Chiyambi

Malingaliro a kachitidwe koyenera ndi chilungamo cha anthu sali chabe malingaliro alamulo ongopeka . Ndiwo mizati imene chitaganya chachilungamo ndi chosakondera chimamangidwa. Kwa osamalira, aphunzitsi, ndi otomerana ndi nzika, kuzindikira mmene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ameneŵa aliri ofunika kuti agwire ntchito yothandiza, kukhala ndi unzika wodziŵa bwino, ndi kulondola kulingana. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira yoyenerera imapereka dongosolo la malamulo lotetezera anthu ku kachitidwe kalamulo kodzifunira, chilungamo cha chikhalidwe chimafuna kuti zipambano za dongosololo zikhale zogwirizana ndi magulu onse. Nkhaniyi imapenda unansi wozama pakati pa kachitidwe kabwino ndi chilungamo, kupenda malongosoledwe awo, kupikisana kumene kumabuka, ndi mbali ya maphunziro m’kuyandikira kwa onse aŵiri.

Kufotokoza Zomwe Ziyenera Kuchitika: Mawonekedwe Achibadwa ndi Obisika

Njira yofunikira yagwirizanitsidwa mu Malamulo a Nambala 5 ndi 14 a Malamulo a U.S., amene amatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene adzakhala "wopanda moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Lamulo limeneli lili ndi mbali ziŵiri zosiyana koma zogwirizana.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Profecture commocracy imasumika pa njira yoyenerera [ mmene ya ntchito ya boma. Kumafunikira kuti pamene boma lichitapo kanthu kuti litopetse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu, litsatire njira zolungama. Njira zimenezi zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso chokwanira, mwaŵi woti amvedwe, chosankha chosakondera, kukonza zinthu, ndi kuyenera kupereka umboni ndi kudutsa mboni. Nkhani zazikulu za khoti monga . Maws v. Elditridge [[FL:3] inakhazikitsa kuyesa koyenera kwaumwini, kusoŵa kolakwa, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa boma. Kuweruza ndi kuyesa koyenera kwa kuchitika kwa kulakwa kwa kulakwa. Procracy imakhala njira yoyesa, ndi kuweruza, ngakhale sukulu yomveka.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Khoti Lalikulu lazindikiranso kuyenera kwa kukhala lachinsinsi pansi pa njira yoyenerera, monga ngati [FLT: 0] ['kuyenera] kukwatira, kukhala ndi ana, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera, ndi kusakhala ndi ufulu wathupi. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikiranso kuyenera kwa kubisa zinthu pazochitika zofunikira, monga [[FLT:] [0] m'zochitika zowawiritsira malamulo ovulaza, kutsutsa malamulo otere.

Kumvetsa Chilungamo cha Anthu: Kusiyapo Kusalingana ndi Ena Kusiyapo Kukondera

Chilungamo cha kakhalidwe ka anthu ndicho lingaliro lakuti munthu aliyense ayenera kukhala wolingana m’zachuma, ndale, ndi m’mayanjano. Chimafunikira kuti kugaŵidwa kwa chuma, mwaŵi, ndi mwaŵi m’chitaganya kukhale kolungama ndi kuti zopinga za dongosolo za kulingana zifafanizidwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti liwulo linatchuka m’zaka za zana la 19 kupyolera mwa magulu a filosofi ndi achipembedzo, nthanthi yachiweruzo yamakono imadalira kwambiri kwa wanthanthi yandale John Rawls, amene anatsutsa kuti chitaganya cha anthu olungama chikakhala chopindulitsa kwambiri monga momwe kungathekere.

Chilungamo cha mayanjano kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupyolera m'zifukwa zazikulu ziŵiri: kusalingana [[FT:1] ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chiyeneretso chimatanthauza kuchitira aliyense zofanana, kutsimikizira zoyenera ndi mwaŵi. Komabe, kuzindikira kuti anthu osiyana amayamba malo osiyanasiyana ndipo angafunikire chuma kapena chichirikizo chosiyana kuti apeze zotulukapo zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo loyenerera limene limapereka loimira munthu aliyense mofanana koma mosayerekezereka ngati chuma chimaletsa ena kukhala mboni zodziŵa kapena zofufuza.

