Kusintha kwa Lamulo Lachinayi Kutetezera Dziko la Ordinal

Kuyenera kwa kumasuka ku kusanthula kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri kuli maziko a ufulu wa munthu, woikidwa mu Lamulo Lachinayi la United States. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1791, lemba lake limaŵerenga kuti: "Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeredwa mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, zoletsa kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa, sikudzaswedwa, ndipo palibe Warrant adzaperekedwa, koma chifukwa chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena kutsimikizira, ndipo makamaka kufotokoza malowo kufunidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoyenera kulandiridwa. Kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kutha kwa nzika zimenezi kwatetezedwa ndi boma mochenjera mwa kupempha lamulo lakupeza chilo chozikidwa pa zifukwa zofunikira m’mbali zina. Komabe, nyengo yofala ya kufalikira, ya magetsi, yopangidwa ndi zitsutso zamphamvu kwambiri, yomwe ikupangidwa ndi zitsutso zamphamvu zamphamvu. Oweruza alephera kukhazikitsa malamulo aunika malamulo amakono.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kufunafuna ndi Chiphunzitso Chachidziwitso

Demendulo lachinayi linayambika chifukwa cha kutsutsa malamulo a boma ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo, zimene zinalola akuluakulu a ku Britain kuyang'ana nyumba ndi katundu popanda kuletsa. Cholinga chachikulu cha kukonza ndi kuteteza nzika ku boma mwa kufuna kuti kufufuza kulikonse kulungamitsedwe ndi anthu okayikira. M'mbiri yambiri ya ku America, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Kane Kokonza zinthu kunali kolunjika: Kuletsa kuukira kwa thupi kwa nyumba, munthu, mapepala, kapena zotsatira zake. Kufufuzako kunachitika pamene apolisi analoŵa m'dera lotetezeredwa ndi lamulo lalamulo, ndipo kulanda katundu kunachitika pamene boma linatenga katundu wanyama.

Zigamulo ziŵiri zapadera za Supreme Court zinasinthanso kwambiri kupenda kwa Kusintha kwa China m’zaka za zana la 20. Olstead v. United States (1928), Khoti linaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito telefoni sikunapange kufunafuna kapena kugwidwa chifukwa chakuti panalibe kuloŵerera kwenikweni m’nyumba ya woimbidwa mlandu. Chilungamo Brandeis chotchuka, kutsutsa kuti ufulu wololedwawo ndiwo " ufulu woposa ufulu wonse ndi woyenerera woyamikiridwa ndi anthu a kutsungula. Pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pake, khoti la Olmstee mu [FL:2]. Chidaletso chachi chachi chikuvomerezedwa ndi chigamu chimene chimadalira pa kuyesa kwa boma. Chidaletsochi chachi, chinkadziwika ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu ambiri. United States. [FLT.] (1967], chimene chimakhazikitsa malo a Chiyenero cha Chikalata chothandiza kutsimikizira kuti chigamuke chaku

Mavuto a Pakompyuta Oteteza Kukakhala Kokha

Kusintha kwa magetsi kwachititsa Katz kapangidwe ka zinthu m’njira zambiri. Choyamba, ndandanda yaikulu ya chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini yopangidwa ndi zipangizo zamakono imaposa kwambiri chilichonse chimene chingasungidwe m’nyumba yeniyeni. foni yamakono ili ndi siikulung'ana okha komanso mameyi, mauthenga, zithunzi, mbiri ya zaumoyo, mafashoni, maphunziro a zachuma, ndi -- ku Apps -- cholembera chatsatanetsatane cha moyo wa munthu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Chachiwiri, zambiri za zolemba zimenezi sizikhala pa chiwiyacho chokha koma pa mtambo kapena pa maseŵero achitatu, kuwonjezera masamu a Kukonzanso Konso Konsonso. Pansi pa "chitatu-party chiphunzitso," Khoti lidalire lakhala ndi lingaliro lakuti anthu amataya chiyembekezo awo achinsinsi mwaufulu. Mwachitsanzo, [FT.] [FSN.[9]

Komabe, mikhalidwe yapadera ya luso la zopangapanga yachititsa makhoti kupendanso chiphunzitso chachitatu. Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa kalelo m'nkhani zamakono. Chiyambukiro chothandiza nchakuti mabungwe osungitsa malamulo tsopano ali ndi luso lakuyang'anira, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha malo a maselo (CSI), GPS kujambula, pologalamu ya pa Intaneti (IP), kusonkhanitsa mametadata, ndi kukumba mapulatifomu. Zida zimenezi zimalola boma kupanga zithunzi zofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za mayanjano a anthu, makampani, ndi zizoloŵezi zake popanda kukwera pa katundu wawo.

