Chiphunzitsochi chimateteza ufulu wa anthu popanda kugawa ufulu wa boma. Chimayambitsa kukhazikitsa boma lokhala ndi mlandu m'khoti la boma. Chiphunzitsochi chimateteza maboma kuti asasunthidwe popanda chilolezo chawo. Komabe pamene kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kuchitika pamlingo wa dongosolo, kulephera kwa anthu, mautumiki osakwanira, kapena kusagwirizana ndi boma, kapena kuphwanya malamulo a boma. Kuzenga mlandu kwa gulu la zigaŵenga kumakhala zida zofunika kwambiri kuti athetsere. Kupatuka kwa ufulu wa munthu ndi ufulu wa anthu kumayambitsa kuvuta kwalamulo, kukufuna kuyendetsa mosamala malemba alamulo, chitsanzo cha Supreme Court, ndi kupenda. Nkhaniyi ikupenda chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, chopangika, ndi makhoti a bwalo lamilandu lachifumu pamene likufunafuna ufulu wotetezera ufulu waukulu kapena kupulumutsa anthu ena.

Chiyambi cha Mbiri cha Kugwirizana kwa Boma Lolamulira

Pambuyo pa Chisinthiko cha ku America, lamulo lachingelezi lofala linati chilolezo sichingaperekedwe mlandu popanda chilolezo chake. Mayiko a America opangidwa chatsopanowo anatengera pulinsipulo limeneli, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'dongosolo la boma kunayesedwa mofulumira. Mu 1793, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula Chashiolm v. Georgia , 2 U.S 419 (1793), kulola nzika yachinsinsi kuchokera ku South Carolina kusue Georgia kaamba ka ngongole. Chigamulocho chinaputa mkwiyo pakati pa maiko, amene anawopa ulamuliro wa boma pa chuma cha boma.

Poyankha, Congress inapereka Demendment ya 115 mu 1795, , yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1798, kuti: “Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya Chiŵeruzo ya United States siidzalingaliridwa kuwonjezera ku mpikisano uliwonse m’lamulo kapena kutsata, inayamba kapena kuimbidwa mlandu ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika za Boma lina, kapena ndi nzika za dziko lililonse la Dziko lina. [Makalata ake okhawo amaletsa kulowa m'dziko la United States, Bwalo Lali Lali Lapamwamba likulikulitsira lamulo la kubwezera. [FLT:] Han v. [[FL:1], , [1] , [1] Khotilo linasunga kuti Meeji ya ExPlatempticption itsutsa lamulo la boma la boma la boma la boma la boma la United States (1890), lokhazikitsa lamulo lolamulira.

Key ya kuletsa kutetezera Kolamulira konse: sikokha chinsinsi cha luso [1] Imasonyeza kulinganizika kwa lamulo pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulemu wa boma, umene makhoti alimbitsa mosalekeza pazaka mazana aŵiri.

Ntchito Yamakono: M’buku la Deti la 11 la M’mbuyomu

Chikalata chamakono chotetezera chitetezo cha boma chimavomereza ziletso ziŵiri zazikulu pa milandu yaumwini. Choyamba, boma lingapereke chitetezo choposa mwa kuvomereza kuyenerera. Chachiŵiri, Kulimbana ndi [[FLT:] Kukhoza kugawana kuletsa kutetezera pamene akuchita pansi pa mphamvu zina zalamulo za boma, kuchotsa boma chigawo 5 cha Kusintha kwa 144, kumene kumavomereza lamulo la kusungitsa zoyenera za anthu. Kuwonjezerapo, [[FLT:] Mbali Yoyamba] Chiphunzitso Chikhululukiro chimavomereza kuti pakhale mayeso oyembekezeredwa kuperekedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, kuchotsa boma monga woimira boma.

Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likuletsa mosamalitsa pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kutha. Fatzrick v. BITY, 445 U.S.197, Bwalo linavomereza kuti Chigawo 5 cha Kukonzanso Kolamulira kwa Zaka 14. Koma pambuyo pake kuchepetsa mphamvu zimenezi: mu SSELE Frique of Florida. Florida[FFLT:3], 517 U.S (19696), Khoti inalamula kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingatetezedwe pansi pa malamulo ake I (g. g., Clausscs Claus) pokha (kuphatikizapo) ndi zigamu za posachedwapa 5. [FUPT: 35: 318]

Kwa machitidwe a gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe, ichi chimatanthauza kuti malamulo onga ngati mutu VI wa Chikalata cha Chisankho, Chigawo IX, kapena Chigawo 1983 ayenera kusanthula mosamalitsa kugamula ngati Congress ikhoza kutetezera boma motsimikizirika. Kaŵirikaŵiri, njira yokha yodalirika ndiyo kuweruza akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka mpumulo womangidwa pansi pa Ex parepe Young , mmalo mofuna ndalama zowonongedwa ndi boma lenilenilo.

