Chiyambi: Chisonkhezero Chomakulakula cha Kulingalira Koyamba m’Chilamulo cha M’mayiko Ambiri

Kulingalira kwa chiyambi kwakhala maziko aakulu m'kumasulira kwa lamulo la America, makamaka m'zitokoso za zamalamulo zimene zimabuka pa mlingo wa boma ndi malo. Makhoti akapenda kaya lamulo la mzinda, malamulo a boma, kapena lamulo la malamulo ndi malamulo a U.S., iwo amayang'ana mowonjezereka ku tanthauzo lachindunji la anthu kapena cholinga cha okonza malamulo ake. Kusintha njira imeneyi ya njira ya kapangidwe ya malamulo ya boma imakhala ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za nkhani zochokera ku malamulo opangira kusanthula, ndi ku mikangano yaufulu ya ku mikangano pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Kumvetsetsa mmene kuyambirira m'zoyamba kumachita ntchito m'nkhani zimenezi nkofunika kwa opanga malamulo, a loyankhulitsa, a Gwe, ndi nzika amene amayendetsa malo ovuta a boma ndi malamulo a boma a m’dzikolo.

Kumasulira sikuli kongofuna kumasulira koma ndi banja la njira zodzimasulira. Pamutu pake, kumavomereza kuti malembo alamulo ali ndi tanthauzo lotsimikizirika . Tanthauzo lakuti anthu odziŵa bwino akadazindikira panthaŵi ya kulinganiza. Mwakukhoma zigamulo za chiweruzo ku tanthauzo lokhazikikalo, ochirikiza amanena kuti kuyambirira kumaletsa kuweruza ndi kusunga ufulu wa democracy wodzilamulira. Komabe, otsutsa, amatsutsa kuti iwo angatseke miyezo yachikale ndi kunyalanyaza societai. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho chapeza mfundo zazikulu pa U. S. Khoti Lapamwamba ndi m'makhoti lapamwamba, makamaka kuyambira pa mapangano a Justice Anton Scalia ndi, posachedwapa, Justice Gol Gorbay, Barday, ndi Jasime.

Nkhaniyi ikufutukula malingaliro a maziko a chiphunzitso choyambirira monga ogwirizanitsidwa ndi zitokoso za boma ndi za boma. Imapenda mizu ya mbiri yakale ya kuyambika kwa lamulo, zigamulo zazikulu za Khoti Lalikulu zimene zasinthanso lamulo la mitundu, mbali yomakulakula ya kumasulira kwa lamulo la boma, ziyambukiro zothandiza pa mbali zazikulu za kumasulira, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza njira yomasulira imeneyi. Pofika nthaŵi ino, oŵerenga adzakhala ndi chiyamikiro chachikulu cha mmene ulamuliro woyambirira wa dziko ndi ufulu wa anthu m’madera awo.

Maziko a Kulingalira Koyambirira

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Kusintha kwa Mawu a Mulungu

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chinatulukira monga nthanthi yotsatizana yachiweruzo chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, kwakukulukulu monga chivomerezo chotsutsa chimene ochirikiza ake analingalira kukhala kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Mkati mwa Warren ndi Burger Courts, Bwalo Lapamwamba linapereka zigamulo zapadera m’madera onga ngati desecolation, maupandu, ndi kuchotsa mimba, kaŵirikaŵiri kudalira pa “Constitution” imene imalola tanthauzo la chikalatacho kusinthika. Osuliza za Acteyney General Edwin Meese III ndi Justice Scalia anatsutsa kuti njira imeneyi inapatsa oweruza mphamvu zambiri zoika maganizo awo. M’kambitsirapo mawu otchuka 1986, Meese adaitanidwa kaamba ka “kusintha maganizo apamwamba m’nkhani yake ya 1997. M’Gipper.

Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa cholinga choyamba ndi tanthauzo la anthu n’kovuta. Cholinga choyambirira chimakhudza zimene opanga malamulowo amakhulupirira kapena amene amayembekezera kuti malamulowo akwaniritsa. Mawu oyambirira a anthu, posiyana, amafunsa kuti munthu wololera pa nthaŵiyo akanakhala ndi mawuwo. Tsopano mawuwo ndi mtundu wofala wa Chipangano Chapamwamba, monga [FLT: 0] Diverseage of Columbia v. Helter [2008] [2008] ndi [[FLT:] Mcdaldd v. City of Chicago. (20). Zosankha zimenezi zinakhudza kwambiri kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa kuchepetsa ufulu wachiŵiri kuti amenyetse m'manja ndi kutsekereza m’chigawo cha Countrolty ndi Childganing, chigawo cha Child Count, chigalamu cha Child cha Child ndi chigalamu cha chija cha chikulu cha dziko.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo: N’chifukwa Chiyani Kuyambirira Kuphunzitsa za Boma ndi Chilamulo cha M’deralo?

Chiphunzitso choyambirira cha kuyambika kwa lamulo la boma , koma chiyambukiro chake pa maboma ndi malo nchapadera mofanana. Maboma ndi magawo amagwira ntchito pansi pa ponse paŵiri pa Malamulo a U.S. ndi malamulo awo a boma. Pamene lamulo la kumaloko litsutsidwa kukhala likuswa ufulu wa Kuyamba wa Kukonzanso Koyamba. Khoti lifunse ngati boma likhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kuchotsa mimba pambuyo pa milungu khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mzinda uika zofunika pa misonkhano ya onse, khoti lingapende ngati kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a mtendere kukhazikitsa mtendere. Momwemo, ngati boma likhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kuchotsa mimba pambuyo pa milungu khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu, lamulo la lamulo lakukhazikitsa kuti Kpromzemsting, Claus, silingalidine monga momwe likuchinjirizira kuchotsa mimba koyambirira kwa kulakwa kwa kuchotsa mimba kwa kulakwa kwa kumbuyo kwa Chilungamo. [Dorn [1]]

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimakhudzanso mikangano ya boma. Mpambo wa Tenuth Amendment, umene sugaŵiridwa ku United States kapena anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri umatembenuzidwa kupyolera m'malensi oyambirira. M’zochitika zonga Printz v. United States (1997) ndi [MFL]] mulphv. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2017), Khoti Lapamwamba linadalira pa kachitidwe ka mbiri ndi kumvetsetsa kwa boma kuti lipereke malamulo a boma amene anafuna kulamulira boma. Zigamu za boma ndi maboma amakhudza mwachindunji mmene zigamu zankhondozo ndi za kumalo ena zikuyenderana kuchokera ku maseŵera.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri Zowononga Boma ndi Lamulo la Boma

Kusintha Kwachiŵiri: Kuchokera ku Hell kufika ku Chizunzo

Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha kuvomereza kwa anthu a m’dziko ndi lamulo la kumaloko ndicho mzera wa milandu yachiŵiri ya Kusintha kwa Malamulo. M'malingaliro ambiri a Colombia kumbuyo. Heller, Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Second Conferance imateteza munthu kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo zaumwini, zozikidwa pa tanthauzo lapoyera la malemba. Chilungamo cha Scalia chinafufuza m'mbiri kuyambira kuyambika kwa nyengoyi kuti chitsimikizire kuti kuyenera sikuli kopanda malire koma kumatalikitsa kunyamula zidazo. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, [FLT:] [D5] MDonalve. City ya Chicago . [FLT.FLT:]

Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen . [2022], Bwalo linafutukula kwambiri dongosolo la kuyambika kwa dziko. Linanena kuti lamulo la New York lofuna kufunsira chilolezo cha kubisa “chochititsa chachikulu. Chochititsa chachikulu. Khoti linatsutsa kukhazikitsa kwachiŵiri. Linafotokoza mayeso atsopano: pamene Malemba omveka a Second Conformation akufotokoza khalidwe la munthu, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti lamulolo nlogwirizana ndi mwambo wa dziko la kalelo wa malamulo a mfuti. Zimenezi zapangitsa boma ndi kuyesa malamulo a boma kuyesa malamulo a dzikolo poteteza malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kuletsa kwa dziko la California, chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamulo cha California, chigamuwenga cha chigamulo cha chigamu cha chigamulo cha dziko la New Jersey, ndi chigamulo cha malamulo chofanana cha lamulo cha m'mbiri. Zikalata chotsutsa chikalata chotsutsa cha .