Khoti Lalikulu Linachotsa Malo Obisika

Jones (202) ndi United States

mu United States v. Jones, Khoti Lapamwamba linalankhula ngati kugwirizanitsa chipangizo choyendera GPS ku galimoto ndi kuyang'anira njira zake kwa masiku 28 kunapanga kufufuza. Boma linatsutsa kuti palibe kufunafuna kumene kunachitika chifukwa chakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo sanayembekezere zachinsinsi m'michitidwe ya anthu. Khoti linasankha kuyanja Jones, koma zoweruza zinagaŵidwa pa ndandanda. Woweruza Scalia anakhulupirira kuti kumamatira kwa thupi kwa chipangizocho kunali kulakwa pa katundu, ndipo chifukwa chake kufunafuna Kolamulira Kolamulira Koyamba. Sotomamenti anavomereza, osati kuti "kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono zimene zimachititsa kuti kuyang'anira kwa boma kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhalenso kwachinsinsi kotheka kwa anthu ena opanganso maluso ena odziŵika bwino" kupitiriza kukayikira zinthu za m'malonjezera za ku chiganitsa chigamu, ndipo kuwonjezera chigamu chigamu, choyenera kutsimikizira kuti, kutsimikizira kuti, kutsimikizira chigamu chigamu chigamu chachikulu, chigamu chika cha chigamu, chika chaku

Riley v. California (2014)

Mu . California , khoti linafunsa ngati apolisi angafufuze foni ya m’manja yogwidwa popanda chilolezo. Khotilo linavomereza kuti mwina ayi. Woweruza wamkulu Roberts analemba kuti "mafoni amakono, monga gulu, amaloŵetsa nkhaŵa zachinsinsi kuposa zimene zatchulidwa ndi kufunafuna phaketi la fodya, chikwama, kapena chikwama cha ndalama. Lingaliro linagogomezera kuti mafoni a m’manja si chinthu china chakuthupi chabe; ali ndi "Pricies of Life" ndipo angasunge unyinji wa chidziŵitso, chimene sichikupezeka ngakhale pa chipangizo chenicheni. Khoti lina linakana mfundo za boma zimene zina zofufuza za m’mafufuza kuti zikhale umboni wofuna kufunafuna chida cha mphamvu yathupi, ngakhale chida chofunikira kuyang’anira chida chakufufuza chida chaku

Carpbate v. United States (208)

Chigamulo chachikulu cha makompyuta a anthu ozengedwa mlandu ndicho Carpeent . United States [FLT ] . Boma linalandira masiku 127 a malo a maselo kuchokera ku Sprint, kuphatikizapo kayendedwe a woimbidwa mlandu, popanda chilolezo. Nkhani inali yakuti boma likhoza kuyang'ana CSLI kuchokera ku mbali yachitatu ya madekshoni. M'chiweruzo, Khoti linakhulupirira kuti limatero. Chilungamo chachikulu Roberts, kulemberanso anthu ambiri, chikudziŵa kuti anthu "akuyembekezera malo achinsinsi oyenera m'zochitika zawo zonse. "." Khoti lotchuka loyambirira lachitatu la chiphunzitso, monga [FLT:] [vP]. [5]

Kuyesetsa Kuteteza Malamulo ndi Malangizo Oteteza Zinthu Zobisika

Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti achitapo kanthu mwamphamvu, Nyumba za Malamulo ndi maulamuliro achitanso kukonza chitetezo chachinsinsi cha mlingo. [ALEctronic Communications Iskhoct (ECPA)] ya 1986 inali njira yoyambirira yoperekera chitetezo cha magetsi, koma makonzedwe ake atha kukhala apadera. Mwachitsanzo, ECPA imalola boma kulowa m'ma email osungidwa kwa masiku 180 okha, osati lamulo. [[FLT:] USUS, Act [[FFFF:3] pa zopereka za maluso ambiri zanzeru koma zamagetsi ambiri osakwaniritsa. [malamulo ambiri], posachedwapa, malamulo awo monga ngati a California (ACCCCCC] akhazikitsa malamulo awo aakulu. [Mosatsati yoyambirira, [IFNF] [IF] [1] [Imodzi] m'malamulo owonjezera a za malonda a za malonda a za malonda. "make] [ake]] [mo: "FF: "

Chivomezi cha American Liberties Union chakhala chochirikiza chotsogolera kaamba ka kubwezeretsedwa kwa malamulo Owonjezera Achinayi, kutsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chachitatu cha mbali chiyenera kukonzedwa kuti chizindikire kuti chidziŵitso cha foni ndi chosiyana kwenikweni ndi zolembedwa za bizinesi za m'magazini mu [[FLT:] SMTY].

Mgwirizano Womangira: Kulemba Malemba, Kuulutsa Malo, ndi Kudziŵa za Maselo Okhala ndi Maselo Osiyanasiyana

Kachitidwe ka zofufuza zamakono kachititsanso mavuto ena. Kutsutsana pa [FLT: 0] kwachititsa kutsata lamulo kwa "kungofikira" ndi kubisa kwa ogwiritsira ntchito onse. FBI 2016 imayesa kukakamiza Apple kutsegula pepala la San Bernardo flaser' [PLT:] kutsegula kukambitsirana kwa dziko kuti boma lifune makampani a zaluso kuti athetse njira zawo zachitetezo. Khoti lililonse lakhala likulamulira kotheratu pa malamulo a boma pansi pa Kukonzanso Konsi kwa Chachinayi. Panthaŵiyi, [[FLT:] kugwiritsa ntchito makampani a ma ma ma ma mapulogalamu a dziko kapena ziŵiro zina kuti apange maluso ena.

