Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amatumikira monga maziko a chitetezo cha anthu, ntchito yovuta yosunga dongosolo pamene akulemekeza ufulu wa anthu. Njira zimene amagwiritsira ntchito ziyenera kusinthiratu kuti zithetse kusintha kwa upandu, kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi kusintha kwa chitaganya. Kumvetsa njira zimenezi n’kofunika osati kwa akatswiri a zachilungamo okha komanso kwa nzika zimene zimafuna kuzindikira kuti malo awo asungidwa bwino. Kufufuza kowonjezereka kumeneku kumafufuza njira zosungitsa malamulo, apolisi ovuta, apolisi oyendetsa zinthu mwanzeru, apolisi ololera, ndi malo otentha a polisi apamwamba oyendera malamulo, ndi mapulogalamu awo enieni a dziko, mphamvu, ndi mikangano yolimbana nawo.

Kusamalira Anthu

Apolisi a m'derali asintha n'kusiya kutsata malamulo a chikhalidwe chawo n'kukhala ngati munthu wogwirizana kwambiri. M’malo moona anthu kukhala ongolandira ntchito zapolisi, udindo wapolisi wa m'mudzi monga wothandizana kuteteza. Njira imeneyi imafuna kuthetsa mavuto amene amachititsa upandu ndi mavuto.

Mfundo Zachikhalidwe ndi Kutsatira

Maziko a ntchito yapolisi a m'chitaganya ali pa mizati itatu: kugwirizana kwa chitaganya, kusintha kwa gulu, ndi mavuto. Apolisi amapatsidwa magudumu apadera kwa nyengo yaitali, kuwalola kukulitsa maunansi ndi eni mabizinesi a kumaloko, akuluakulu a sukulu, atsogoleri a chikhulupiriro, ndi nzika. Mapangano ameneŵa amathandiza akuluakulu a boma kusonkhanitsa nzeru zimene sizingaonekere m'malipoti a boma ndi kutulukira nkhani asanakule kukhala milandu yaikulu.

Polishi ya boma imaphatikizaponso kulinganiza ulamuliro wopanga zosankha. Oyang'anira apatsidwa mphamvu yogwira ntchito ndi ziŵalo za chitaganya kupanga mayankho ogwirizana ndi mavuto a kumaloko. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kulinganiza wotchi ya mnansi, kugwirizanitsa ndi mautumiki a mzinda kuyeretsa paki yonyalanyazidwa, kapena kukhazikitsa mikangano pakati pa magulu opikisana. Office ya Chilungamo cha U.S. yachirikiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali chitsanzo chimenechi, kupereka maphunziro ndi zipatala kwa mabungwe m'dziko lonse.

Ubwino ndi Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Zinthu Zimayendera Bwino

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti apolisi a m'chitaganya angawonjezere chikhutiro cha nzika, kuwonjezera chidaliro m'malamulo, ndi kuchepetsa mantha a upandu. Makina ofalitsidwa ndi Campbell Colnant apeza kuti maprogramu apolisi a chitaganya amachepetsa upandu ndi vuto, makamaka ngati aphatikizapo njira zothetsera mavuto. Ndiponso, anthu okhala ndi maunansi amphamvu a apolisi ndi apolisi ali othekera kwambiri kugwirizana ndi kufufuza ndi kunenera ntchito zokayikitsa, kupangitsa ndandanda yabwino ya chisungiko.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti apolisi a m'chitaganya alonjeza, amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu. Zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pophunzitsa, nthaŵi, ndi antchito, zimene madipatimenti ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito ndalama akuyesayesa kupereka. Otsutsanso amatsutsa kuti ntchito ya upoto wa anthu ingakhale yachiphamaso ngati igwiridwa monga njira yosinthira anthu m’malo mwa kusintha kwenikweni kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. M’zochitika zina, maofesala a ntchito zapolisi a m'chitaganya amachotsedwa pa madandaulo amwadzidzidzi, kukulitsa ubale. Kuwonjezera apo, njirayi ikhoza kukhala yothandiza kuchepetsa kusungidwa kwa malamulo, kumene zaka makumi ambiri za dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zawononga chikhulupiriro chimene bungwe limafuna kumanga.

Kuletsa Vuto

Polishi yokhala ndi vuto (POP) inayambitsidwa ndi Herman Goldstein kumapeto kwa 1970 monga kuyankha ku zoletsa za ntchito yolimbana ndi zochitika. Mmalo mwa kuwona pempho lililonse la utumiki kukhala chochitika chapadera, POP imalimbikitsa akuluakulu a boma kuzindikira mikhalidwe imene imayambitsa mavuto mobwerezabwereza. Njira imeneyi imayambitsa njira yachibadwa yochepetsera upandu ndipo imafunikira njira yadongosolo yochitira zinthu zochepetsera upandu.