Kusokonezeka kwa Chilungamo Choyenera Kuchitika

Unansi pakati pa njira yoyenerera ndi chiweruzo cha mayanjano ngwamphamvu. Kaŵirikaŵiri njira yalamulo yaikulu imene chiweruzo cha mayanjano chimapitirizidwa. Pamene magulu otsenderezedwa afuna kusungitsa zoyenera zawo, iwo amadalira pa zitetezero za lamulo za njira zoyenerera kutsimikizira kuti mawu awo amvedwa m’makhoti, mabungwe a boma, ndi masulidwe alamulo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, magulu achiweruzo asintha kaamba ka kuwonjezereka kwa zoyenera za kachitidwe kwa magulu opatulidwa, onga akaidi, osakhala a mu 7695, ndi anthu okhala ndi zilema.

Kufikira ku Chiweruzo Cholungama

Imodzi ya makwalala ovuta kwambiri ndiyo kuweruza. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu chapadera mu [FT:0] Gedeon v. Wainwright adakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa Sixth Amendment kumagwira ntchito kwa apandu amene sangathe kulipira loya. Chigamulo chimenechi chinali chilakiko chachikulu cha chiweruzo cha anthu cha chitaganya . Chigamulochi chinkazindikira kuti umphaŵi suyenera kugamula mkhalidwe wa kudzitetezera kwa munthu. Komabe zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake, madongosolo otetezera anthu onse amaikidwa pansi pa chikalata, ndipo ozengedwa ambiri amayang'anizanabe ndi ziletso zazikulu za kuimira bwino. Chipangano cha kukwaniritsidwa kwa kupezeka kwa chilungamo kwa anthu kwa nthaŵi zonse chisawawa.

Mayesero Abwino ndi Mabanja Opanda Tsankho

Njira yoyenerera imapereka kuyenera kwa mlandu wolungama, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa oweruza opanda tsankho otengedwa kuchokera ku woimira tauni. Oimira chiweruzo cha anthu amatchula kuti kuweruza kosankha aupo ndi mlandu machitachita a aupolu . monga ngati kupulumula kozikidwa pa fuko . Mabwalo Apamwamba mu ndi. Kentucky [1986] anayesa kuletsa tsankho la fuko m'nkhani yosankha, koma kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti Batson [FL:3] mavuto ngosapambana. Mpatuko panopo imavumbula kuti malamulo amakhalidwe sangakhale oyenera kukwaniritsa chilungamo popanda ntchito ndi dongosolo lokonza zinthu.

Maphunziro a mbiri Yake ya Case: Maphunziro Ochokera ku Dongosolo la Malamulo la ku America

Kupenda milandu yosaiwalika kumatithandiza kuona mmene chilungamo chimagwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi kukhazikitsa chilungamo cha anthu ena.

Anyamata a Scottsboro: Kulephera Kuchita Zinthu Moyenera ndi Chilungamo cha Mayanjano

Mu 1931, achichepere asanu ndi anayi a ku Africa adaimbidwa mlandu wabodza wa kugwirira chigololo akazi aŵiri achiyera mu Alabama. Iwo analandira mlandu wofulumira, uphungu wosagwira ntchito, ndi project yonse ya alungu . Mosasamala kanthu za kusoŵeka kwa umboni wodalirika, asanu ndi atatu anaweruzidwa ku imfa. Mlanduwo unapita ku Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lachiŵiri: choyamba mu Powell v. Alabama[FLT] [1935] [1932], imene inakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kulangiza m'nkhani zazikulu ndi njira yoyenerera yoyenerera; ndipo pambuyo pake m' [FLT:] Nors v. [i] [i] [ikugalamuliridwa kwa lamulo lachikhalidwe] (1935]), imene inapeza kuti kuchotsedwa kwa Aafirika ku juvial Protectal Claus. Pamene kuli kwakuti khoti lothandiza kumbuyo kwa zaka zoperekedwa, ngakhale kumbuyo kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lachikulu.

Brown v. Board of Education: Dongosolo Loyenera monga Chiŵiya cha Chilungamo cha Mayanjano

Chigamulo cha 1954 mu Brown v. Board of Education kaŵirikaŵiri imaonedwa kukhala chilakiko cha chilungamo cha anthu, komanso inadalira pa kukambitsirana koyenera. Khotilo linanena kuti malo a maphunziro oletsedwa ndi chibadwa, kumaniza ana a ku Africa a kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo otsimikiziridwa ndi Gemeternement. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuweruza sikunapereke tsatanetsatane njira yoyenerera, lingaliro lakuti boma liyenera kusamalira nzika zonse mwakuti ndi mlingo wake wa lamulo loyenera. Brown [FLT]] amasonyeza mmene chilungamo chamakhalidwe chimasonyezeranso kumasulira kwa njira yoyenerera ndi kufutukuka.