Kusintha Koyamba: Kulankhula, Msonkhano, ndi Chipembedzo

Kulingalira kwa chiyambi kwa chiyambi kumakhudzanso mikangano ya Kusintha Koyamba yokhudza maboma. Brouton of Gilbert (2015), Khoti Lalikulu linagonjetsa zizindikiro za tauni zimene zinaika ziletso zosiyanasiyana zozikidwa pa zizindikiro. Chiweruzo cha Clarence Thomas chinadalira pa chidziŵitso choyambirira cha ufulu wa Optional Reformation Classias , kugogomezera kuti malamulo otsatiridwa ndi mfundozo amavomereza mfundo za m'zo. Chigamulochi chinakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kusatsanatsa malamulo a dziko lonselo, kukakamiza Clarence Thomas kukonzanso malamulo awo kapena kuyang'anizana ndi kuyang'anizana ndi kuganiza.

M'mbali ya ufulu wachipembedzo, kuyambirira kunadziŵitsa malongosoledwe a Khotilo mu Doroba la Boerne v. Flores (1997), kumene linakhulupirira kuti Religious Freedom Resotion Act (RFRA) siikanagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku boma ndi boma chifukwa chakuti Nyumba za Malamulo zinaposa mphamvu yake ya 1450 Demendment. Lingaliro la Khoti, lolembedwa ndi Jasiti Anthony Kennedy, lolingaliridwa ndi tanthauzo loyamba la lamulo ndi malo a mphamvu ya boma. Posachedwapa, [FL:2] Kannedy [v. Freton Schoolslands . [FLT.FOLD] [2] [2] [2] [2] Courts Court [2], khotilo linapemphera ndi wophunzitsa mpira wa pabwalo lamanja la Freesertssssss of Free provices of provition Resociation proving proving]

Kupereka Ufulu ndi Uyang’aniro Wausilikali

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chakhala chochititsa makamaka m'nkhani za ufulu wovota. Shelby County v. Hoder (2013]), Khoti Lapamwamba linachotsa njira yoperekera ufulu wa Voting Rights Act ya 1965, imene inafuna maboma ena ndi malo okhala ndi mbiri ya kusankhidwa kuti apeze malamulo a boma asanasinthe malamulo osankha. Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts anagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wa Chiphunzitso cha ku madeti a 14 ndi 153 Demetic Refections, kumaliza kuti njirayo inali yozikidwa pa chidziŵitso cha zaka makumi ambiri ndi malamulo a ulamuliro wolingana. Chigamulo chomasulidwa bwino kwambiri ndi maulamuliro asanu ndi anayi ndi maulamuliro ambiri a kumalo osiyanasiyana kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma popanda mavotimenti, kutsogolera ku ku kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano, kuchotsa masinthidwe, kupeto, ndi kuswa kwa kuswa kwa malamulo a Uchester, chigawa kuyambira kutsutsa koyambirira, chigamu chigamu cha kuvomereza chivoti, chivomeretso cha chivoti, chika cha chivoti, chika chachi

Mu Brnovich v. Democratic National Komiti (2021], Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza ziletso zovotera ku Arizona pa chigamulo cha 2 cha Chikalata cha Couting Rights Act. Lingaliro la Samuel Alito linadalira kwambiri pa kachitidwe ka mbiri ndi kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa Dementement of Democraticment pogament pogalamu ya 15 kuti aone chimene chimapanga “kuvuta kwa" kusanthula. Chigamulo chalimbitsa maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima otsekera, kuphatikizapo ziletso za kusonkhanitsa mapepala ndi kuchotsapo chisankho cha ofufuza.