Chitsanzo cha SARA

Chiyambi chofala kwambiri cha ntchito yapolisi yolimbana ndi mavuto ndi: Kufufuza, Kufufuza, Kufufuza, ndi Kufufuza. Panyengo ya kupima, apolisi ndi ziŵalo za mudzi amatchula mavuto obwerezabwereza . Monga gulu la mbala, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'paki, kapena kudandaula kwa nthaŵi zonse. Kufufuza kumaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso kuchokera ku zinthu zambiri kuti amvetse bwino chilengedwe, kukula, ndi zochititsa vutolo. Mbaliyi imaphatikizapo kuyambitsa njira zothandizira zoyendera zoyendera zinthu zina, monga kukhazikitsa malamulo, mautumiki a za mayanjano, kapena ntchito zapoyera. Potsirizira pake, kufufuza ngati kuloŵererako kukhoza kukwaniritsa zolinga zake.

Mapulogalamu Enieni a Dziko

Chitsanzo chimodzi cholembedwa bwino cha ntchito yapolisi yopanga mavuto ndi Newport News Virginia, ntchito ya , m'ma 1980, kumene apolisi anapenda mpambo wa kuba m'galimoto ndi kupeza kuti zambiri zinachitika m'malo oimika pafupi ndi kampani yopanga. Mwakugwira ntchito ndi fakitaleyo kuwongolera kuwala, kuwonjezera kukwera, ndi kusintha kuimika kwa antchito, dipatimentiyo ichepetsa kuba ndi 60%. Mayeso aposachedwapa amaphatikizapo maprogramu a POP mu United Kingdom, amene anapeza kuti vuto la kuyendetsa galimoto likhoza kuchepetsa upandu kwambiri popanda kubwerera m’malo ena.

Mphamvu ndi Zolephera

POP amatamandidwa chifukwa cha kugwira kwake bwino ntchito, pamene akutsogolera chuma ku mizu mmalo mwa zizindikiro. Imalimbikitsanso kusintha ndi kugwirizana kwa magulu. Komabe, POP ikufuna mlingo wapamwamba wa luso la zojambula ndi kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso zimene zingakhale zosakhoza madipatimenti aang'ono. Kuwonjezerapo, chitsanzo chingakhale chogwiritsa ntchito nthaŵi, ndipo popanda chichirikizo champhamvu, akuluakulu a boma angabwerere ku njira zamwambo zothandizira. Otsutsa apezanso kuti POP nthaŵi zina adagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zatanthauzo za chitaganya, kutsogolera ku njira zothetsera zimene zimalephera kuyankha nkhaŵa za anthu okhala m’dzikolo.

Kulamulira kwa Nzeru

Polishi yaluso (ILP) inayamba pozindikira kuti mabungwe osungitsa malamulo akusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chochuluka koma kaŵirikaŵiri alibe madongosolo otembenuzira chidziŵitsocho m'njira zogwira ntchito. ILP imaika mfundo zakugwiritsira ntchito luntha . Kuphatikizapo zikalata, kuyang'anira, kugamula kwa upandu, ndi mabungwe a mnzawo . Kusintha maganizo kuchokera ku olondera amwambo ndi kufufuza kochita zinthu ndi kulinganiza, kulinganiza.

Mbali Zazikulu ndi Zochita

ILP imadalira pa mndandanda wa zosonkhanitsa, kuyang'anira, kupenda, ndi kufalitsa nzeru. Ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito mapu a upandu, kuyang'anira pulogalamu ya kampani ya makampani, kuyang'anira za mayanjano a anthu, ndi zikalata zachinsinsi kuti apange chithunzi chochuluka cha makampani aupandu ndi ziwopsezo. Nzeru imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulinganiza anthu apamwamba, malo, ndi mitundu ya upandu. Dipatimenti ya apolisi ya New York, yomwe inayamba m'ma 1990, ndi chitsanzo chotchuka cha kupenda kwa makompyuta ndi kubwezera mlandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Compstat si IL, imagogomezera kwambiri za kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ndi kuyendetsa zinthu ndi kuyendetsa maazembe.

