Malo a ndawala zandale zapadziko lonse asintha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa Makomiti a Antchito andale zadziko (PAC). Mosiyana ndi nyumba za ndawala zachiweruzo zogwirizanitsidwa mwachindunji ndi oyembekezera kapena zipani, maulamuliro odziimira okha ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi mlingo wa kudzilamulira umene umawalola kulondola zolinga zawo kupyola malire a dziko. Kukula kwawo kumasonyeza mmene ntchito zapadziko lonse za ndale zadziko za ndalama . Kumene ndalama, kutumizira mauthenga, ndi chisonkhezero chikuwonjezereka popanda kuyang'anira malire a dziko. Pamene ma PAC adakhala otchuka ndi ogwirizana kwambiri, amapereka mipata yonse ya ndale zadziko ndi kuyang'anira kokulira. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene mabungwe ameneŵa amachitira m'nkhani zawo zapadziko lonse, zolemba zalamulo, ndi zopanga malamulo, ndi kukweza kwawo zaumbidwa kwaulimitsa malonda a democism padziko lonse.

Kodi Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana Nchiyani?

Pa PC komiti yopanda ogwirizanitsa ndi yandale imene imakweza ndi kuwononga ndalama kusonkhezera boma, boma, kapena masankho akwawo, koma siigwirizana ndi munthu wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena komiti ina yovomerezedwa. Pansi pa lamulo la U.S., Federal Evolution Commission (FAC) imalongosola kuti ma PAC ndi aja okhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe a zantchito, kapena mabungwe a ziwalo, pamene ma PACI, ali mabungwe odziimira okha ku mathangale otero. Ufulu wa ufulu umenewu umawapatsa ufulu waukulu m’njira imene amakweza ndalama ndi kugaŵira zinthu. Iwo angapemphere zopereka kwa anthu onse, amachitapo kanthu pa zopereka za anthu, ndipo amagwirizana ndi mabungwe ena ofanana ndi anthu ogwirizana.

Chigamulo cha lamulo cha PCs chinayambika mu Federal EFumction Campaign Act (FACKA) ya 1971 ndi kukonzanso kotsatira, kuphatikizapo Bipartisan Champaign Reform Act (BCRA) ya 2002. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. Court . Concizens United[F. .FEC[FL:1] [2010]) mowonjezereka mphamvu ya PACIC ndi magulu ena akunja yogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosamalipilira pa kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko. Ngakhale kuti chigamulocho chinalankhula mwachindunji ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, chinalimbikitsanso osakhala ogwirizana mwa kuvomereza kuti aloŵetsemo m'kawo popanda kugwirizanitsa. Mabungwewa tsopano amaimira chisankhotiso chachikulu m’mayiko a ku America ndi kuwonjezera chigawa cha mayiko ena.

Mbali zazikulu za ma PAC osalumikizana ndi izi:

  • [[MLT: 0] Kupereka ndalama zodziimira okha: Iwo amakweza ndalama kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, kapena ma PC ena popanda kumangidwa ndi malire a zopereka amene amagwira ntchito ku makomiti ofunsira ntchito m'nkhani zina (ngakhale kuti ayenera kutsatira malamulo a boma oulula).
  • Issue advocacy: ambiri amasumika maganizo pa mbali za malamulo padera [1] monga ngati malonda, ufulu wa anthu, kapena malamulo a malo okhala (kuchirikiza woloŵa kapena chipani chimodzi.)
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  • Malo okhoza kusinthika: Osalumikizidwa angakhale a kanthaŵi kapena osakhalitsa, ndipo angasinthe kapena kulinganizanso kusintha kwa masinthidwe andale zadziko.

Kukula kwa Mapale Opanda Anthu Ogwirizana Padziko Lonse

Ngakhale kuti ma PAC ndi masinthidwe a ku America, sagwirizananso ndi masankho a ku United States. M’zaka khumi zapitazo, andale achilendo, zipani, ndi magulu achifuniro ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto odziimira okha, kapena akhala mitu ya Apulogalamu a ku United States ofunafuna kuyambitsa ndale za m’mayiko akunja. Chochitikachi chikusonkhezeredwa ndi zinthu zingapo: kulankhulana kwa pa Intaneti, kudalirana kwa nkhani zandale, ndi kusoŵeka kwa malamulo a za ndale zadziko.