Kulekanitsidwa ku Chigwirizano Cholamulira

Waiver Yochokera ku Boma

Boma lingavomereze dala kulingana ndi lamulo kapena mwa kutengamo mbali modzifunira m'programu ya boma imene imatengamo mbali pa kulakwa. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti opalamula ayenera kukhala “otchulidwa mosayenerera” ndipo sadzasonyezedwa. College Saving Bank v. Florida Predireary Education Board , 527 U.S (1999) adakana lingaliro lakuti ntchito za boma m'misika yodzitetezera. Zochita za kalasi, kaŵirikaŵiri zimaoneka ngati zonena kapena malamulo ena amene amapatsa chivomerezo chochepa, koma owonjezera ufulu wa anthu.

Kusintha kwa Nyumba ya Ufumu Pansi pa Chigawo 5

Congress ingatetezere boma ngati (1) mosabisa limatchula cholinga chake cha kuchita zimenezo mwa lamulo, ndi (2) kugwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo lovomerezeka. Magwero odalirika kwambiri ndi Chigawo 5 cha Kusintha kwa 144. Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs[FL:1], 538 U.S. 721 (2003), Khoti linachirikiza Banja ndi Chiletso cha Zamankhwala chifukwa cha kuthawa kwa kusankhidwa chifukwa cha kusankhidwa kwa kugonana. Mosemphana ndi umboni wofananawo., mu [FL:] Court of Mary [FFOL]

Pankhani ya kachitidwe ka ufulu wa anthu, otsutsa kusankhidwa kwa mafuko pansi pa mutu VI kapena kuti Thetal IX kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi nkhondo yokwera chifukwa chakuti malamulo amenewo adaperekedwa pansi pa Kuwononga Claus, osati Chigawo 5. Pamene kuli kwakuti akuvomereza ndalama za boma kuvomereza kuyenerera kuswa mikhalidwe ya pangano, mankhwalawo ali opangika ku kupereka chithandizo kapena kuchotsa ndalama / osawononga ndalama ndi boma. Nkhani yaikulu Penshurst State School ndi Hoss v. Halderman . , 465.UNIC (1984) adakhulupirira kuti lamulo la kugula Claus silipanga chiwongola choyenera kutetezera boma.

Alekanitse Ana ndi Chiyembekezo

Chida champhamvu kwambiri cha ntchito za gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe polimbana ndi maboma ndi Ex ex Young chiphunzitso. [FLT:] Ex parte Young , 209 U.S. 123 [1988], Khoti Lapamwamba linkaphunzitsa kuti mkulu wa boma amene amakakamiza lamulo losamvera lamulo amachotsedwa chitetezero cha boma ndipo angaikidwe m’chithandizo choyembekezeredwacho. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza khalidwe la akuluakulu a boma monga mapulogalamu otsekapo (m. g., mkulu wa ndende, woyang'anira zandende, wophunzitsa, kapena mlembi wa zaumoyo) kuti aleke kukana kukana kutsutsa boma.

Ukulu wa Exte Young [[FLT: 1] n’ngwotakata koma si wopanda malire. Imangolola kuti kuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa chithandizo . maorder asiye machitachita ena kapena kuvomereza . Chifukwa chake, ntchito za kalasi zofunafuna masinthidwe a pulogalamu ya kampani (G. g., kusintha mikhalidwe ya ndende, masukulu, kukonzanso mautumiki opunduka) n’zoyenerera kwa anthu opatukawo, pamene kuli kwakuti amalipira kumbuyo kwa chiwongola kapena kubwezera.

Kugwirizana kwa Mfumu m’Zoyenera za Chiŵeniŵeni Kumaphatikizapo Zochita: Zovuta Zokulira

Machitidwe a kalasi amakulitsa mphamvu ndi mbuna za kudzitetezera kwa munthu. Pamene kalasi ivomerezedwa motsutsana ndi bungwe la boma kapena akuluakulu a boma, makhoti choyamba ayenera kugamula ngati bomalo liridi chipani chofuna kupambana. Ngati chithandizo chimene chifunidwa chikathetsa ndalama za boma, chikhoza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera ku kupha kwa ziphuphu: kalasi liyenera choyamba kupulumuka pa maziko otetezera matenda asanafikire pa kupezedwa pa maluso ake.