Mafuko: Malire a Mphamvu ya Dziko

Kulingalira kwa chiyambi kwakhalanso kothandiza kwambiri polongosola malire pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Kusindikizaz v. United States (1997), Bwalo lamilandu linagonjetsa makonzedwe a Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act omwe anafuna boma ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti ayang'atse. Lingaliro la Scalia linapenda mbiri yakale kuti lisonyeze kuti boma la boma silinathe kulamula akuluakulu a boma kutsogolera maprogramu a boma. Pambuyo pake, mu Mumrphy v. National Collegiate Aletic Association . [208], Khoti inagonjetsa Protection Admials Active Active Active Active, imene inaletsa lamulo la kutsutsa za maseŵera. Chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu . “Nalventinet , kumvetsetsa lamulo lakale la kulongosolanso.

Zosankha zimenezi zili ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu. Boma ndi maboma tsopano ali ndi ufulu waukulu wa kulembetsa kutchova juga, kukhazikitsa njira zotetezera chamba, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a malo okhala popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene boma liyesa kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe pa ndalama za boma, maboma atsutsa mwachipambano [1] kuti mikhalidwe yotero imaphwanya malamulo a boma, monga mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius . [12]

Kuyamba Kumasulira Malamulo a Boma

Makhoti a Boma Monga Malamulo Otumikira Oyambirira

Pamene kuli kwakuti chisamaliro chachikulu chisumikidwa pa Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States, makhoti a boma akulandira mowonjezereka malingaliro a ochirikiza malamulo awo pamene akumasulira malamulo awo. Malamulo ambiri a boma ali ndi makonzedwe ogwirizana ndi Malamulo a U.S. koma okhala ndi chinenero chosiyana chimene chingapereke zotulukapo zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena a boma ali ndi chitetezo chachikulu kaamba ka ufulu wa kunyamula zida, ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena kutsutsa kufufuza kosatsimikizirika. Makhoti a boma amene amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo oyambirira amayang'ana ku tanthauzo la zolembedwa za boma lawo lokhazikitsidwa, zimene zingatsogolere ku ku kufutukula kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense kuposa chitsimikizo cha boma.

Ku Florida, khoti lalikulu la boma lagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyamba zachindunji m'nkhani zophatikizamo mawu achinsinsi a Malamulo a Florida. Waters v. Boma [1988], khoti linavomereza kuti malamulo a boma achinjiriza anthu poyamba pa kufufuza mabukhu awo achinsinsi. Posachedwapa, Khoti la Texas la Appensial Appensinsinsist kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo oyambirira kumasulira kumanja a Texas Constitution kunyamula zida, kutsimikizira kuti limateteza kuyenera kwa munthu kunyamula zida m'poyera. [vF.5] Chigamulo chapamwamba cha U. . .

Chigwirizano Chatsopano cha Chiweruzo ndi Kulumbira

“ New Judicial Federalism , imene inapeza mphamvu mu 1970, inalimbikitsa makhoti a boma kudalira malamulo awo kugaŵira ufulu kuposa umene unatsimikiziridwa ndi U.S. Constitution. Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapanga mulu wowonjezereka wa kusanthula. Pamene khoti lisankha kaya kumasulira malamulo ake a boma, liyenera kulingalira tanthauzo loyamba la chikalata chokhazikitsidwa cha boma. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba la California limapereka chigamulo cha mu [anthu]. Brisenine[FLT] [1279] [79] adakhulupirira kuti malamulo a boma afunikire lamulo la kufunafuna ndi kulanda makonzedwe a galimoto, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma linalola kufunafuna chochitikacho. Khotilo linalo linalo lonena za kutsutsa malamulo 18 a California ogwirizana ndi malamulo a chigawo cha ufulu wa ku California.

Zokhudza Malo Amene Amapezeka M’derali

Chiphunzitso cha lamulo la boma chimakhudza mwachindunji maboma a dziko. Pamene lamulo la boma litsutsidwa ndi boma, zotsatira zake zingadalire pa mmene khoti lalikulu la boma limafotokozera tanthauzo lakale. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Khoti Lapamwamba la United States linachirikiza lamulo la boma la boma la boma loletsa ndalama zoyendera boma, lodalira mbali ya poyamba ya malamulo a dziko la Montana, limene linali ndi mwambo wamphamvu wotsutsa ziphuphu. Komabe, Supreme Court imasintha chosankha chawo pa zopimira paokha. Mu Montana, mlandu waukulu wa 2012 unachirikiza lamulo la boma loletsa zowonongedwa ndi boma, kudalira mbali ina ya kumbuyo kwa lamulo la Stockhostrity.