M'maiko ambiri, malamulo a panyumba amaletsa zopereka zachilendo kwa oyembekezera kapena zipani. Komabe, ma PAC osagwirizana ndi malamulo angagwiritsire ntchito njira zoyendetsera zinthu mwa kutumiza ndalama kumaiko achitatu, kugwiritsira ntchito mabungwe a zigoba za ziphamba, kapena kuchirikiza kulephera kwa kusankhitsa. Mwachitsanzo, PACI C ya U.S. yozikidwa pa malamulo a nyengo ingapereke ndalama zotsatsatsira malonda m'madera a Ulaya asanasankhe masankhoti, mwakutero kusonkhezera malingaliro a ovota popanda kuswa malamulo a dzikolo. Momwemonso, madiaspora amapanga Prus kuti achirikize magulu a ndale zadziko kapena othandizira ntchito m'mayiko awo a chiyambi, kuphatikizana makampani odziŵa mapangano a U.

Maluso ndi Maluso

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo zapadziko lonse. Njira zimenezi zakonzedwa kuti ziwonjezere chisonkhezero pamene akuchepetsa kuonekera kwa lamulo:

  • Kutsatsa malonda kwa malire: Mapulatifomu a managital onga Google, Facebook, ndi Twitter amalola ma PAC kuyang'ana anthu ena m'maiko akunja ndi mauthenga a ndale zadziko ogwirizana. Chifukwa chakuti kusatsa malondawo kaŵirikaŵiri amagulidwa ndi mabungwe olembetsedwa a U.S., iwo angalephere kuyang'anira masankhoti achilendo.
  • Kukhazikitsa magulu andale zadziko akunja ndi njira zapadera: Zina za PC zimapatsa ndalama ku akasinja, mabungwe a zauchigaŵenga, ndi magulu a anthu amene amagwirizana ndi zolinga zawo za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti zopereka zimenezi siziri zopereka za ndawala zachindunji, iwo angaumbebe mkhalidwe wandale m’njira zachinyengo.
  • Kusonkhanitsa misonkhano yamitundu yonse ndi zochitika: mwa kulinganiza misonkhano yapamwamba imene imagwirizanitsa andale zadziko achilendo, atsogoleri a malonda, ndi ochirikiza zamalonda, PC ikupanga mipata ndi mapulatifomu a kupititsa patsogolo malamulo. Zochitika zimenezi zingatumikirenso monga magalimoto opereka ndalama.
  • Kukopa anthu kumaiko akunja: [[FLT :1] Ma PC angapereke antchito achilendo kapena aphungu kuti asunge maboma achilendo pa nkhani zonga za malonda, chitetezo, kapena miyezo ya malo okhala. Ku U.S., ntchito zoterozo zimagonjera ku Argements Emplication Act (FARA), koma malamulo ofanana amasiyana kwambiri padziko lonse.
  • Digital roots project: PAC zigwiritsira ntchito ndawala za manyuzi, mpambo wa ma email, ndi ma apps kukopa ochirikiza m'maiko ena pa zifukwa zina, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphimba malire pakati pa kuloŵerera kwalamulo ndi kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena.

Makampani Opanga Malamulo ndi Okhazikitsa Malamulo

Malo otetezera osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ndi dziko lonse ali ogaŵanika ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsana. Ku United States, FEC imafuna kuti APAC onse alemberedwe, mafaelo anthaŵi zonse a zopereka ndi ndalama zowonongedwa, ndi kuvumbula opereka. Komabe, malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi njira zozembera. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zoperekedwa ndi ndalama ndi zidutswa LLC zingaphimbe magwero enieni a ndalama, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kulondola ndalama kubwerera ku zikondwerero zachilendo.

Mayiko ena ambiri ali ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri. United Kingdom imakhazikitsa chiletso chotsekera ndalama zoperekedwa ku zipani zandale zachilendo, koma lamulo losungitsa limadalira pa kulengeza ndi kuyang'anira mabanki. Canada imaletsa zopereka zachilendo ku mabungwe andale a boma, koma magulu odziimira paokha amene amagwira ntchito monga “zigawo zitatu” ali ndi malamulo ochepa. . . . Maboma ena monga Germany ndi France ali ndi malamulo okhwima, pamene ena ali ndi ziyeneretso zochepera. Ntchito imeneyi imayambitsa mipata ya ma PPAC kuti aloŵetse m'gulu la ogwirizanitsa anthu a boma.

