Kalulu Woyambirira Wotchuka: Timor ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II

Maziko a pangano la Australia ndi East Timor anakhazikitsidwa polimbana ndi nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse. Kalekale gulu la ufulu lisanakhazikitsidwe, chilumba cha Timor chinali ndi tanthauzo lapadera kwa Canberra monga chotsekereza cha kumpoto. Kuchiyambi kwa 1942, pamene magulu ankhondo a Japan anadutsa ku Southeast Asia, polisi ya Australia kuchokera ku bungwe la 2/2 Independent Company (Gulu la SSor) linatumizidwa ku Portugal Timor kuti likaze kutsutsa nkhondo ya chigawo cha Dutch.

Pambuyo pake panali nkhondo yachiwembu ya ku Timor yomwe inapha asilikali a ku Japan masauzande ambiri. Olamulira a ku Australia, omwe ankathandizidwa ndi anthu a ku Timor ndi otsogolera, anapha anthu ambiri. Zimenezi zinawononga kwambiri anthu a ku East Timor. Anthu a ku Japan anabwezera mwankhanza anthu a ku East Timor, kupha anthu pafupifupi 40,000 mpaka ku East Timorese. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu ambiri a ku Australia ayambe kukondana ndi anthu a ku East Timorese, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma la Australia likhale logwirizana ndi boma la Indonesia.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo, Portugal anakhazikitsanso ulamuliro wa atsamunda pa theka la chisumbucho, pamene theka la kumadzulo linakhala mbali ya Republic yatsopano yodziimira ya Indonesia. Kwa zaka makumi atatu zotsatira, lamulo la Australia kulinga ku Portugal Timor linali lonyalanyaza. Boma la Menzhee linaona dzikolo kukhala la Apwitikizi ndipo linakhazikitsa ubale wake ndi Jakarta, kuona kuti Indonesia, wolimbana ndi bungwe la omenya nkhondo la Indonesia, anali wofunika kuteteza chigawo chakumpoto cha Australia.

Zaka za Whittam: Kuwala Kobiriŵira

Kugwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma la Portugal mu April 1974 kunasintha kwambiri mkhalidwewo. Boma latsopano la Lisbon linasintha mofulumira kuti lichotse maganizo andale ku East Timor. Magulu atatu aakulu andale anabuka: UDT (Timore Democratic Union), kuyanja kugaŵana ndi Portugal; APODETI, kuchirikiza kugwirizana ndi Indonesia; ndi FRETILIN (Chisinthiko cha East Timor), zimene zinapeza chilikizo lofala la chigawo chake cha kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ndi kudziimira paokha.

Nduna ya Prime ya Australia Geugh Whittam inayang'anizana ndi chigamulo chotsutsa cha lamulo lachilendo. Lingaliro la Whitlam linali lomveka. Iye anakhulupirira kuti East Timor yodziimira yekha inali boma "losatheka" lomwe mosapeŵeka likanakhala gwero la kusakhazikika kwa chigawo kapena chikole cha chikomyunizimu. Pamisonkhano yotsatizana ndi Pulezidenti wa Indonesia Suharto mu 1974 ndi 1975, Whittam anaonetsa kuti Australia "adzasokonezeka kwambiri" ndi East Timor'kuloŵera ku Indonesia, malinga ngati zinachitika mwamtendere ndi kuvomereza kwa anthu a ku Timor. Zimenezi zinatembenuzidwa ndi Jakan monga kuunika kwabiri kwa .

Malo a Whitlam asulizidwa kwambiri kukhala kulephera kwa utsogoleri wa Australia. Mwa kukhazikitsa ubale wankhondo ndi Indonesia, iye analekadi lamulo la kudzisankhira kwa anthu a East Timor. Kufufuza kwenikweni kumeneku, kogawana ndi dipatimenti ya Aange Affairs panthaŵiyo, kunatsegula njira youkira yomwe inatsatira.

Chiwawa Chachisanu: Womenya Chiwawa

Mu October 1975, pamene magulu apadera a Indonesia anayamba kulowa m'dziko la East Timor, atolankhani asanu a ku Australia anali m’tauni ya Balibo. Greg Shackleton, Tony Stewart, Gary Cunningham, Brian Peters, ndi Malcolm Rennie anali kunena za nkhondo yomakulakula. Pa October 16, iwo anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa ndi asilikali a ku Indonesia omwe ankafuna kupha mboni kuti aukire bomalo.

