhulana ndi zosoŵa za maganizo kapena mikhalidwe ya anthu kaŵirikaŵiri zimalephera kutulutsa kusintha kosatha. [[FLT: 0] United Nations Ofesi ya Kutsutsa kwa Chipanduko [1] zagogomezera kuti kugwira ntchito kumafuna mayanjano, zaka zambiri zimene zimaphatikiza mbali zonsezi.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Kusintha Makhalidwe m’Zochita

Kupenda maprogramu apadera kungakuthandizeni kuona zimene zimagwira ntchito bwino ndi zimene sizimasintha.

Saudi Arabia: Chitsanzo Chaupainiya

Saudi Arabia inayamba programu yake yopanga zilonda kumayambiriro kwa ma 2000 monga mbali ya njira yolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga. Pulogalamuyi imafuna anthu amene ali ndi milandu ya chitetezo, makamaka amene ali ndi al-Qaeda kapena ISSIS. Otengamo mbali amaphunzitsidwanso zachipembedzo ndi atsogoleri a boma, malangizo a zamaganizo, ndi maphunziro a ntchito. Chigawo chapadera ndicho kuloŵetsedwa kwa banja m’machitidwe onsewo, kuphatikizapo kuchirikiza ndalama ndi thandizo la nyumba. Boma la Saudi limadzinenera kuti chipambano chachikulu, koma osuliza akusonyeza kusoŵa kwa kudalirana kwa boma ndi kuzindikira kuti otenga mbali ena a kagulu kakhalidwe ka za m'matenda m'mayiko ena. Komabe, programu yasonkhezera zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse.

Indonesia: Njira Zolowera M’derali

Indonesia watengera chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri, ndi maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi onse aŵiri boma ndi NGO. Modabwitsa, dzikolo layesa kugwiritsira ntchito otsendereza akale monga alangizi . ndi njira imene imapanga kudalirika kwawo kutsutsa nkhani zazikulu. Yasamaan Prasmadian Asmaian [[FLT]] [Kuthandiza] [kuthandiza] [kukhazikitsa]] (Kugwirizana kwa Mpata wa Mtendere) kumagwirizanitsa kukambitsirana kwa chipembedzo, kuchirikiza maganizo, ndi kuphunzitsidwa ntchito. Kufufuza kofalitsidwa mu chisokosokonetsera ndi Chiwa cha Politi cha Zachiwawa [[FLTFLD :3] [FLT] [3] Kugwirizana ndi chichirikizo champhamvu, pophatikizana ndi kuchepetsa maganizo a anthu a m'dziko, ngakhale kuli kolimbana ndi magulu ambiri apakati pa Indonesia, ndi magulu ena aungwe a anthu ndi magulu ena ambiri.

Northern Ireland: Chitsanzo cha Kukhazikika kwa Ndale Zadziko

Good Lachisanu Agreement ndi njira yamtendere yotsatira ku Northern Ireland ikupereka nkhani yapadera kumene kuchepetsa kwakukulu kunachitika mwa kuloŵetsamo ndale zadziko mmalo mwa maprogramu a kukonzanso kwa munthu. Magulu akale ankhondo ochokera ku magulu onse aŵiri a zigaŵenga ndi okhulupirika adagwirizana kukhala maulamuliro a demokrase, ndipo zokambirana za kukonzanso kwa anthu zinathandiza kuchepetsa chiwawa. Chochitikachi chikusonyeza kuti kufotokoza zidandaulo zandale zimene zingachititse kuti opasuta thupi kukhala othandiza kwambiri kuposa kuyang'ana pa psychology imodzi /a phunziro la kutsutsana ndi machitachita auchigaŵenga m'madera ena omenyedwa ndi nkhondo.

Kupititsidwa M’ndende: M’malo Ovuta Kwambiri

Mandende kaŵirikaŵiri amatchuka ndi kusintha zinthu, koma amaperekanso malo oyenera kuti aloŵerere. Mayiko ambiri apanga magulu oletsa anthu opotoka amene amasiyanitsa anthu otsata lamulo ndi anthu wamba kuti atetezere kulowa m'ndende. Ku France, mayuniti a kukonza zinthu (RAD) amagwiritsira ntchito timu yosiyanasiyana yolangiza (_raD) yothandiza anthu, antchito za chikhalidwe, ndi alangizi achipembedzo. Komabe, mapulogalamu otero ayang'anizana ndi kutsutsa kolimba kwambiri ndi kusapereka chithandizo chokwanira cha papositi. Maphunziro 2019 a International Centre for Counter-Trorisism anapeza kuti m'maprogramult ku Ulaya kaŵirikaŵiri samapitiriza kusamala anthu pambuyo pa kusamala, kugwetsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Mavuto ndi Zolephera

Ngakhale kuti alonjeza kuti adzachira, ntchito yochotsa mankhwala imakhala ndi mavuto aakulu amene amalepheretsa ntchito yawo.

