Chigwirizano cha malamulo ndicho njira ya demokrase, kusintha malingaliro kukhala lamulo lolamulira. Pamene kuli kwakuti kapangidwe ka boma kamapereka mapulani, zipani za ndale zadziko zimapereka mphamvu ndi chitsogozo. Pafupifupi demokrase iriyonse yamakono, zipani siziri kokha openyerera; iwo ali oseŵera oyambirira kuumba zifuno, kuyang'anira, ndi kugamula zotsatira. Kwa ophunzira a mbiri yakale ndi sayansi ya ndale zadziko, kuzindikira mbali ya magulu a ndale zadziko kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira, chifukwa chake ena amalephera, ndi mmene kulinganiza mphamvu kumasinthira pa nthaŵi.

Kumvetsa Mapwando a Zandale: Zochita za Matchalitchi ndi Chisinthiko

Zipani za ndale si magulu ogwirizana a nzika zimene zimagwirizana pa zikhulupiriro za anthu ndi kugwira ntchito pamodzi kuti zipambane pa chisankho ndi kulamulira.

Kuimira ndi Kugaŵana kwa Zokondweretsa

Pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, maphwando amagwirizanitsa zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana za mamiliyoni a ovota m'mapulatifomu ogwirizana. Zimenezi zimagwirizanitsa njira ya malamulo mwa kulola opanga malamulo kugwirizana ndi malo alamulo ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Democratic Party ku United States yachirikiza mbiri yakale zoyenera za antchito ndi ubwino wa anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti Republican Party yakhazikitsa malonda aufulu ndi boma lokhala ndi malire. Kumasulira kumeneku kumathandiza opanga malamulo kuvomereza ndi kuthandiza nzika kuvomereza zipani kuti zikhale ndi mlandu.

Kulimbana kumeneku kumachititsa kuti anthu azitsutsana komanso kuyambitsa mavuto aakulu amene angasokoneze malamulo ndiponso kuchititsa kuti anthu azisintha zinthu zina kuti azisankha zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Gulu ndi Kugwidwa

Mabungwe a gulu ndiwo maziko a democracy . Amalemba anthu ofunsira, makampani opanga ndalama, ndi kutumiza anthu. Pakati pa mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo, mabungwe a magulu amapereka dongosolo: makomiti amagaŵiridwa m'zigawo za zipani, malo a utsogoleri amagaŵiridwa ndi atsogoleri a gulu, ndipo makalenda a malamulo amayendetsedwa ndi atsogoleri a zipani. Popanda zipani. Mabungwe a malamulo akayesayesa kugwira ntchito bwino, monga momwe opanga malamulo sangakhalire ogwirizana.

Kukula kwa Kachitidwe ka Zamankhwala ndi Chipani cha Anthu

Mabungwe ndi mafakitale a malamulo. Iwo amapanga misonkhano, mapulatifomu, ndi mapepala otsogolera ntchito ya malamulo. M'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo monga United Kingdom, zipani zoonetsedwa ndi mapangano ogwirizana; m'madongosolo a pulezidenti monga United States, mapulatifomu a pa kagulu amatumikira monga mapulani a malo a kutsogolo. Kachitidwe ka malamulo kamayamba kale chikalata chisanayambike.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kupereka Chiphunzitso

Zipani za ndale zimagwiranso ntchito monga magalimoto odziŵerengera mlandu. Oyang’anira angapereke kapena kulanga zigamulo pa bokosi lovota lozikidwa pa zotulukapo za malamulo. Zimenezi zimasonkhezera zipani kuti zipereke malonjezo awo. Chiphunzitso cha lamulo chimanena kuti chipani chopambana chili ndi mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito pulatifomu yake, imene imawapatsa mphamvu yoyendetsa zolinga zawo mwalamulo.

Ntchito ya Magulu a Zandale m’Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Mabwalo a malamulo amakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse, kuyambira pamene asankhapo mfundo inayake.

Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Chida champhamvu kwambiri chimene chingakhale ndi chingwe chapamwamba kwambiri ndicho kuyang’anira zimene zakonzedwa.

  • Majority Leadership Control : [[FT:1] M'nyumba ya Oimira ya U.S. Mtsogoleri wa Major ndi Komiti ya Malamulo (yokhala ndi mamembala ambiri) amagamulapo ngati chikalata chifika pansi. Angachotse ndalama zoyanjidwa kapena kukwirira awo amene amatsutsa. Malinga ndi [FLT:] Conforn.gov Chitsogocho , Komiti ya Malamulo imatchedwa kaŵirikaŵiri “chikalata cha Compress.
  • Chisonkhezero cha Chipani cha Nazi: Maphwando aang'ono sali opanda mphamvu. Angagwiritsire ntchito njira za procedro monga denalbuster ku United States kuti achedwe kapena aletse mavoti. Komabe, ambiri angagonjetse machenjera ameneŵa ngati asunga umodzi.
  • Mipata ya Chiwombankhanga: M'madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo monga Germany, mapangano olamulira amakhazikitsidwa ndi nduna ndi zigwirizano. Magulu otsutsa ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zalamulo koma angagwiritsire ntchito nthaŵi yokayikitsa ndi kutsutsa kwapoyera kuumba mkangano.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Agenda ndi Malingaliro a Anthu

Mapalensi amakhudzanso zimene afuna kuyambitsa nkhani za m'manyuzipepala ndi za m'manyuzipepala. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya kukambirana kwa zaumoyo kwa 2009-2010, Pulezidenti Obama ndi atsogoleri a democratic anachita zochitika zambiri zapoyera kuti apange mlandu wa Affordible Care Act. Kukakamiza kumeneku kunaumba kalendala ya malamulo ndi ma Republican kuti ayankhe, ngakhale kuti anatsutsa lamulolo. Kufufuza kwa [FLT: 0] Center yofufuza ya gulu la Acculture kumasonyeza kuti kukambirana kwa kagulu kapeseŵereshoni kochititsa chidwi ndi nkhani zimene zikufuna kuvoma.

Kutsutsa Malamulo

Pamene mlandu ukhala pampambo, maphwando amayesetsa kulamulira nkhani. Nkhani si yongofuna kulanda zonse; imakonzedwa ndi zikoti za chipani ndi atsogoleri amene amasankha kuti alankhule ndani, kwa utali wotani, ndi nkhani ziti.

  • Kudula ndi Kutumiza mauthenga: [[FLT :1] Mafomu a mafomu okopa ku mafesi awo ndi kuvota . Mwachitsanzo, 2017 Thosiki Lodula ndi Mapangano a Ntchito zinaikidwa ndi Republican monga “msonkho wochepa kwambiri [1] mosasamala kanthu za kufufuza kosonyeza mapindu aakulu koposa anaperekedwa ku makampani ndi opeza ndalama zambiri. Democrates adaika pepalalo kukhala lopereka kwa olemera. Kaundula wa gulu lirilonse losonkhezera kumvetsetsa ndi kuyendetsa malamulo.
  • Kulamulira : M'malamulo ambiri, chipani chochuluka chingachepetse nthaŵi yokambirana kudzera mu “lamulo logwirizana” limene silimalola kukonzanso, kapena“ lamulo lovomerezeka” limene limangolola kukonza kovomerezeka ndi ambiri. Zimenezi zimachepetsa mphamvu ya kusinthitsa ndalama.
  • Makomiti Omva ndi Umboni: amachititsa nkhani zapoyera pamene akatswiri ndi magulu achifuniro achitira umboni. Nthaŵi zambiri mipando ya gulu imasankha mboni zimene zimachirikiza malo awo, mwakutero kuwongolera zolembedwa zimene zimadziŵitsa makambitsirano apansi.