Mavuto a Kusamalira Malo Oyera

Chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu cha ntchito yapadziko lonse ya PAC ndicho kusoŵeka kwa kuonekera. Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa angalandire ndalama kuchokera kwa anthu ndi mabungwe amene safunikira kuvumbula kudziŵika kwawo ngati zopereka zigwera pansi pa makhonde ena. Mwachitsanzo, APAC ayenera kusimba opereka ndalama zoposa $200 pachaka, koma chidziŵitso chimenechi kaŵirikaŵiri chimakwiriridwa m'mapepala otsekemera a FEC amene amavuta kwa anthu kuponderezedwa. Ndiponso, mitundu yachilendo imaletsedwa mwachisawawa kuthandizira mwachindunji ku U.S. PAC, koma angapereke ndalama kudzera m'dziko laling'onong'onoa kapena mamenti oyendera nkhani.

Makampani a mashell ndi nyumba zoikizira zinthu zimavutanso kutsatizana. Chopereka chimodzi chingapite ku madera osiyanasiyana ndi mabungwe alamulo asanafike ku PC, kupangitsa kukhala kosatheka kuti oyendetsa zinthu atsatire ndalamazo m’dziko lina. Kukongola kumeneku kuli kuopsa kwa awo amene akufuna kusonkhezera masankho achilendo mobisa, koma kumalepheretsa anthu kudalirana ndi democracy. Kufufuza kwa Brennan Center kwa chilungamo kunapeza kuti ndalama zodebuk--onzika zakuda [1] Kuchokera ku magwero osadziŵika ku U.S. Ndale zadziko zowonongedwa panyengo ya masankhoti 202020, zimene zingaphatikizepo kumbuyo kwa demokrase.

Kufufuza Nkhani m’Ntchito ya Padziko Lonse

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumasonyeza bwino lomwe zotsatira za ntchito za PC yosalumikizidwa kunja. Pamene kuli kwakuti zochita zambiri zikutsalirabe, zolembedwa bwino zingapo zimasonyeza mphamvu zimene zimachitidwa pamaseŵera.

Pro-israel Pacs ndi Kusankha kwa Azungu

Mapale a ku America ogwirizana ndi dziko la Israel monga AIPAC-aflations akhala akugwira ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali m'masankho ku U.S. , koma m'zaka zaposachedwapa, ena afutukula kufikira ku Ulaya. Mkati mwa 2019 Palamente ya Ulaya, malipoti adavumbula kuti ma Paccos ozikidwa pa U.S. adachirikiza ndawala zotsatsa malonda ndi zochitika zokanira ovotera ku France, Germany, ndi U.K. Cholinga chinali kupititsa patsogolo oyembekezera kuwonedwa kukhala aubwenzi kwa Israyeli ndi kubwezera kukula kwa malamulo a Israel. Ngakhale kuti panalibe malamulo otsatsa malonda adasweka nkhaniyo monga lamulo la kusankhidwa m'dziko lina mmalo mwa kusankhidwa m'kuloŵereramo zoloŵendeza ponena za chisonkhezero choyenera cha maiko akunja m'masankhoti.

Malo Opatulikitsa ndi Ndale Zapanyumba

Magulu ambiri a anthu a ku Palestina ku United States apanga ma PAC kuti asonkhezere ndale m'maiko awo amene anachokera. Mwachitsanzo, ma PAC a ku India- America apereka ku ndawala ku India, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kupereka ndalama zosapindulidwa zimene pambuyo pake zimatumiza ndalama ku zipani za ndale zadziko za India kapena ofunsira. Mofananamo, ma Cuban-American PaCC adathira ndalama m'zoyesayesa za m'chenjezerapo ku Kuba , komanso m'ntchito zimene zimayambukira ndale za m'dziko la Cuba. Malamulo a Mtengo amawonjezera zinthu zopereŵetsa: zopereka ku ndawala za ndale zadziko zachilendo sizikuyenerera monga zothandizira anthu othandizira pansi pa malamulo a IRS, komabe lamulo la lamulo nlobe.