Malo Osungirako Nyama ndi Mabuku Osiyanasiyana

Kuti awonjezere phindu la luntha, mabungwe ambiri amatenga nawo mbali m'malo ophatikizapo anthu ophwanya malamulo, chitetezo cha anthu, ndi chidziŵitso cha anthu. Malo ameneŵa amathandiza kuti anthu azitha kugawana nzeru mumzinda, m’chigawo, m'boma, ndi m'mizere ya boma, zomwe zimathandiza kuti adziwe mwamsanga zinthu monga uchigaŵenga, upandu wolinganiza, ndi kuukira kwa pa Intaneti. Nationalal Conctific Acticticism Center [

Kugwira Mtima ndi Kupikisana

Apolisi ofufuza apatsidwa mlandu wosokoneza magulu aakulu ozembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuletsa zigaŵenga, ndi kuchepetsa upandu wachiwawa m'madera a anthu ofufuza kwambiri. Komabe, kudalira kwake pa kusonkhanitsa ndi kutumiza mauthenga kumawonjezera mavuto aakulu achinsinsi ndi ufulu wa anthu, makamaka ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera ochepa. Upandu wa “kuyendetsa zinthu mwangozi" . Kumene nzeru zimasonkhanitsidwa pa cholinga chimodzi.

Kulekerera Chibale

Polishi yolekerera pulojekiti imafunika kuonetsetsa kuti anthu azichita zinthu mwalamulo, ngakhale zolakwa zazing'ono monga kutaya zinyalala, kumwa mofala, ndi kulembalemba pamanja. Njira imeneyi imagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi “nthanthi yowonongeka ya mawindo” yotchuka ndi James Q. Wilson ndi George Kelling, imene imaonetsa kuti matenda amachititsa upandu waukulu. Mwa kupereka motsimikiza milandu yaing’ono, ochirikiza, apolisi angabwezetse mtendere ndi kuletsa upandu kuti usagwire ntchito.

Zimene Zinachitika ku New York

Mwina ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya upoto wa apolisi ku New York City inachitika mu 1990 pa nthawi imene Mkulu wa Apolisi William Bratton ndi Mayor Rudy Giuliani . NYPD inasumika maganizo pa milandu ya moyo wa anthu apamwamba . Monga kudumphadumpha, kuledzera kwa anthu onse, ndi mankhwala osokoneza misewu yokhudzana ndi kutumiza akuluakulu a boma m’madera aupandu kwambiri ndiponso malamulo omanga milandu. Maupandu, kuphatikizapo kuphana, anatsika kwambiri m'nyengo ino. Ochirikiza zimenezi amati kutsata lamulolo kumathandiza. Komabe, otsutsa kuti kutha kwa mankhwalawa kunali mbali ya kachitidwe kamtundu wa Black ndi Latino ndi kachitidwe kachiwawa kokhudza anthu a ku madera ena.

Malamulo a Mkhalidwe ndi Kusuliza

Mfundo yaikulu ya kulolerana kwa apolisi ndi yokhudza anthu: apolisi sapereka machenjezo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru. Njira imeneyi ndi yotumizira uthenga womveka wakuti vuto silidzaloledwa. Komabe, kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti kulolera kungachititse kulekeka kwa polisi ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulogalamu a anthu, kuchotsa kukhulupirirana pakati pa anthu, ndipo kuchititsa kuti anthu ambiri aikidwe chifukwa cha milandu yaing'ono imene imatsekedwa m'khoti. National Institute of Justice [ yazindikira kuti pamene kusungidwa kwa milandu yaikulu kungachepetse upandu, kulolera kosakondera kaŵirikaŵiri kumadzetsa kubwerera ndi kudandaula kowonjezereka kwa nzika.

Kubwereranso

Pamene kuli kwakuti madipatimenti ambiri achotsapo malamulo oletsa kulolerana, maelementi akupitirizabe m'mapulogalamu ofala apolisi ndi njira zosamalira dongosolo. Vuto la kusungitsa malamulo amakono nlopeza kulinganiza pakati pa malamulo osungitsa mtendere wa anthu ndi kupeŵa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu opatulidwa. Mabungwe ena atengera njira zina zimene zimaphatikiza kusungitsa lamulo ndi mautumiki a anthu, monga ngati kupereka chithandizo chakugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala mmalo mwa kumanga milandu yaing'ono ya mankhwala ogodomalitsa.

Kusuta Kotentha

Malo otentha apolisi ndi njira yozikidwa pa malo imene imasumika ndalama za apolisi pa chiŵerengero chaching'ono cha malo kumene upandu umachitika. Kufufuza kosasintha kumasonyeza kuti upandu sugawidwa mokulira kuzungulira mizinda; kachigawo kochepa ka magawo a khwalala kapena mamphambano ka maakaunti a zochitika zazikulu. Mwa kusumika maganizo pa malo otenthawa, apolisi angapereke chiyambukiro choletsa chowonjezereka pamene akugwiritsira ntchito bwino chuma.