Mmene Chipsepse Chimagwirira Ntchito

Magulu amapatsidwa ntchito yoŵerengera mavoti ndi kukopa ziŵalo kuchirikiza chipani. Amagwiritsira ntchito chitsenderezo mwa kukopana, malonjezo a makomiti, ndi ziwopsezo za kukana kuchirikiza ndalama za chiŵalo. M'magulu olangidwa kwambiri, kulephera kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo za ntchito. Malinga ndi Encclopedia Britannica , zikwapulo zili zamphamvu kwambiri m'malamulo monga Canada ndi United Kingdom, kumene kuvotera kutsutsana ndi gululo kungatsogolere kuchotsa ku chikole cha caucus.

Kupanga Zinthu Zolimba ndi Mgwirizano wa Zipani

Kulankhula ndi kumene chisonkhezero cha chipani chimakhala chowonekera kwambiri. M'malamulo ambiri, kugwirizana ndi chipani ndiko chizindikiro chimodzi chabwino koposa cha voti ya chiŵalo.

  • Umodzi Unyinji waukulu: Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Govrack kumasonyeza kuti opanga malamulo a ku America kuchokera ku zigawo zonse ziŵiri zazikulu zovota ndi gulu lawo oposa 90% ya nthaŵi pa nkhani za chisankho. Mgwirizano umenewu uli wamphamvu kwambiri m'madongosolo a malamulo, kumene voti yotsutsana ndi boma ingayambitse ntchito yosagwirizana.
  • Coalition Building :[[FLT :1] Pamene palibe chipani chimodzi chikugwira unyinji [1] monga momwe kuliri kofala m'madongosolo ambiri onga Netherlands kapena Italy .Mapartiva ayenera kupanga mgwirizano kuti apereke malamulo. Zimenezi zimafuna kukambirana ndi kulolerana, koma kugwirizana kotsatirapo kumalongosola malongosoledwe a malamulo a mawuwo.
  • Kutseguka ndi Vote Trading: Maparting amathandizanso kutseguka kwa malo, kumene ziŵalo zimagulitsa mavoti pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Atsogoleri a gulu amathandiza mapangano ameneŵa kutsimikizira kuti ngongole zofunika zikupitirire.

Kusintha Ndale Kumakhudza

M’zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, kugawanika kwa ndale kwakula m’mademokrase ambiri, kuchititsa kuti malamulo asinthe.

Kuwonjezera Kulambira ndi Kutha kwa Kulambira Opartishani

M'nyengo zapitazo . Monga ngati 1960 ndi 1970s .legilators kuchokera kwa magulu onse aŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri zinagwirira ntchito pamodzi pa ufulu wa anthu, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi ubwino wa anthu. Lerolino, bipartaviaship yapachiweniweni yachitika kamodzi. Kusintha kwa chigawo kwapanga kukhulupirika kwa pagulu kukhala mayeso a osankhidwa oyambirira, kuletsa kugwirizana kwa opatukana. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata cha 2010 cha Dodd-F kukonzanso zachuma chinaperekedwa ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya Democrates ndi Republics, pamene kuli kwakuti chikalata cha 201818 cha famu ya za fakitale chinafuna mgwirizano wachilendo wa Democrats ndi Republics kuti agonjetse magawa a 76.

Kuuka kwa Kaucus

M’magulu, mfundo za m’nyumba za Freedom Caucus mu U.S. kapena European Conservatives ndi Reformers mu European Parliament zingatseke malamulo ngakhale pamene atsogoleri a zipani achilikiza. Magulu ameneŵa akupangitsanso kusokoneza njira ya malamulo ndipo angachititse atsogoleri a chipani kulephera kulamulira.

Kulinganiza Malamulo ndi Zotulukapo Zake

Pamene kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonjezereka kwa zinthu, kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsatira. Gridlock imabuka pamene unyinji ndi waung’ono sagwirizana pa njira zazikulu zochitira zinthu, zimene zimatsekereza, zigamulo zopitirizabe, ndi kulephera kuthetsa nkhani zopanikiza za dziko.