Kuloŵererana kwa Russia Kuchitidwa ndi Magulu Odziimira

Mwinamwake mkangano wapamwamba kwambiri wapadziko lonse wa PACI ukuphatikizapo kuloŵerera kwa Russia m'chisankho cha pulezidenti 2016. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi bungwe la zanzeru ndi Counseurs Special Robert Mueller ku United States kunapeza kuti makampani a Russia anagwiritsira ntchito matherani a maakaunti a za mayanjano a anthu ndi gulu lotsogolera lotchedwa Internet Research Agency (IRA) kupanga ndawala yochotsako mfundo za dziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti IRA sinali lamulo lovomerezeka la PACIPUC pansi pa U.S., imagwira ntchito mofananamo mwa kukweza ndalama ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito pa malonda a ndalensi. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza mmene makampani osagwirizana ndi mabungwe a m'dziko kapena ochokera kunja amachitira kampeni za ndale kuyendetsa mphamvu za m'malamulo a U.

Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha zitsanzo zimenezi chimasonyeza kuvuta kwa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kalankhulidwe kandale ndi ngozi ya kuloŵerera m’nkhani zosafunikira za kumaiko ena. Pamene ma PAC osagwirizana ndi boma ayamba kukhala aluso kwambiri poyendetsa malamulo, kufunika kwa malamulo omveka bwino a m’mayiko ambiri kukukulirakulira.

Kufuna Demokalase

Kufalikira kwa ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa m'mikupiti yamitundu yonse kuli ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu kaamba ka ulamuliro wa demokrase. Kumbali imodzi, mabungwe ameneŵa angakulitse mawu a magulu otsika, kutheketsa anthu a diaspora kutengamo mbali m'ndale zapamudzi, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kukambitsirana kotsatizana kwa nkhani zodzutsa nkhani zonga ufulu wa anthu ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala. Kumbali ina, iwo amaika pangozi kululuza lamulo la ulamuliro wotchuka wa dzikolo.

Zina mwa zinthu zofunika ndi izi:

  • Chiyambukiro chosayenerera: anthu achuma kapena makampani, kuphatikizapo awo osakhala m'dziko lachigonjetso, angagwiritsire ntchito PCs kutsendereza kosalekeza pa zisankho za maiko ena, kupotoza chifuniro cha ovota.
  • Kulephera kwa lamulo: Kusoŵa kwa malamulo ogwirizana kumalola ma PAC kusintha ndalama ndi ntchito kudutsa malire kupeŵa kuyang'anitsitsa, kuyambitsa makani a pansi pa miyezo ya ndawala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusokonezeka kwa kukhulupirira: pamene ovota alingalira kuti masankho akusonkhezeredwa ndi ndalama zachilendo zobisika, chidaliro m'mabungwe a demokalase chikutha. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kusuliza ndi kutaya.
  • Upandu wa dziko: [[FLT :1] Mapasa akunja kapena awo ochita monga mapepala oitanira maboma achilendo angatumikire monga galimoto zausilikali, kuchotsa chidziŵitso, kapena kugwedeza kwa ndale zadziko.

Kusamala Zolankhula ndi Zodziŵerengera Mlandu

Kuyankha kulikonse kokhudza malamulo kuyenera kutsogolera kutsekereza kuteteza ufulu wa kulankhula . . Ndi kuletsa kuloŵerera kwa mayiko ena. M'dziko la United States, First Amendment imateteza kwambiri ndalama zandale kuphatikizapo ma PC ogwirizana. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likugamula kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu paokha kuli mtundu wa mawu otetezedwa, ngakhale pamene wolankhulayo ndi munthu wongopeka. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko lonse a PC popanda kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ovomerezeka.

Okonzanso ena amatsutsa kuti apezetsetsetu zofunika kwambiri mmalo mwa kuletsa. Mwachitsanzo, kupempha kuti APAC apereke ndalama zopindulitsa kwambiri za eni ake a zopereka zilizonse pa gombe lina kungathandize kuunikira ndalama za maiko ena popanda kubisa kowopsa. Ena amapempha mapangano a mayiko kuti apange mapangano a zamalonda, ofanana ndi aja oyendetsa ndalama zowawanya kapena zokhometsa msonkho. Komabe, mapangano otero amayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko ndi zosungitsa lamulo.

Tsogolo la MapaC a Padziko Lonse

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, mbali ya APAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa m'mikupiti yamitundu yonse ikhoza kuwonjezereka. Zotsatirapo zingapo zikuwonjezereka: Kuwonjezereka kwa kusatsa malonda andale zadziko, kukwera kwa kusatsa malonda kwachinsinsi monga njira yosadziŵidwa, ndi kugwirizana kwa magulu andale zadziko apadziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, pa PC angalandire zopereka za Bitcoin kuchokera kulikonse padziko lapansi, kuzitembenuza ku ndalama zotsatsa malonda a makompyuta ofunsira kwa ovoti m'chigawo chachilendo .