Chiyambukiro Chogwira Ntchito pa Mavuto Alamulo: Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko

Kuletsa Mfuti Pambuyo pa Kumenyedwa

Press Prease Malo a boma ku California ndi ofufuza nzeru zoyambirira. Matauni ndi maŵerengedwe amene anapanga malamulo oletsa mfuti mokhwima . monga New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, ndi Chicago adayang'anizana ndi milandu yambiri yotsutsa malamulo awo. Mwachitsanzo, bwalo lamilandu la boma la chigawo ku California linagonjetsa chiletso cha boma pa kugulitsa mfuti kwa anthu aakulu pa zaka 21, tsopano kutchula Bruen ya mbiri yakale]. Khoti linagamula kuti chiletso cha New York pa nkhondo mu “m'malo anthaŵi zanthaŵi za Squa ndi malo opatuka chinali chofala kwambiri ndi chopanda mbiri yakale. Maboma ambiri tsopano akusintha kuyenerera kwawo kwa mbiri yakale, ndi kulungamo la kulungamitsa malamulo a ku America.

Malamulo Ochotsa Mimba Otsatira Maphwando

Madobs chosankha, chimene chinasintha kulamulira Roe v. Wade ndi [[FLT:]] ndi [FLT] Plantiveus lev. Casey , chinali chigamulo cha woyambirira woyambirira wolamulira. Chigamulo cha Alito chinakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kutaya mimba sikunamizidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko ndi m'malamulo, monga momwe kuyenera kutetezera kuchitika kwa Claus. Chigamu chachikulu chimathandiza mwachindunji kuletsa kuchotsa mimba ndi maboma a kumalo akunja. Maboma ena amakhazikitsa mwamsanga kuletsa kuletsa, monga ngati California ndi New York, kuwonjezera malamulo alamulo akuyamba kukhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri kulongosola ufulu walamulo ponena za ufulu wa malamulowo. Chilungamo chachikulu, chikhomerezo chachi, chikhomerezo chachi, chinkana chikhomerezo chachi, chikho chachire chifunsinsi chachiyambi cha chifunsi cha chifunsi cha chifunsi

Kampeni ya Ndalama ndi Kusankha

Kulingalira kwa chiyambi kumatokosanso malamulo a ndawala yakwathu. Citizens United, Khoti Lalikulu linagwiritsira ntchito chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa kuti ndalama zowonongedwa za kampani zimatetezedwa pa First Amendment. Chigamulo chimenechi chagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwetsa boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko amene amachepetsa ndalama zowonongedwa pawekha, monga ngati Zotsatira Zoipa za Montana. Posachedwapa, chigamulo cha Khoti la Boma mu Thompson v. Hebdon [20]) [202] chinatsimikizira kuti malamulo alephera kukhazikitsa malamulo otsika popanda kulungamitsa kwa mbiri yakale. Makhoti tsopano nthaŵi zambiri amatchula tanthauzo loyamba pamene akugawa ndi malire a boma, zopereka zofunika, zogwirizana ndi kuthandizira anthu onse.

Malamulo a chisankho atsutsidwanso kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyamba. M'chigwirizano Chachikulu [Choncho Claus .] (2029), Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti makhoti a boma akupitiriza kumva malingaliro amenewo pansi pa malamulo a boma, kutsogolera ku zigamulo zofunika kwambiri monga Pennsylvania, North Caroline, ndi Ohio. Harper . [Ife FLT] v] [20]

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe ndi Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito kwa Dziko