  • Gridrock: [[FT:1] Boma la United States lakhala likuletsedwa kambirimbiri kuyambira 1995, makamaka mu 2013 ndi 2018-2019, pamene mikangano ya zaumoyo ndi za chitetezo chamalire a dzikolo inaimika.
  • Jodicial Ingliefment Blockes : Kupereka kwayambukiranso mapangano achiweruzo. Nkhondo za pa Bwalo Lapamwamba, monga ngati mkhalidwe wa Merrick Garland mu 2016, zakhala zofala mmalo mwa kusiyanitsa.
  • Act on Public Trust Trust:[[FLT :1] Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Center yofufuza [ kumasonyeza kuti kukhulupirira boma kwachepa kwambiri pamene malo ozungulira awonjezereka. Ofufuza amaona mbali kukhala zofunitsitsa kumenya nkhondo kuposa kulamulira, zimene zimachepetsa unduna wa demokrase.

Kuyerekezera: Chisonkhezero cha Gulu m’Madongosolo Osiyana

Si makhomagedo onse amene amagwira ntchito mofanana. Chisonkhezero cha zipani chimasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakati pa madongosolo a pulezidenti ndi nyumba ya malamulo, ndipo chimakhalanso chowonjezereka pakati pa madongosolo aŵiri a mbali ndi magawo ambiri.

Madongosolo a Nyumba ya Malamulo

M'madongosolo a pulezidenti monga United States, nthambi za akuluakulu ndi za malamulo zimasankhidwa mosiyana. Izi zingatsogolere ku boma logawikana, kumene chipani chimodzi chimalamulira desidenti ndi maulamuliro ena. M'nkhani zotero, zipani zimagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo zalamulo kutsutsa zolinga za pulezidenti, zimene zimayambitsa nkhondo yaikulu ndi kugwetsa nthaŵi zambiri. M'madongosolo a palamente, mkulu amatengedwa ku bungwe la malamulo, kutanthauza boma limalamula kuti anthu ambiri aitsatire. Zimenezi zimachititsa chipani kukhala champhamvu ndi lamulo losavuta kupitirira, koma chimachititsanso mamvekedwe osamveka bwino otsutsa.

Njira Zosiyanasiyana

Madongosolo a mbali ziŵiri, monga ngati U.S. ndi U.K., amatulutsa malamulo okhazikika ndi omveka bwino kuŵerengera. Komabe, amalimbikitsanso ndale zadziko zotchuka. Madongosolo ambiri, monga aja a ku Germany, Sweden, kapena Israel, amafuna maboma ogwirizana, omwe angatsogolere ku malamulo otsatiridwa kwambiri. Kunsi, kugwirizana kungakhale kofooka, ndipo kachitidwe ka malamulo kanga kangachepe pamene mapangano akukambirana mfundo iliyonse.

Ntchito ya Chipani Chokopa Anthu ndi Magulu Okondwerera

M'mademokrase ambiri, zipani zimadalira pa zopereka zochokera ku makampani, maukwati, ndi anthu olemera. Chisonkhezero chimenechi cha zachuma chimaumba zinthu zofunika kwambiri za malamulo. Ofufuza amathandizana ndi atsogoleri a chipani kukonza mafaindi, kutumiza zibwenzi, ndi kutsekera njira zosayenera. Pamene kukopa kuli kololedwa, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kulemera kukhale mphamvu yosayerekezereka. OpenSECT Seloralset trans atmoct ikugwirizana ndi mavoti a malamulo mu U.S.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Chisonkhezero cha Gulu

Kuti muone mfundo zimenezi zikutsatiridwa, zigawo ziŵiri zodziŵika za lamulo la Affordble Care Act (2010) ndi Tchall Cuts ndi Jobs Act (2017) fotokozani mmene magulu andale zadziko angasonkhezerere ndi kuwongolera dongosolo la malamulo.