Makampani a zaumisiri amachitanso mbali yofunika kwambiri. Mapepala monga Facebook ndi Google agwiritsa ntchito njira zina zoonekera bwino pa kusatsa malonda kwa ndale, monga kufuna kudziŵidwa kwa amene akuwalipira. Koma malamulo ameneŵa amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi mayiko onse, ndipo angachotsedwe ndi maluso ogula mwaluso. Kuwonjezera apo, kuwonjezeka kwa ma apulogalamu obisika monga Telegram ndi Signal kumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuyang'anira zoyesayesa zoyendera udzutsa udzu zogwirizana ndi ma PC.

Opanga malamulo ayamba kulabadira. Mu European Union, Act ya Digital Services imakhazikitsa mathayo aakulu pa mapulatifomu kuletsa kupotozedwa kwa maiko ena. Ku United States, lamulo loperekedwa monga Decreatemocracy Our Democracy Act ndi DiSCLOSE Adzalimbikitsa ziyeneretso zodziŵikitsidwa kaamba ka ma PC ndi kufutukula mphamvu za kusungitsa. Komabe, kutsendereza ndi kusonkhezera chitsutso chambiri ya kusintha kumeneku.

Mfundo Zothandiza Kuti Dongosolo Looneka Bwino Lizipezeka

Kuti tithetse mavuto amene anthu osacheza nawo akukumana nawo pa ndawala zapadziko lonse, tiyenera kuchita zimenezi m’njira zosiyanasiyana.

  • Ngwirizano ya m'm'm'maŵa: Maiko afunikira kugawana chidziŵitso ponena za kutsata ndalama kokayikitsa ndi kulinganiza kufufuza. Magulu onga Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Through for Family angatumikire monga zitsanzo.
  • Maboma ayenera kukonza malamulo a ndalama kuti atsimikizire kuti magulu odziimira okha, mosasamala kanthu za kakonzedwe kawo kalamulo, agonjera ku malamulo ovumbulidwa ofanana ndi APC.
  • Umisiri wa za kuwona kwa kuonekera: Blockchain yozikidwa pa kulembedwa kwa zopereka, kutsatsa malonda a ndale zadziko kwa lamulo lalamulo, ndi masewero a pulogalamu anthaŵi yeniyeni angathandize kuunikira pa mabizinesi ena ochititsa chidwi.
  • Mabungwe oyang’anira odziimira okha: Makampani onga FEC amafunikira ndalama zokwanira ndi ulamuliro kuti afufuze nkhani za mitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yaing'ono ya oseŵera achilendo amene ali m’manja mwawo.
  • Kudziŵikitsa anthu: Mabungwe ndi mabungwe a anthu ayenera kuphunzitsidwa za kuopsa kwa chisonkhezero cha maiko ena ndi kukonzekeretsedwa ndi zida zopimira kupenda mochenjera magwero a mauthenga a ndale zadziko.

Kumaliza

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa akhala ziŵiya zamphamvu m'bokosi la ziŵiya za ndale zadziko. Ufulu wawo umapereka kusinthika ndi kufika kumene mabungwe amwambo sangafanane, komanso kulimbikitsa kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi awo ofuna kukana kuyang'anira za democracy. Malo osinthasintha malo amakonowa . . Ndi ziwiya zosiyana za malamulo a dziko ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zofooka za kuyendetsa kukwera kwa ndalama zandale. Monga momwe masankhoti akubwera m'mademocracy idzakopanso alendo, kufulumira kwa kusintha sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito.

Kulinganiza pakati pa kusunga ufulu wa ndale ndi kuteteza umphumphu wa osankhidwa kudzafuna kukambitsirana kosalekeza pakati pa maboma, makampani a tekinoloji, chitaganya cha anthu, ndi ovota. Popanda kuchitapo kanthu, kuyenera kwa njira za demokrase padziko lonse kukuthetsedwa ndi dongosolo la ndawala ya kampani yapadziko lonse. Nthaŵi yosamalira chitokoso chimenechi ndi tsopano.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, funsani Federal Envolution Commission [Foct: 0] kulembetsa ndi kusimba PACI, Brennan Center ya Chilungamo ndi OpenSART] ku U.S. Ndale zadziko . Malingaliro a magetsi akupezeka m'Chilamulo cha mitundu yonse [[FLT:]