Maboma ambiri amayang'anizana ndi zitsutso za malo ozungulira zozikidwa pa kuchotsapo Claus pa Demendment yachisanu, yophatikizidwa ku maboma pansi pa Kusintha kwa 14th. Kulingalira kwa m'Chiyambi kwasonkhezera njira ya khotilo m'nkhani zonga Cedar Point Literary v. Hassid[[FLT:] [201], kumene Khoti linavomereza kuti lamulo la California limapatsa bungwe la kulinganiza kulowa kwa chuma kokhala ndi katundu wochitidwa ndi thupi. Chigamulu cha Chilungamo cha Chikulu Roberts chinayang'ana ku tanthauzo loyamba la “kuukira, ngakhale kwa kanthaŵi, kufuna kulipira. Chigamulo cha dzikolo chinasintha lamulo lakwanulo, ngati lamulo laku lakuyang'anira nyumba kapena kuyendera mphamvu. Mofananamo, Chigamulu cha Chigamulo chaku

Kusuliza ndi Mabodza

Konsichushoni Yamoyo Yoloŵerapo

Otsutsa chiphunzitso choyambirira amanena kuti Konsichushoni ndi chikalata chamoyo chimene chiyenera kusintha ndi mikhalidwe. Woweruza William Brennan motchuka anatchedwa Chikhristu “chokhala chodzionetsera kuti n’chodzichepetsa. Amanena kuti opanga mafaelo anagwiritsira ntchito dala chinenero chofala . Chonga“ kuyambika kwa" ndi “kutetezera kokwanira kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Kufuna kuwapatsa zokhalamo. M'nkhani ya boma ndi boma la komweko, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mzinda ufunikira kusamalira mavuto amakono monga kuyang'anira, kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena kufulumira kwa anthu sikungathandizidwe bwino ndi kugwirizana kosasintha kwa matanthauzo 18. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambirira za kukonza zinthu zachisanu ndi dala kuchititsa mafunso ngati opanga malo ozungulira kapena kusonkhanitsa, oweruza otchuka osintha njira zoyendera.

Kuzindikira Tanthauzo Loyambirira

Kusuliza kwachiŵiri nchakuti tanthauzo loyamba limatchulidwa mokulira. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amatsutsa zimene mbadwo wokhawokha umakhulupirira, ndipo mbiri yakale njosakwanira. Woweruza Elena Kagan, mwachitsanzo, wawona kuti kuyambirira kungatulutse zotulukapo zimene ziri zosunga mwambo kapena zowona, koma kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kumadalira pa zimene mbiri yakale imasankha oweruza oweruza a kutsimikizira. [FLT: 0] [M'badwo wokha] Bruen [ka], umboni wochuluka ndi wotsutsana ndi woperekedwa ndi umboni wochuluka wa mbiri yakale wochirikiza malingaliro awo a kuletsa kuletsa mfuti. Otsutsa amanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito mbiri yosasankha imeneyi kulola oweruza kufikira zotulukapo zawo zofunidwa pamene akudzinenera kukhala okhulupirika ku tanthauzo loyambirira. Kwa boma ndi maboma akusunga malamulo awo, zimenezi zimapangitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa zimene mbiri yakale idzavomereza.

Zotsatirapo za Kukhulupirira Zinthu Zachilengedwe

Openyerera ambiri amatsutsa kuti kuyambirira kuli chiŵiya chopezera zotulukapo zamwambo. Dobbs chosankha, chimene chinazemba Roe , ndi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [BV]BBBB] [5] chosankha, chimene chinagonjetsa malamulo a mfuti zamakono, chatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga zitsanzo za kuyambirira kumene kumatulutsa zigamu za chigawo cha Republican Party. Komabe, kuyambirira kungatulutsenso zotulukapo zabwino. [[FLT.FL:6] [F.B.] Alinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu. Ngakhale kuti chigamu cha m'dziko choyambirira, Chilungamo cha m'Chimo cha m'Chimomo cha chikanero cha chikanesonetsa chikhoti chija cha chika ku chigamulo cha chigamulo cha chika ku chigamumo cha chigamumo cha chika ku chika ku chigamumo

Tsogolo la Kulingalira kwa Oyambirira Kuyamba m’Maboma ndi Boma Lakumene Amakhala