Gideon ndi Wainwright: Kutsutsa Ufulu wa Kusunga ndi Kusamalira Ufulu wa Anthu

Clarence Earl Gideon, mnzanga waumphaŵi wogwira ntchito kuimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa ndi kuloŵa, wotchuka anachonderera chigamulo chake chifukwa chakuti anakanidwa loya. Khoti Lapamwamba linagwirizana kuti kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti mlandu uweruzidwe ndipo limagwira ntchito ku makhoti a boma kudzera ku Geneth Emplief. Chigamulo chimenechi chapamwamba kwambiri cha anthu mwa kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale oimbidwa mlandu wosauka ali ndi ufulu wa kuimira mwalamulo. Komabe, lonjezo la [FLT: 0] Gideon [1] Madongosolo ambiri otetezera anthu sakwaniritsidwa moti sangapereke chithandizo chogwira mtima. Mpata wopitirizabe pakati pa lamulo ndi kuyendetsa ntchito ndiko mfundo yaikulu ya chilungamo cha anthu.

Mavuto Amene Zimakumana Nawo: Kusagwirizana ndi Nkhani Zosathetsedwa

Ngakhale kuti njira zoyenerera ndi chilungamo cha kakhalidwe zimalimbitsana, iwonso angagwere m’mavuto. Zifukwa zake zimakhala zosasintha chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa chikhalidwe; zimasunga kukhazikika, chitsanzo, ndi kuikirapo mtima. Zipani zachilungamo, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kusintha kwa dongosolo la zinthu kuti kuthetsere chisalungamo cha m’mbiri. Kusemphana kumeneku kungaonekere m’mbali zingapo.

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Mosalingana

Kufufuza kokhazikika kumasonyeza kuti anthu a Black ndi Aspanya amayang'anizana ndi kumangidwa kwankhanza asanaweruzidwe, zigamulo zazitali, ndi zopinga zazikulu zopezera ndalama zokhalira kumbuyo kwa oimbidwa mlandu. Ngakhale ngati njira zofunikira sizili zachiphamaso, tsankho lachindunji lingapange. Ochirikiza chilungamo chamakhalidwe a anthu amanena kuti njira zofunikira popanda kusamala za kulinganiza sikungatulutse zotulukapo zabwino. Vuto ndilo kusintha njira zopangira kusintha kachitidwe kake ka zinthu poŵerengera malamulo, mwachitsanzo, mwa kusintha njira zoyendetsera ndalama zimene zimatsekera anthu osauka a mtundu asanaweruzidwe.

Umphaŵi Udzalepheretsa Kuti Zinthu Ziyende Bwino

Kuwonongedwa kwa kuimira kwa lamulo, mboni zaukatswiri, ndi zifunsiro kumayambitsa dongosolo lachiweruzo la aŵiri lokhala ndi maziko. Oimbidwa mlandu achuma angakhoze kugwiritsira ntchito mokwanira ufulu wawo woyenerera; oimbidwa mlandu osauka kaŵirikaŵiri amaimba mlandu mlandu mosasamala kanthu za kulakwa kwawo chifukwa chakuti sangathe kumenyana. Zimenezi zachititsa "kuyenerera kulangiza" m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni zofunikira zazikulu zonga nyumba, kusunga ana, ndi kusamukira m'dziko. Maboma ena, onga New York City, ayambitsa maprogramu a oyendetsa ndege kupereka uphungu waulere waulere kwa otsika kwa olandira malo oyandikana ndi oyenerera kuyang'anizana ndi Klovase.

Kudziŵerengera Mlandu Woyenerera ndi Apolisi

Chiphunzitso choyenerera chotetezera ku matenda, chiphunzitso chimene chimatetezera akuluakulu a boma ku mlandu wa boma pokhapo ngati iwo akuswa lamulo "lokhazikitsidwa", chatsutsidwa monga chopinga cha chilungamo cha anthu. Kaŵirikaŵiri chimaletsa minkhole ya kusadziletsa kwa apolisi kuchotsa ku makhoti, ngakhale pamene zoyenera kuchitidwa zinaswedwa. Chiphunzitsocho chinali cholinganizidwira kulinganiza kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kufunika kwa akuluakulu a boma kuchita popanda kuopa kulakwa kopanda pake. Koma ambiri amatsutsa kuti chakhala chitetezero cha khalidwe loletsedwa. Zoyesayesa za kusintha m'dziko ndi milingo ya boma zimafuna kuchepetsa kapena kulephera kutetezera koyenerera, kusonyeza chigamulo cha chilungamo cha kakhalidwe chimene chiyenera kuphatikizapo kuŵerengera mlandu kwatanthauzo.

