Chitetezero cha boma ndi chiphunzitso chachikulu chalamulo chimene chimaletsa kuimbidwa mlandu m'makhoti a boma kapena a boma popanda chilolezo chawo chomveka. Chozikidwa pa lamulo lakuti boma lililonse limakhala ndi ulamuliro wachifumu, chitetezero chimenechi chimafalikira kutetezera maboma ku milandu ya anthu aumwini, makampani, kapena ngakhale maboma ena. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho chimasintha kwambiri pamene chigwiritsidwa ntchito [ku makhoti a boma kapena makhoti a boma popanda kugamulidwa] ndi andale zapadera [[[FLT:] zonga kuŵerengera, makampani, ndi zigawo za sukulu. Kumvetsetsa kuseŵera pakati pa chitetezero cha boma ndi kulakwa kwa mabungwe ameneŵa nkofunika kwa akuluakulu a boma, aphunzitsi, ndi akatswiri a zalamulo oyendetsa zinthu za boma. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kodalirika kodalirika kwa anthu, kusiyanitsa kwa ufulu, ndi kotsutsa kwa andale zadziko, ndi kotsutsa zandale zadziko.

Chiyambi ndi Maziko a Boma la Kugwirizana Kolamulira

Mfundo yakuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wodzilamulira okha, inayambira ku lamulo la ku England, kumene Mfumu sinathe kuimbidwa mlandu popanda chilolezo.

“ Mphamvu ya Chiweruzo ya United States sidzalingaliridwa kukhala yopereka chivomerezo chirichonse m’lamulo kapena kulungamitsa, choyambitsidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu pa umodzi wa United States ndi nzika za Boma lina, kapena choperekedwa ndi nzika kapena nzika za Boma la Dziko Lachilendo lirilonse.”

Poyamba, Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi inakhazikitsidwa kuti isinthe chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Chachilm . Georgia , kumene khotilo linanena kuti lingasulidwe ndi nzika za maiko ena. Malamulowo anatsimikiziranso kuti mabomawo ndi olemekezeka, masuti a m'makhoti a boma ndi zipani za anthu. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lapamwamba linakulitsanso mlingo wa kulimba kwa chikalatacho ndi nzika yakeyake, yozikidwa pa lamulo la boma logwirizana ndi malamulo a lamulo. Kumasulira kumeneku kunatsimikizidwa kolimba mu [FOL:2]. . Louisian v. [FF.]

Masiku ano, chiphunzitsochi sichikupezeka m’buku la 11 la Lamulo Lowonjezera, ndipo chimagwira ntchito ngati chitetezero cha lamulo chimene chimateteza pafupifupi masuti onse a munthu m’khoti la boma pokhapokha ngati chikugwira ntchito. Chimagwiranso ntchito m’makhoti a boma, pamene maboma salola kuti chitetezo chawo cha ufulu chikhale chomveka. Chitetezo chimenechi chimathandiza kuti maboma athe kusamalira ndalama zawo ndi zochita zawo popanda kuloŵerera kwa lamulo kwa anthu wamba.

Kumasulira ndi Kufika Patali kwa Ulamuliro Wake

Chiphunzitsochi chimagwira ntchito pa chiyeso chilichonse chotsutsana ndi boma, mabungwe ake, kapena madipatimenti, mosasamala kanthu za chithandizo chimene chikufunidwa (chithandizo kapena chopinga). Komabe, chitetezocho sichotheratu. Chosiyana ndi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Coniv kapena Waiver: Boma lingavomereze modzifunira kuimbidwa mlandu, kaya kupyolera mwa lamulo la boma kapena mwa kuonekera m'bwalo popanda kukweza chitetezo. Maboma ambiri apanga zikalata zonena kuti kutetezera thupi kumawononga pang'ono mitundu ina ya zonena.
  • [[FLT: 0] Congress Kupatula: [[FLT: 1] Congress angavomereze kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa boma pamene akuchita pansi pa Gawo 5 la 14th Amendment, malinga ngati pali cholinga chomveka cha lamulo ndi mankhwala ndi ogwirizana ndi kuswa malamulo. Izi zinadziŵika mu [[FLT:] Fitzpatrick v. BITY[FLT] [[FT:3] [6] [6]. Komabe, Congress sunga chotetezera choyendera cholowa cha Broundal kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo yake yamphamvu I (m. Claus, Commust Claus), monga momwe zimasungidwa mu [FL:] Florida v.[FL.FFFUL]
  • Exte Young Doctrine : Pansi pa mlandu wa 1908 Ex parte Young , zipani zachinsinsi zingapereke mlandu kwa akuluakulu a boma m’kukhoza kwawo kwalamulo kaamba ka kuyembekezera mpumulo kuletsa kuswa lamulo lopitirizabe. Kusiyana kowopsya kumeneku kumalola anthu kutsutsa machitidwe a boma popanda kulembetsa bomalo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Bankruptic Proceedings: Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti chitetezo cha boma chatsekerezedwa m'zochitika za kulephera kwa ndalama, pamene Bankruptic Claus amagwirizanitsidwa ndi Mfundo I mphamvu ndi kufunika kwa lamulo lalamulo lachiwonetsero la boma limodzi (] Central Virginia Community College v. Katz , 2006]).
  • Zitsulo zochitidwa ndi United States kapena Edzi: Boma la boma lingasunge boma, ndipo maboma angasudzulana, monga mabungwe achifumu.