Mikhalidwe m’Makhoti a Kumunsi

Ndi ambiri osunga mwambo pa Bwalo Lapamwamba, malingaliro oyambirira akufunikira mowonjezereka m'makhoti aang'ono pamene asankha mafunso a lamulo oyambukira boma ndi maboma akumaloko. “kuyesa ndi mwambo” kuchokera ku Bruen [1] ndi“ mayeso ozama kwambiri” kuchokera ku [Malamulo] [[FLT]] [malamulo] ofuna kuti oweruza azitenga mitu ya mbiri yakale. Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi a zamalamulo, ndipo amafuna kuti maloyala olamulira ndi maloya a boma akhale aluso pa kufufuza koyambirira. Makhoti ena adandaula ponena za kupenda umboni wa mbiri yakale, ndi Supreme Count yavomereza kuti kuwongolera kwa m'tsogolo, mwina kuyenera kuwongolera kwa kachitidwe kanthu kachitidwe ka mbiri ka mbiri.

Kuyamba kwa Boma ndi Mpando wa Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu

Makhoti a boma akulimbananso ndi kuyambirira, koma amagwira ntchito mumthunzi wa Khoti Lapamwamba la United States. Pamene khoti lamilandu la boma limasulira malamulo ake mokulirapo kuposa lamulo la boma, Bwalo Lapamwambalo silingapende chigamulo chimenecho kusiyapo ngati chiswa ufulu wa boma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maboma angakhale ofufuza mafotokozedwe a oyambitsira zinthu, kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana za m'mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba la Ohio lagwiritsira ntchito njira yamphamvu yoyambirira yochitira malamulo ku kuyenera kwa boma kwa kuchiritsa, pamene kuli kwakuti New York Court of Appeals itsutsa. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kuswa kwa kufunsira kumeneku kungapange bungwe la malamulo oyambirira amene amasonkhezera kapena kuswa kwa boma kuzoloŵera kwa boma.

Kutsutsana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Akatswiri

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chidakali nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri ndi malamulo ndi moyo wa anthu. Akatswiri otchuka monga Randy Barnett, William Baude, ndi Steven Calabresi amachirikiza kuyambirira kwa malamulo monga njira yokha yovomerezeka yomasulira malamulo, pamene otsutsa monga Erwin Chemerinsky ndi Jamale Greene akutsutsana ndi njira zosinthasintha kwambiri. Nkhaniyi si maphunziro okha: imasintha mmene boma ndi maboma akunofera malamulo okonza zinthu, mmene ma frigigilamu amapangira mavuto, ndi mmene oweruza ambiri amatengera mfundo zachiyambiriro m'malamulo awo, malo a boma a kumaloko adzapitirizabe kutembenuza. Malamulo ndi malo amene amvetsetsa njira za kukonza njira za boma akukhala akukhalako adzapitiriza kukhala malo abwinopo kuti malamulo akwane.

Kumaliza

Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa kulinganiza kwa malamulo kwa kuyang'anirana ndi zitokoso za boma ndi maboma a kumalo kwakhala mbali yolongosola za lamulo lamakono la America. Kuchokera kuletsa mfuti ndi kuchotsa mimba kufikira ku kuvota ufulu ndi ulamuliro, makhoti mowonjezereka amayang'ana ku tanthauzo la mbiri la Malamulo ndi zigamulo zake kuti asankhe kuyenera kwa malamulo a kumaloko ndi malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyambirira kwa chipembedzo kumapereka lonjezo la chisungiko ndi kukhulupirika ku chikalata chokhazikitsidwa, kumabutsanso mafunso ovuta ponena za mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito ufulu ndi kumbuyo kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Mkangano wa malamulo oyambirira sungathe kutha kutha, koma chisonkhezero chake chopitirizabe chimatanthauza kuti aliyense woloŵetsedwa m'boma kapena boma lakwanu, loyansi, kapena nzika yachikulu, kapena wotsatira malamulo ake. Mwakumvetsetsa kwake, ndi kulephera kwake, ndi kulephera, ndi kukhazikitsa milandu kopeka bwino kwa lamulo kwa dziko lonse.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya za Mabuku Owonjezereka:[[Kusintha:1]