Mbali ya Maphunziro m’Kusintha Mfundo Zonse Ziŵiri

Maphunziro ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri chopititsira patsogolo ntchito ndiponso chilungamo.

Kukula kwa Maphunziro

Sukulu iyenera kugwirizanitsa maphunziro pa nkhani zofunikira kudziŵidwa, monga ngati Marinda v. Arizona, mu Gault (zolinga zofunikira za achichepere], ndi Obergefell v. Hodges (kutsimikizira ukwati wa zaka zapansi pa kachitidwe koyenera). Nkhani zimenezi zimapereka zitsanzo zenizeni za mmene makhoti alili ndi ufulu wolinganiza ndi zikondwerero. Kuphatikizapo nkhani za anthu monga zodzisungira, kuvoma, ndi kutetezera malo okhalako, ndi chilungamo kupyola pa njira yotetezera yoyenerera.

Maluso a Maganizo Ovuta ndi Ovuta Kuwadziwa

Kupitirira pa kuloŵeza pamtima, maphunziro ayenera kulimbikitsa kupenda mozama kusiyana kwa malingaliro alamulo ndi zotsatira zenizeni za dziko. Ophunzira angapende chifukwa chake zitetezero za chikhalidwe sizimatsogolera nthaŵi zonse ku zotulukapo zoyenerera ndi mmene zinthu zadongosolo zonga umphaŵi, fuko, ndi malo okhala zimayambukirira kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo. Kuphunzitsa kwa bwalo lamilandu, makambitsirano, ndi ntchito za chitaganya zingathandize ophunzira kukulitsa maluso a kuchirikiza masinthidwe amene amapititsa patsogolo zonse ziŵiri dongosolo loyenera ndi chilungamo cha mayanjano.

Kuyenera kwa Kuphunzitsa Monga Nkhani ya Chilungamo cha Mayanjano

Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti kupeza maphunziro abwino a boma kuli nkhani ya chilungamo cha anthu. Sukulu m'madera olemera kaŵirikaŵiri zimapereka malamulo amphamvu monga maprogramu ogwirizana, pamene kuli kwakuti masukulu ongoperekedwa bwino angasowe ngakhale zinthu zofunikira pa Malamulo. Kulingalira kuti ophunzira onse . Kupanda malamulo a zip . Kuphunzira ponena za zoyenera zawo nkofunika kuti apeze democracy. Masinthidwe onga ACLU [1] kumapereka ziŵiro zaulerezo zaulere zimene zingathandize kutseguka kampuluko kamodzika.

Kumaliza: Kulinga ku Dongosolo Logwirizanitsidwa ndi Nthaŵi Imodzi

Unansi pakati pa njira yoyenerera ndi chilungamo cha anthu si masewera a zilosum; mmalo mwake, ndi masewera amphamvu amene amafunikira chisamaliro cha nthaŵi zonse ndi kuwongolera. Njira yake imapereka maziko a chisalungamo chotokosa, pamene chilungamo chamakhalidwe a anthu chimapereka chitsogozo cha makhalidwe ku dongosolo la malamulo, kusonkhezera kusinthika mopambanitsa ku kutsata ku kulakwa. Madongosolo alamulo okhoza kwambiri ndiwo amene amazindikira kulingana kwawo . Kutetezera ufulu wa munthu payekha pamene akuyang'anira mokangalika malamulo.

Kwa nzika ndi ochirikiza, ntchitoyo ili yaŵiri: kukhalabe tcheru m'kukakamiza kuti ufulu woyenerera kuchitidwa ulemekezedwe kwa aliyense, ndi kusonkhezera kusintha kumene kumatseka kusiyana pakati pa malonjezo alamulo ndi zochitika. Ngati mwa kuchirikiza kuchirikiza ndalama za otetezera anthu, kuchotsa ndalama, kapena kuwonjezera kuperekedwa kwa uphungu m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, kuyesayesa kulikonse kumalimbitsa zonse ziŵiri zofunikira ndi chilungamo cha anthu. Potsirizira pake, chitaganya chimene chimachita popanda chilungamo cha mayanjano chingasunge njira pamene chikupitirizabe kusalingana; chitaganya chimene chimalondola chilungamo cha anthu popanda kukwaniritsa zolinga zachi. Ndicho chokha chimene tingapezedi chitaganya. [Foctivence]