Boma la Australia, pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu Malcolm Fraser pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa Whitlam, linalandira nkhani yachikuto ya asilikali a ku Indonesia yakuti amunawo anaphedwa m’moto. Balibo 5 inakhala chizindikiro champhamvu cha kugwirizana kwa Australia. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, maboma otsatizana otsutsa kukakamiza Indonesia kuti aphedwe mokwanira, ayambitse ubale wa pakati pa olemba nkhani za nyuzipepala. Nkhaniyi idakalibe chipseso chopweteka ku Australia-Indesia ndi kuchenjeza za mtengo wa pulotinik.

Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kucholoŵana: Lamulo la Kudziloŵetsamo Mwabata

Pa December 7, 1975, Indonesia inayambitsa kuukira kwachiwonkhetso cha Dili, coded Operation Seroja . Zikwi zambiri za East Timor zinaphedwa m'masabata oyambirira a kuukirako. Chiyankhetso cha Australia chinabisidwa. Mu 1978, boma la Fraser linavomereza corde conoctus kuvomereza kwachikhalidwe cha Indonesia ku East Timor, kutanthauza kuti Australia akachitira Indonesia monga ulamuliro wolamulira ngakhale kuti sanapereke chilolezo chalamulo [jastik:] jure . Kuvina kumeneku kwachi kwa ku Australia kunalola kuti kusungire mayanjano ndi mayanjano ndi kampani a zachuma ndi Jakarnarkah pamene anali kuletsa kuvomereza kotheratu kuloŵerera kwa kuloŵerera kwa dziko.

Lamulo limeneli linali ndi mbali yodziwika bwino: kulondola malo a Timor Mekete Treaty . Nyanja ya Timor ndi yochuluka mafuta ndi gasi. Pansi pa lamulo la mayiko, East Timor ikanakhala dziko la Portugal, malire alionse a pansi pa nyanja akanatha kukambirana ndi Portugal. Mwa kuvomereza ulamuliro wa Indonesia, Australia ikanatha kukambirana ndi Jakarta. Pangano la Timor Develop , lomwe linasainidwa mu 1989, linalemba pansi pa nyanja yachitukuko, linachititsa kuti anthu a ku Canberra ndi Jakartah a ku East Timor apeze ndalama zambiri.

Mabungwe a luntha a Australia, makamaka Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), anali oloŵetsedwamo kwambiri m'nyengo imeneyi. Pambuyo pake zinavumbulidwa kuti ASIS adawononga maofesi a dipatimenti ya Athorney-General mkati mwa kukambitsirana kwa 2004 kuti apeze phindu pa East Timor mpikisano wa mafuta ndi gasi. Zimenezi zinasonyeza bwino lomwe mmene Australia anakonzekera kupita ku chigawo chake kuti apezere phindu lapadera ndi chuma m’chigawocho.

Santa Cruz Massacre: Posinthira Maganizo a Anthu

Pa November 12, 1991, asilikali a Indonesia anatsegula moto pa ligubo la maliro amtendere ku Santa Cruz manda ku Dili. Kupha anthu, kochitidwa pa filimu ndi mtolankhani wa ku Britain Max Stahl, kunasonyeza dziko nkhanza zankhanza zosaipidwa za ntchito. Olamulira a asilikali oombera mwachindunji anthu wamba othaŵawo anaputa mkwiyo wa dziko lonse.

Ku Australia, boma la Hawke Labor linavutika kwambiri. Poyamba, Mkulu wa Alendo dzina lake Carcienci Evans anathandiza kwambiri pa mfundo yopanga chibwenzi ndi Indonesia. Iye ananena kuti kudzipatula kungachititse zinthu kuipiraipira. Boma linatsutsa chiwawa koma linakana kusintha kulikonse. Komabe, kupha anthu ku East Timorese diaspora ndi ku Australia, kunachititsa East Timor kukhala nkhani yotchuka kwambiri m’zandale.