Nkhani ina yobwerezabwereza ndi Attney . Ngakhale ngati kalasi lipambana chithandizo cha m'magazi, kodi khoti lingapereke malipiro otsutsana ndi boma? Pansi pa Chigawo cha Malo Oyenera Opereka Mphoto. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [Foct:] [42] AT.C. . . Malipiro angaperekedwe ku boma kokha ngati boma lili ndi mphamvu yoletsa kuteteza kapena ngati bungwe linalola kutetezera koyenera kwa chivomezo kulipira. Khoti Lapamwamba mu . FTTTYN . FFFFLT3:3], U. 67887 .

Chitokoso china ndicho [[FLT: 0] kampasi yolembera yokha. Kutetezera kolamulira kungayambukire mkhalidwe ndi kuimira ngati atsamunda apempha chiwombolo cha ndalama pamene kalasi ikufuna chithandizo chopambanitsa. Mabwalo angafune mafomu apadera kapena angachepetse mafotokozedwe a kalasi kwa anthu ofuna chithandizo choyembekezeredwa. Ndiponso, pamene bomalo silinatchulidwe dzina, kuzindikiritsa wolipidwa woyenererayo.

Chiyambukiro pa Njira Zothetsera Zomwe Zilipo

Kuchinjiriza chitetezo cha Mfumu kumachepetsa mwamphamvu mankhwala amene gulu la zoyenera za nzika lingapeze. Pansipa pali chidule cha mitundu yofala ya chithandizo ndi kukhoza kwawo kuchinjirizidwa pansi pa chiphunzitso:

  • Thandizo lopimira (kufufuza): Mofala amaloledwa kudzera Ex pa magawo a Young ndi akuluakulu a boma. Zitsanzo: lamulo la kusintha njira zoperekera, kulamula malo okhala andende opunduka, kapena kufuna mautumiki otembenuzira m'mabungwe a anthu onse.
  • Kupereka mpumulo: kwenikweni kuloledwa ngati itumikira chifuno choyang'anira kutsogolo, koma makhoti amasiyanitsa pakati pa zigamulo za kulakwa (kuikidwa) ndi mathayo amtsogolo (kuloledwa).
  • [[FLT : 0] Zowonongeka za m'magazi (kufufuza): zoletsedwa mwamphamvu pokhapo ngati boma lawononga chitetezo (rare) kapena Congress yakhala yoikidwa pansi pa Chigawo 5 (zotsatira za kupenda kokhala ndi kupenda kwamphamvu).
  • Ndalama za Attorney: N’zosamveka ngati zigwirizanitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha m'matumba ndi kuchitiridwa ngati ndi mankhwala, koma zosavuta kutsutsa ngati malipirowo akuwonedwa kukhala malipiro otsalira kuchokera ku chopereka.

Chotero uphungu wa kalasi uyenera kutsogoza kuchepetsa ndi kuchotsa pamene akuimbidwa mlandu. Kuti apeze chiwongola dzanja, iwo angafunikire kutchula mabungwe a boma akwawo (maiko, maakasitala) omwe satetezeredwa ndi otetezera ku kulanda kwa munthu aliyense. Kapena afune zovala zalamulo zopitira ku akaidi a boma, ngakhale kuti okhoza kutetezera thupi akupereka chingwe china cha chitetezo.

Kulingalira Kwabwino kwa Malo Okongola a Malo

Kuzenga mwachipambano kachitidwe ka ufulu wa anthu motsutsana ndi akanema a boma kumafuna kupenda kwabwino kwa odzilamulira. Choyamba, zindikirani ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alidi chiŵalo cha boma kapena dzanja la boma. Zinthu zimaphatikizapo mmene bungwelo laperekedwera ndalama, kaya lingasutidwe kapena kuimbidwa mlandu, ndi kaya ngongole zake ziri zopinga za boma. [Majijiti a University of California v. Doe , 519 U.S. 4259 (1997) imapereka mayeso osinthika.

Chachiŵiri, dziŵani mtundu wa chithandizo chimene chinafunidwa. Ngati chiwombolo cha ndalama nchofunika, lingalirani ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhala ndi mphamvu yotetezera thupi pansi pa lamulo limene limakumana ndi Dorowa la Boerne v. Flores [1] congre-nance-propartection muyeso. Ngati sitero, kusumira akuluakulu a boma m’malo awo oyembekezera kuti apereke chithandizo, ndi kulingalira zowonjezera za malingana ndi maulamuliro oyenera kulipira a apolisi a kapeseti (mwakuti zotero sizimamanga boma).