Kupanga Mapping ndi Kusintha kwa Magazi

Malo otentha apolisi amakono amadalira pa makompyuta a chidziŵitso cha malo (GIS) ndi mapu a upandu kuti adziwe magulu a zigaŵenga. Malo otentha akapezeka, apolisi amaikidwa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, mobwerezabwereza m'madera amenewo. “Keper,” akutchedwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya krimu Christopher Koper, akupereka lingaliro lakuti kuyendera kwachidule, kosadziŵika bwino kumalekeza 10 mpaka 15 mphindi , kukhalako kwanthaŵi yaitali. Zimenezi zimasokoneza mpata wa apandu popanda kulola olakwawo kuyembekezera nthaŵi imene apolisi afika.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Zinthu Zimatheka

Kupenda kokwanira kochitidwa ndi Programu yothandiza ya National Institute of Justice kunapeza kuti malo otentha apolisi amachepetsa upandu pang'ono koma mosasintha, makamaka upandu wa katundu ndi kupempha utumiki. Chiyambukiro chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri pamene kuloŵerera kwa malo otentha kukuphatikizapo ndi njira zothetsera mavuto, monga ngati kukambirana ndi kupatsa anthu ntchito zachibale kapena kudalira pa kuchuluka kwa apolisi. Kufufuzanso kumasonyeza kuti upandu umapitidwa m’madera apafupi ndi kuchepa, ndi kuti kutentha kwa polisi kungayambitsedi “ngati mapindu omwe amachepetsa upandu m’madera ozungulira.

Kuthetsa Mavuto

Malo otentha apolisi amafunikira chidziŵitso cholondola, chanthaŵi yeniyeni ndi kukhoza kwa antchito a m’malo otentha mwamsanga. Makampani ayenera kutsutsa chiyeso cha kungothira mahomoni otentha ndi apolisi, zimene zingatsogolere ku kusungitsa ndi kubwezera kwachiwawa kwa chitaganya. Ndiponso, nzika za m'madera apamwamba zikhoza kumva kukhala zopanda pake ndi zotetezedwa ngati njira zopangira malo otentha sizikuphatikizidwa ndi zoyesayesa zenizeni zomanga unansi wa anthu. Kulinganiza kogwirizana ndi pangano kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti zipambane nthaŵi yaitali.

Kutenga Maluso Othandiza Kwambiri

Mabungwe ambiri amadalira njira imodzi. Madipatimenti ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri amagwirizana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, kugwirizanitsa ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana ndi mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, dipatimenti ingagwiritse ntchito ntchito ntchito polisi ya luntha kuti idziwe malo otentha ogulitsa mankhwalawa, kenako kugwiritsa ntchito apolisi opangidwa ndi mavuto kuti adziwe zinthu zimene zimachititsa (monga ngati zinthu zosiyidwa kapena kulephera kuunikira), ndipo pomalizira pake imathandiza anthu kudzera m'gulu la anthu kuti apeze zinthu. Njira imeneyi imathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse imene yagwiritsidwa ntchito poganizira zofooka zawo.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu

Kugwirizana kopambana kumafuna antchito omwe amaphunzitsidwa kupenda chidziŵitso, kukambirana mavuto, kulankhulana, ndi kupanga zosankha. Masukulu a apolisi ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa a maphunziro akuwonjezera maluso ameneŵa. Chikhalidwe cha gulu chiyeneranso kusiya kusumika maganizo pa ziŵerengero za kumangidwa ndi nthaŵi za kulabadira njira zambiri za chitetezo cha anthu ndi kudalira anthu. Makampani amene amagwirizana ndi kusintha kumeneku apeza zotulukapo zabwino ndi kuyenerera kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Makonzedwe a kusungitsa malamulo si njira imodzi yokha yothetsera mavuto. Polishi ya anthu imamanga kudalirana kofunikira pa kugwirizana kwa nthaŵi yaitali; ntchito yolimbana ndi mavuto imachititsa; ntchito yosatsatsa nzeru imapereka mphamvu za kulolera; ndipo ntchito yosalekerera imaika zinthu pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Aliyense ali ndi malo ake oyenera, ndipo aliyense amachita maupandu pamene akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kusokonezeka. Chitokoso cha malamulo amakono ndicho kusankha, kugwirizanitsa, ndi kugwirizanitsa njira zimenezi ndi mikhalidwe yapadera ya chitaganya chilichonse. Mwakutero, mabungwe angasungire dongosolo lapo ndi kulemekeza ufulu ndi ulemu wa anthu amene akugwira ntchito. Chonulira kuti chipitirize kuphunzira, kuonekera, ndi kuŵerengera.