Kuwonjezeka kwa Kuloŵerera m’Mipatuko ya ku Australia

M’ma 1990, gulu lamphamvu la udzu linakula ku Australia. MaUnion, matchalitchi, ndi magulu a ophunzira anapanga East Timor Action Network (ETAN) ndi magulu ena. Anachita zitsutso, andale ozembera, ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama za chitsutso. Chigwirizano cha panyanja chokana kunyamula sitima zopita ku Indonesia chinali mtundu wothandiza kwambiri wa mgwirizano.

Kufuna kutchuka kumeneku kunali kofunika kwambiri posintha ndale. Atsogoleri a East Timor a kutsutsa, makamaka José Ramos-Horta ndi Xana Gusmão, anatha zaka zambiri akumanga ku Australia. Iwo anakamba nkhani m’maholo a tauni ndi m'zipinda za yunivesite, kuchititsa nkhondo ya mbadwo wa Australia. Gululi linakakamiza magulu akuluakulu andale kuti aganizirenso za lamulo lochirikiza Indonesia lokhudzana ndi mapira.

Posinthira: 1998-19999

Bungwe la Asian Financial Crisis la 1997-98 linasokoneza ulamuliro wa Suharto, ndipo linam’kakamiza kusiya ntchito mu May 1998. Mtsogoleri wake, Habibie, anatsimikizira kuti anali wokonzanso zinthu mosayembekezereka. Habibie anakambirana za malo a East Timor, nkhani ya Suharto yomwe inaonedwa kuti ndi yosayenera.

Mu December 1998, Nduna Yaikulu John Howard analemba kalata kwa Habibie pokhazikitsa “nyengo ya kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali" ya kudzilamulira. Kalatayo inakonzedwa kukhala yothandiza, koma Habibie anaitcha kukhala kuloŵerera kwa Australia. Wokwiya ndi malingaliro ake ofuna kusintha zinthu, Habibie anapanga chosankha chachikulu: East Timor akapatsidwa chosankha pakati pa ufulu wapadera ndi ufulu wa kudziimira, pansi pa bungwe la UN lofuna kusintha zinthu.

Chigamulo chimenechi chinasangalatsa dziko lonse. Australia inalimbikira kuchirikiza ntchito imeneyi. Bungwe la UN Alternation Mission ku East Timor (UNAMET) linakhazikitsidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi boma ku Australia. Nthaŵi ya nkhondoyi inasokonezedwa ndi kuopseza ndi chiwawa kuchokera kwa asilikali a ku Indonesi, koma anthu a ku East Timor anasonyeza kulimba mtima kodabwitsa.

Kubwezera ndi Chiwonongeko

Pa August 30, 1999, anthu ambiri ovota anasankha ufulu. Zotsatira zake zinawononga kwambiri. Asilikali a ku Indonesiya, othandizidwa ndi asilikali a ku Indonesia, anayambitsa ntchito yowononga dziko. Anawononga nyumba, kutentha nyumba, ndi kupha anthu ambirimbiri. Ntchito ya bungwe la United Nations inathamangitsidwa.

Zithunzi za anthu othaŵa kwawo amene akudutsa malire a dzikolo ndiponso utsi wokwera kuchokera ku likulu la dzikolo zinabweretsa mavuto aakulu padziko lonse. Australia inafunika kusankhapo mwachidwi: kaya kulowererapo kuti athetse chiwawacho kapena kusiya dziko la East Timor mpaka kutha kwa dziko la East Timor.

MALO: Australia Akutsogolera Njira

Pansi pa chitsenderezo chachikulu cha United Nations ndi United States, Prezidenti Habibie monyinyirika anavomereza kuvomereza gulu la mayiko okhazikitsa mtendere. Australia inayamba kutsogolera. Gulu la International Force for East Timor (InteRFET) linali logwirizana m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, koma Australia inapereka gulu lalikulu la asilikali ndi mkulu wa asilikali, Peter Cosgrove.

Pa September 20, 1999, asilikali oyambirira a ku Australia anakafika ku Dili. Opaleshoniyi inali njira yosonyezera kuti asilikali a ku Australia ndi ogwirizana ndi mayiko ena.