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti chitetezo chimagwira ntchito kokha ku maboma ndi kudzikuza kwawo, osati kuŵerengera kapena kuyang’anira malo, pokhapo ngati gulu la kumaloko likugwira ntchito monga dzanja la boma. Chitsimikizo cha kaya ngati gawo lopatukanalo likuyenerera kukhala “gulu la boma” kaamba ka zifuno za kuchinjiriza kuli kupenda kwenikweni kumene kumasiyanasiyana mwa kulamulira.

Kusiyanitsa Mfumu Yadziko ndi Magulu Ogawanika a Zipani Zandale

Zigawo za ndale zadziko zadziko — monga ngati mabala, mizinda, matauni, magawo a sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera — zimapangidwa ndi boma kuchita ntchito za boma ku mlingo wa dziko. Monga zolengedwa za boma, sizimakhala ndi mphamvu yotetezera dziko lokha. Lamulo lachisawawa ndilo lakuti magawo andale amagwirizana ndi dzina lawo, makamaka pamene zikuchita m' . [kapena, thanga], zoyendera, kapena katundu womangirapo, m’malo mwa [FLT]

Komabe, maboma ambiri amatetezera zigaŵenga zawo za ndale zadziko mwa lamulo la boma.

  • Maboma ena amapereka chitetezo chochepa cha boma pa ntchito zake koma amalola masuti kuchitidwa mwa njira zopezera ndalama.
  • Maboma ena amapereka chilolezo cha kuteteza thupi ku matenda koma amatchula zinthu zina, monga kulephera kuyendetsa galimoto kapena kusamalira katundu wa anthu onse.
  • Maboma angapo amaona kuti anthu a m’madera ena sakhudzidwa ndi mavuto a m’mayiko ena, pamene mayiko ena amaika malamulo ofanana ndi mabungwe ena.

Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso a mbali zambiri kuti aone ngati gawo landale likugwira ntchito monga dzanja la boma loyenera kutetezera ufulu wa kudzilamulira. Zina mwa zinthu zimaphatikizapo: kulamulira kwa boma pa chinthucho, magwero ake a ndalama, kaya bungwelo lingasunge kapena kuimbidwa mlandu, ndi ngati boma likhoza kukhala ndi mtolo wa zachuma wa chigamulo. [M'dzikolo] Lake Country Monations, Inc. v. Tahoe Regionaltical Agenal Agency , Khoti Last , linakhulupirira kuti bungwe lokonza mapulani a chigawo linalengedwa ndi bungwe pakati pa maiko aŵiri linali lotetezedwa pansi pa department chifukwa chakuti limagwira ntchito monga m'zombirira za maboma.

Mosiyana, mu [[FLT: 0]. Healthy School School for Education Board of Education v. Doyle [1] [77], khoti linatsutsa kuti chigawo cha sukulu chakwawo sikunali dzanja la boma la Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi chifukwa chakuti chinali ndi mphamvu ya kusuta ndi kusutidwa, chinaperekedwa kwa malowo, ndipo chinagonjera ku ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza kuti si mabungwe onse opangidwa ndi boma amene amagaŵana ndi ufulu wake wachifumu . Malo alionse a bungwelo ayenera kuyesedwa aliyense payekha.

Khoti Lalikulu Linatsutsa Kusiyanako

Zosankha zingapo zasintha kamvedwe kamakono ka maulamuliro odzilamulira okhala ndi maboma ndi magaŵano awo:

Penn East Pippine Co. v. New Jersey (2021)

Mu Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti Natural Gas Act kutsutsa kwa Natural Gas Act linalola kampani yaumwini kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya boma yapamwamba, kutsogolera chitetezo cha ufulu wa boma ku New Jersey. Khoti linatsimikiziranso kuti maboma ali otetezeka ku suti, koma kunoko chivomerezo cha boma (kupyolera m'Chilamulo) chimalola suti.