Chikalata Chothandiza Kusamalira Anthu Odwala (2010)

ACA anali njira yosinthira zaumoyo yotchuka imene Prezidenti Obama ndi Democratic Party anaichirikiza.

  • Party Leadership:[FLT: 1] Mlankhuli Nancy Pelosi ndi Nyumba ya Majenarity Mtsogoleri Harry Reid anagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wawo kusungitsa lamulolo mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso chachikulu cha Republic. Iwo anagwiritsira ntchito njira zopotoza zomveka, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito bajeti yoyanjanitsirana ndi munthu wokhoza kulowa m'mabwalo a malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mavoti: Republica anagwiritsira ntchito chiŵiya chirichonse chopezeka kuchedwa ndi kukonza lamulo, kuphatikizapo kupereka mazana a zobwezedwa m'komiti. Lamulo lomaliza linadutsa ndi mavoti a zero Republican m'Nyumba ndipo ochepa okha m'Batele, kusonyeza magawano aakulu ogaŵa.
  • Zopezedwa: [1] AKA adapulumuka zitokoso za lamulo ndi kukhalabe lamulo, koma mawu ake anagogomezera kuvuta kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo aakulu m'malo osiyanasiyana. Ilo linagwirizanitsanso malo a chipani pa zaumoyo zaka zikubwera.

Kudula Msonkho ndi Ntchito Apereka Chilamulo (2017)

TCJA inali chikalata chosonyeza ntchito ya m'nyumba ya boma la Trump ndi boma la Republican logwirizana.

  • Party Cohesion: Republican anagwiritsira ntchito bajeti ya kuyanjanitsa ndi kuletsa nyumba ya malamulo ya Servene ndi kagulu ka anthu wamba. Mosasamala kanthu za mikangano ya mkati pa tsatanetsatane [1] Makamaka ponena za kulephera kwa boma ndi misonkho ya kumaloko . Gululo linasunga umodzi wokwanira kuyendetsa ndalama mu December 2017.
  • Kalata yoikidwa: Palibe Nyumba Democrates yovotera kaamba ka lamulo lomalizira, ndipo Konbuti imodzi yokha Democrat . Joe Manchin . Chikalatacho chinagogomezera kugaŵa kwakukulu kwa lamulo la msonkho. TCJA inasonyezanso makonzedwe ocholoŵana akuti kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa pambuyo pa zaka khumi, kusonyeza kukwera kwa mtengo wa maufumu andale zadziko.
  • Impact-Term: TCJA yapatsidwa mlandu wa kupititsa patsogolo kukwera kwa makampani ndi kusuliza kuwonjezera ndalama za kampani. Koma mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwa malamulo, imaima monga chitsanzo cha buku la zikalata za malamulo a chipani mu demokrase yamakono.

Kumaliza

Zipani zandale zandale pa kachitidwe ka malamulo nzamphamvu ndipo nzofalikira ponse paŵiri. Kuchokera pa kukhazikitsa ndi kulamulira makambitsirano kufikira pa kulamula mavoti ndi kumanga magulu, magulu amaumba mbali iriyonse ya kupanga malamulo. M’nyengo ya kuwonjezereka kwa kugaŵikana ndi chitsenderezo cha nthaŵi zonse cha ofalitsa nkhani, kuzindikira kuti chisonkhezerocho chiri chofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi a mbiri ndi sayansi ya ndale zadziko, mfungulo njakuti lamulo siliri kokha la technocratic . Malamulo a maseŵerawo angakhale auchete kwambiri. Koma oseŵerawo ali auchete koma. Mwa kuphunzira mmene maphwando amagwiritsira ntchito chisonkhezero chawo, timazindikira mphamvu ndi zofooka za ulamuliro wa demokrase. Ndipo monga nzika, kuti kuzindikira ndiko sitepe loyamba kuli kulinga ku ku kugwirizanitsa zipani ndi opanga malamulo oŵerengera mlandu.