SOUTSOGULETSWE linali ntchito yaikulu koposa yankhondo ya Australia chiyambire Nkhondo ya Vietnam. Inali nthaŵi ya kunyada kwa dziko, kulola Australia kukhala wosunga mtendere wa m'chigawo. Chinasonyezanso kusintha kwakukulu m'malamulo a ku Australia: kuchokera ku kuvomereza chipambano cha Indonesia ndi kuloŵerera mwamphamvu kuti achilikize nyengo ya kudzisunga.

Kusintha kwa Kudziimira Paokha

Bungwe la United Nations Transigational Administration ku East Timor (UNTAET) linatenga udindo wa Interfet mu February 2000, ku Australia kunakhalabe wothandizira kwambiri pa nkhondo ndi apolisi. Pa May 20, 2002, East Timor inakhala dziko lodziimira lokha, ndipo Xana Gusmão anali pulezidenti wake woyamba. Australia anachita mbali yaikulu pa ntchito yotchuka imeneyi, ponse paŵiri monga namwini wa dzikolo ndipo monga wothandizira chitetezo chake choyambirira.

Mayanjano a Pambuyo pa Kudalirana: Ukulu M’kulimbana

Ubwenzi umene unalipo kuyambira 2002 wakhala wovuta kwambiri. Australia wakhala wotetezeka kwambiri. Akutumizanso oteteza mtendere m’chaka cha 2006 pamene apolisi ndi asilikali anatha. Bungwe la Australian International Reconciliation Force (ISF) linathandiza kubwezeretsa mtendere pamodzi ndi bungwe la UN (UNIT).

Kusagwirizana kwa Nyanja ya Timor

Komabe, nkhani ya mafuta ndi gasi inapitirizabe kuyambitsa mavuto. Pangano la 2002 la ku Mediterranean la Timor linagawanitsa ndalama kuchokera ku chigawo cha Joint Petroleum Development Are (JPDA) 90% mpaka ku East Timor ndi 10% mpaka ku Australia. Komabe, munda waukulu wa Sun Greater Sunindure unali kunja kwa JPDA. Australia inatsutsa kuti pakhale malire a dzikolo amene angaipatse mkango, pamene East Timor anaumirira pa malire a wailesi.

Mkangano umenewu unakhala wonyoza kwambiri. Mu 2013, akuluakulu a boma la Australia anaukira maofesi a gulu la zamalamulo ku East Timor ku Canberra, kulanda zikalata. Chilangocho chinatsutsidwa ndi Khoti Lakale la Arbitration. Mkanganowo unapitirizabe kwa zaka zambiri, kuchititsa kuti agwirizane. Zinaoneka ngati kuti ku Australia kunali kuchirikiza chuma, kachiŵirinso, kuyang’ana za mnansi wake wosauka.

Pangano la Madzi la 2018

Ku chipambano cha mbiri yakale, maiko aŵiriwo adasaina Maritime Boundary Treaty mu March 2018. Mapanganowo anakhazikitsa malire osatha pakati pa maiko aŵiriwo pakati pa chigawo chapakati, kuvomereza kugawana ndalama za Sun Greater . Zimenezi zinali chipambano cha mayanjano apadera, kuchotsapo kuchepa kwa unansiwo, kuchotsapo kusalingana kwa mphamvu kwa kale kulinga ku kugwirizana kwa anthu olingana.

Kumaliza

Mbiri ya kugwirizana kwa boma la Australia m'gulu la East Timor la ufulu ndi kufufuza kwamphamvu pa chisinthiko cha maunansi a dziko lonse. Ikusonyeza mmene puloteni yapadera ya dziko lonse ingayambitsire malamulo, ndi mmene chisonkhezero cha makhalidwe abwino kuchokera ku chitaganya cha anthu chingayambire njira ina. Kuchokera ku manyazi a Balibo Five ndi kuloŵerera kwa zaka za ntchitoyi kufikira pa kachitidwe kotsimikizirika ka InteRFET, ulendo wa Australia ndi East Timor ndi nkhani ya dziko la East . Unansi wamakono, ngakhale kuti uli wogwirizana ndi chuma ndi chisungiko, umaimira kuthekera kwa kugwirizana ndi kuyanjanitsa. Chikukhalabe chimodzi cha machaputala odziŵika kwambiri ndi otchuka kwambiri m'machaputala amakono a Australia.