Kuzindikira ndi Kufufuza Zovuta

Kusankha anthu oyenerera kuti achotsedwe kuopa kuopsa ndi vuto lalikulu. Anthu ena ali ndi malingaliro odzipereka kwambiri omwe sangakhale osintha, pamene ena angadzionetsere ngati ogonjera kuti atuluke mwamsanga. Zida zopimira ngozi n’zopanda ungwiro, ndipo kutchula molakwa anthu kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa: kumasula munthu woukira kwambiri angayambitsenso kuukira kwatsopano, pamene kuletsa munthu wosafuna kusamala kwambiri kungawononge chuma ndi kuwonjezera. Maboma ayenera kusamala kwambiri za chitetezo ndi cholinga cha kukonzanso zinthu.

Kuopsa kwa Kulimbikitsa Chikhulupiriro Chosalimba

Anthu amene amachita nawo zinthu mopanda nzeru angaone kuti zimenezi sizingachitike. Ngati anthu amene akuchita nawo mapulogalamuwa akuganiza kuti ayamba kuukirana popanda kumvetsa zimene amakhulupirira, akhoza kutengerapo mfundo zawo.

Chuma Chochepa ndi Chifuno Chandale

Kuchotsapo mapulogalamu okhwima n’kokwera mtengo. Kumafunikira akatswiri a zamaganizo ophunzitsidwa, akatswiri a zachipembedzo, antchito a zachitetezo, ndi antchito a anthu, limodzinso ndi nthaŵi yaitali yotsatira. Mayiko ambiri . Makamaka amene ali m’mayiko ofooka ndipo alibe mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu amphamvu. Ngakhale m'mayiko olemera, ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri zimaperekedwa kwa anthu otsatizana ndi malamulo ndi njira zankhondo mmalo mwa kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa. Kuwonjezera apo, kukakamiza kwa ndale kuti asonyeze zotsatirapo zotsatirapo za mwamsanga kungatsogolere ku maprogramu amene amapanga maprogramu achidule (monga manambala oŵerengera) a makhalidwe enieni a makhalidwe abwino.

Kutsutsa Chigwirizano ndi Ndale

Kugwirizanitsa anthu akale onyanyira m'midzi kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitidwa mantha ndi udani. Anansi angakane kuwalandira, owalemba ntchito sakuwalemba, ndipo mabanja anganyalanyazidwe. Kunyazitsa kumeneku kungathetse kupambana kwa programuyo, kusiya anthu odzipatutsa ndi osavuta kuyambitsanso. M'madera ena, palinso kutsutsa kwa ndale zadziko kwa mtundu uliwonse wa kulekerera zigaŵenga, kumene kungafooketse chichilikizo cha anthu cha kuchepetsa utsogoleri wa boma. Maboma ayenera kugwira ntchito kukulitsa chidaliro cha chitaganya kupyolera m'mabungwe la zamaphunziro a anthu ndi mwa atsogoleri a m'magawo a boma.

Kumaliza: Kufuna Njira Yochititsa

Maprogramu othandizira anthu kuukira chiwawa , kutsimikiza, kupsinjika maganizo, kusoŵa nzeru, ntchito ya apolisi, kapena nkhondo kumene kuli ziwopsezo. Komabe, zimaimira chida chofunika kwambiri pankhondo yaitali yolimbana ndi anthu otengeka maganizo. Mwa kufotokoza zochititsa zimene zimachititsa anthu kuchita chiwawa / kuloŵerera, kusokonezeka maganizo, kusoŵa nzeru, kusoŵa chochita kwa zachuma, kumapereka njira yodalirika yochepetsera zigaŵenga zamtsogolo. Umboni umasonyeza kuti chipambano chimayendera pogwirizanitsa maganizo, maganizo, chikhalidwe, ndi chuma m'mapangana ndi mgwirizano wa . Maprogramu amene amachirikizidwa moyenerera, mothamanga, kapena kugula popanda kulephera kuyendetsa kapena kusokoneza vutolo.

Kupita patsogolo, maboma ndi ochiritsa ayenera kuphatikizapo kupenda kosamalitsa kwamphamvu . Kuyesa kosatsatira malamulo, ndi maphunziro autali amene amatsata anthu otenga nawo mbali kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa programu. Kugaŵana machitidwe abwino kwambiri m'maiko onse, pamene akusintha mogwirizana ndi nkhani za kumaloko, kudzakhala kofunikanso. Mabungwe a mitundu yonse monga United Nations Ofesi pa Mankhwala ndi Crime [FLD] [FLD :1] ndi Globaltic Critive Forum yayambitsa malangizo othandiza kukonza njira zamakono. Potsirizira pake, deradition si kutetezera chabe; ndi ulemu wa anthu. Pamene aphatikiza zoyesayesa zambiri za kupereka ndemanga, kuchirikiza ulamuliro, ndi kulimbikitsa, ndi kulimbikitsa, kungathandizira dziko kumene kulibe kwachitukuke.