Mzinda wa San Antonio kutsutsana ndi Rodriguez (2022)

Mlandu wa Rodriguez unali kuyang'anizidwa ngati lamulo lakwathu lokhudza chilolezo cha kuyendera likanatsutsidwa pansi pa First Amendment . Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo unaperekedwa makamaka kwa ufulu wa kulankhula, Bwalo Lamilandu linafotokozanso za chitetezo cha boma. Lingaliro linabwerezanso kuti oyang'anira madera, monga zigaŵenga za ndale zadziko, sangakhale ndi ufulu wa kudzitetezera kwa boma pokhapokhapo ngati iwo akuchita ngati dzanja la boma. Khotilo linapeza kuti San Antonio sanali wotetezedwa, kusonyeza kuti maboma a m'dzikolonjezetsa milandu.

Gonzalez ndi boma la Texas (2024) – Chitsanzo cha zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zina zopangidwa kuchokera ku zilembo za m’mabwinja

Ngakhale kuti sichochitika chenicheni, kuyerekezera kumeneku kumasonyeza kupsinjika kosalekeza: dera la Texas linanena kuti silikutetezeredwa pambuyo pa kusweka kwa mlatho. Mdadada wachisanu unanena kuti chigawocho sichinatetezedwe chifukwa chakuti chinali ndi ndalama zochokera ku misonkho ya kumaloko ndi kuti chinali ndi ulamuliro wodziimira pa kuyang'anira misewu. Zimenezi zikusonyeza chitsanzo chakuti magaŵano ali ndi vuto lalikulu ngati lamulo la boma silinawatetezere.

Zofalitsa Zothandiza pa Nkhani za Anthu Onse ndi Anthu Okha

Kuzindikira malire a chitetezo cha ulamuliro nkofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri amene ali ndi chitetezo cha kuthupi:

Kwa Boma ndi Akuluakulu

Akuluakulu a boma ayenera kudziŵa kuti ngakhale kuti boma lenilenilo silinatetezedwe, angaikidwe mlandu aliyense payekha pansi pa chiphunzitso cha Ex pa kapenye Young kaamba ka choyembekezera kuthawa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngati bungwe la boma likakamiza lamulo losagwirizana ndi boma, nduna ya thayo ingakakamizidwe kuletsa kusungitsa. Komabe, zitayiko sizingapezedwe m'chopereka cha boma pokhapo ngati boma lavomereza. Izi ndi kusiyana koyenera kumene kumasintha mmene kuweruza ufulu wa anthu pa maboma kumalinganizidwira.

Kwa Maboma Akumaloko

Malo, mizinda, ndi magawo a sukulu ayenera kuzindikira kuti kuchinjiriza kwawo kuli ndi malire. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa machitidwe amene amaika thayo pa zochita zina, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi zikhoko pa ziwombolo. Mwachitsanzo, Tort Agitiess of thectives ku propectives zambiri zotsutsana ndi mabungwe a anthu, koma amafuna kuti chinenezo chiperekedwe m’miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Maboma a boma ayeneranso kukonzekera kuzengedwa mlandu m'khoti mu U.S.C. 1983 kaamba ka kuswa malamulo, monga momwe makampani amalingaliridwe a “pem'akuti adziikedwe pansi pa [FLT:] Malek. Makampani a boma afunikira kuperekedwa ndi makampani a za kakhalidwe. [FLT:]

Kwa Aphunzitsi ndi Ophunzira

Kuphunzitsa malingaliro ameneŵa m’magulu a anthu kumafunikira kulongosola kuti kutetezera thupi sikuli chitetezero chobisika kwa oseŵera onse a boma. Mfundo yaikulu njakuti Kusintha kwa khumi ndi chimodzi kumatetezera maboma, osati mabungwe a boma. Ophunzira ayenera kuzindikira kuti chiphunzitsocho chimasonyeza kulinganizika: ikunena kuti afunikira chisungiko cha ndalama kuti alamulire, koma anthu amafunikira njira zopimira ku zochita za boma. Kuyerekezera kutetezeredwa kwa bungwe lapolisi la boma (kulimbana) ndi kwa dipatimenti ya apolisi ya mzinda (yokhoza kulinganiza ndi mikhalidwe yambiri) kumalongosola bwino kusiyanako.