Chachitatu, tayesani kuletsa boma. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo ovomereza kuti munthu avomereze kuchita zinthu zina zoyenerera anthu. Koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimenezi zimaika zizindikiro kapena zipewa pa zowonongeka.

Chachinayi, thandizani chiphunzitso Ex Young ngakhale pamene boma likhaladi cholakwira. Failo dandaulo lotchula mlembi wa boma, mkulu, kapena mkulu wa boma, ndi kulongosola bwino lomwe kuti chithandizo chimene chapemphedwacho ndicho choyembekezera [1] Kuletsa kuswa lamulo la boma. Peŵani chinenero chilichonse chimene chimapereka chiŵeruzo kaamba ka zivulazo zakale.

Pomalizira, talingalirani za kutsutsana kofanana m'khoti. Pamene kuli kwakuti otetezera thupi alamulo amagwiranso ntchito m’khoti la boma, maboma ambiri ali ndi mphamvu yowatetezera kwambiri pansi pa malamulo awo kapena malamulo. Komabe, zochita za magulu m’khoti la boma zingadzutse zopinga zina, monga ngati kusiyanasiyana kwa miyezo kapena ziletso za kuchotsa ku khoti la boma.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Malangizo Amtsogolo

Khoti Lapamwamba likupitiriza kukonza chiphunzitso cha ufulu wodzitetezera, ndi kukhudza zochita za gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe. Torres v. Department of Public Safety, 597 U.S._2022), Bwalo linavomereza kuti Texas inachotsa chitetezo chake mwa kulandira ndalama za boma pansi pa bungwe la Rescreated Rescreated Rights Act (USSRA). Kulingalira kwakuti kutenga nawo mbali m'maprogramuzi kumapereka chivomerezo cha mapulogalamu atsopano a kalasi pansi pa malamulo opereka chilolezo, likhoza kusonyeza bwino mkhalidwe wopatsa ufulu wa kulakwa.

Mu Allen v. Cooper[FLT: 1], 589 U.S._ [20], Bwalo linagonjetsa Copyright Remedificiation Act 'kuchotsa chitetezero cha boma, kutsimikiziranso chiletso chapamwamba cha malamulo 5. Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu onga ngati Aamereka okhala ndi vuto (ADA), Khoti mu [[FLT:] Geodoret [[FLT:] [200]] (2001] adakhulupirira kuti Mtengo I (ntchito) siilo lovomerezeka kutetezera koyenera, pamene Theoti II (mautumiki) idakalibe m’chiyenero. [FLD] United States], UFLT. [5]

Akumayang'ana kutsogolo, ochiritsa a kalasi ayenera kuyang'anira kaamba ka malamulo atsopano kapena kusintha ku malamulo amene alipo otetezera ufulu wa anthu. Mawu akuti “Kwa Anthu Achita” ndi kukonzanso zina za ufulu wosankha, ngati achitidwa, angaphatikizepo zopereka zowongola. Kuwonjezera apo, kuzindikira kowonjezereka kwa tsankho la malo (m', m'mapolisi, maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi kusamala zaumoyo) kungasonkhezere makhoti kubwerezanso ukulu wa Ex kachigawo kachipangizo kocholoŵana kofuna kuyang'anira kopitirizabe.

Kumaliza

Chitetezero cha ulamuliro wa boma chidakali chowopsa, koma chosagonjetseka, m’kachitidwe ka kagulu ka ufulu wachibadwidwe. Chitetezero cha Eleminth , chimasonyeza mapindu aakulu a boma, komabe iwo ayenera kuvomereza pamene maboma aswa malamulo. Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mosamalitsa chiphunzitso cha Young , cholinganiza cha akuluakulu a boma, ndi kusanthula mosamalitsa kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuswa, ma spointerfr, angasinthe m'chithandizo cha makalasi oyambukiridwa. Komabe, njira yolipirira ndi yolipirira ndi yochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri ikufuna oimbidwa ndi ozengedwa kapena mabwalo amilandu. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba likupitiriza kulinganiza malire a otetezera, loyenera kukhalabe ndi linzalo la madandaulo a gulu la oyendera malo oyendera zinthu.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, pendani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute kupenda [[FLT:] chiphunzitso chotetezera cholembedwa chonse , chokwanira cha [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [199]]. Kwa chivomezo chamakono cha msonkhano pansi pa Khirisition, onani chigamu cha Supt Courts [FFF:] [FFFFLT]: [12]