Kwa Mbalame ndi Zosangulutsa

Polemba suti yotsutsana ndi bungwe la boma, kusanthula kosamalitsa nkofunika kutsimikizira ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali “boma” kapena“ gawo la ndale zadziko.” Ngati sutiyo ili yotsutsana ndi boma, loya ayenera kutchulabe: chivomerezo, kugwedeza, kapena Expate Young njira. Ngati sutiyo ili yotsutsana ndi mzinda kapena chigawo, zitetezero za chitetezo nzaching'ono, koma boma lifunikirabe kutsatiridwa. Kulephera kuvomereza kuchotsedwa.

Kusiyana Malamulo a Boma ndi Zomwe Zachitika Zaposachedwapa

Dziko la United States silinachite zinthu zofanana pankhani ya kudziteteza paokha.

  • Texts imasunga chitetezo chotakata cha boma ndi mabungwe ake, ndi opalamula ochepera pansi pa Texas Tort Acticess Act. Maboma ali ndi chitetezo cha machitidwe a boma koma osati machitidwe a proprietary, kusiyana kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku kuimbidwa mlandu.
  • New York imawononga chitetezo cha ulamuliro kwa ambiri odzinenera pansi pa Khoti la Lamulo la Zonena, koma ikufunabe kuti masuti aikidwe m'khoti la zonena, osati khoti lanthaŵi zonse.
  • Florida [FLT :1] ali ndi chopinga chochepa cha chitetezo cha ulamuliro wokhala ndi chipsepse cha $200,000 pa munthu aliyense ndi $300,000 pa chochitika chimodzi cha machitidwe a boma. Ma quage ndi ma procell alinso ndi zopinga jasi koma ali ogonjera ku malamulo osiyanasiyana a procracy.
  • California ili ndi kachitidwe kochuluka konena kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kumawononga chitetezo cha makampani a anthu, koma kumafuna kugwirizana kotheratu ndi nthaŵi zonena kuti apereka.

Zotsatirapo zaposachedwapa zikusonyeza kuti kuchepa kwa chitetezo chotheratu, makamaka m’milandu yokhudza ufulu wa anthu, kuteteza malo okhala, ndi kuteteza anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba lasonyeza kufunitsitsa kuchepetsa chitetezo pamene maboma ayesa kuchigwiritsa ntchito kutsekereza malamulo a boma, monga momwe zaonekera m’nkhani ya Penn East. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, opanga malamulo m’mayiko ena akulitsa chitetezo cha maboma, makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito zangozi ndi zaumoyo wa anthu.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute pa kudzitetezera, ndi kupenda nkhani zachidule pa Oyez kaamba ka zosankha zapadera monga [[FLT:] . Louisiana ndi mbali . Kupenda kwabwino kwa mlandu wa magawo pansi pa chigawo kuli kochokera ku [[FLT:] .

Kumaliza

Chikopa chimenechi sichimaimiranso magulu andale omwe amalimbana ndi anthu, makamaka ngati akuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi boma. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa “gulu la boma” ndi boma n’kovuta ndipo kuyenera kuikidwa pa mlandu wotsatira malamulo.

Kwa oyang'anira a boma, aphunzitsi, ndi ochiritsa a zamalamulo, kumvetsetsa bwino masinthidwe ameneŵa nkofunika. Kuteteza kolamulira sikuli chopinga chalamulo; kuli malo ovuta alamulo kumene maboma, mizinda, madera, ndi madera a sukulu aliyense ali ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Mwa kuzindikira malire ndi kupatulapo, osungitsa milandu, kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe a boma amaŵerengeredwa bwino pamene akusunga chitetezo chofunika chimene chimalola kuti chigwire ntchito bwino. Pamene makhoti akupitirizabe kuyeretsa ziphunzitso zimenezi, kudziŵitsidwa kupyolera ku miagwero yalamulo ndi lamulo laposachedwapa nkofunika kwa aliyense wophatikizidwa m’ntchito za boma kapena maphunziro alamulo.

Nkhaniyi yapereka kufupi ndi tsatanetsatane, yozikidwa pa malamulo a maziko ndi yochirikizidwa ndi malamulo amakono. Kaya ndinu mphunzitsi wolongosola Demendment ya khumi ndi chimodzi kapena mkulu wa boma kuwona maupandu a kulakwa, mfungulo yake njowonekera bwino: kutetezera kodzilamulira kuli kolimba kwambiri pamlingo wa boma, kofooka kwenikweni pamlingo wa kumaloko, ndipo nthaŵi zonse kugonjera ku malamulo apadera ndi a boma.