[[FLT: 0] Kuyang'anira kwachiphamaso, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira nkhope, kupenda zilembo, ndi kusanthula zidindo, kumapereka muyalo wina wocholoŵana. Makhoti ambiri amanena kuti munthu sayembekezera kukhala yekha kwa thupi lake pamaso pa anthu, koma kuyang'ana ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziŵitso cha zinthu zamoyo kumatheketsa kupitiriza kulondola ndi kudziŵidwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhope ndi malamulo, nthaŵi zina kuphatikiza pamodzi ndi zidutswa zazikulu za laisensi ya laisensi ya galimoto, kwachititsa kuswa mlandu woswa malamulo a Commotion. [[FLT:LYN]. m'boma v, Mary World Court yomwe ikufuna kuti aonerective reclation transive reconformation ipereke deficlation, komano yosanjanjanja kumbuyo, imapitirizabe kutsutsana ndi kuyendetsa foni yosanja yachisanu.

Kufufuza Mafoni ndi Mafoni Amakono N’kothandiza Padziko Lonse

United States siili yokha yolimbana ndi nkhani zimenezi. Komiti ya European Union [[FLT: 0] Yachisawawa Yotetezera Data (GDPR) [GOFL:1] imapereka chitetezo champhamvu kwa munthu aliyense, ndipo Khoti la European Court of Human Rights lazindikira kuti kuyang'anira kwamagetsi kungaswe mfundo 8 ya Msonkhano wa ku Ulaya pa Zoyenera za Anthu, umene umatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kulemekeza moyo waumwini. M’nkhani yodziŵika Mbale Watch v. United Kingdom[FLT:] [20], Khoti la Ulaya linavomereza kuti UK'kutsendereza ufulu wa anthu. Panthaŵiyi, monga dziko la Australia ndi United States lapereka malamulo oletsa kuloŵererana ndi malamulo a boma kuti aperekere malamulo a zachinsinsi oletsa kapena oletsa kuletsa nkhani ngati kuti asudzudzulidwa ndi lamulo lokhudza malamulo a boma.

Malamulo a U.K Data Access Accounting pact ya CLOUD , imalola lamulo kupempha chidziŵitso chamagetsi kwa osamalira m'dziko lina. Mapangano ameneŵa amadzutsa nkhani za Demende Lachinayi za kuyang'anira mdadada ndi kaya zilolezo zoperekedwa ndi makhoti akunja zikukwaniritsa chiyeneretso cha Opaleshoni Yachinayi. [FLT: 0] United States v. Microsoft Corp . , Congress Comment inakhazikitsa mlanduwo mwa kudutsa CLOUD Act , imene imapatsa US mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo kuti apeze chidziŵitso chosungidwa kumaiko a United States.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Chisungiko ndi Ufulu m’Nyengo Yachiŵerengero cha Mayiko

Kuyenera kwa kumasuka ku kusanthula kosayenera kwatsimikizira kukhala kogwirizana kwambiri, koma kusintha kwa luso kukupitirizabe kupambana lamulo. Chiphunzitso cha pa Katz kwa Katente [1] [ amasonyeza kuti Khoti Lapamwamba likufuna kuti chidziŵitso cha manambala chikhale chofunikira mpangidwe watsopano, munthu amene amasiya zinthu zozikidwa pa zinthu ndi chiphunzitso chachitatu chachikale. Komabe, Khoti yakhala ikuyankha mafunso ambiri. Kodi boma limafunikira chilolezo cha kulowa mu utali wofufuza mbiri yakale? lunthaluntha la kuwona zinthu zapamalo? DNA imeneyi imasunga m'malembo wamba?

Chithandizo cha malamulo chidakali chofunika. Nyumba ya malamulo iyenera kukonza ECPA kuti ifunikire zilolezo za njira zonse zolankhulirana ndi zosungidwa, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu kapena malo. Chiyeneranso kukhazikitsa lamulo lachinsinsi la boma limene limakhazikitsa chitetezo cha munthu aliyense pa zonse ziŵiri boma ndi kampani. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, lamulo losungitsa lamulo liyenera kupenda upandu ndi kuteteza dziko mwa njira zoonekera bwino, kuyang'anira komiti, ndi kulowa kwa dzuŵa kwa akuluakulu ofufuza. Mpake si poct yodziphera; ndilo maziko a malamulo oyenera. M'nyengo ya manambala, chitoko cha kulongosola chimene "kulolera" pamene boma lili ndi kukhoza kuona, kumva, ndi kuyang’anira mbali iriyonse ya moyo wathu.

Monga momwe Justice Brandeis anachenjezera mu [[FLT: 0] Olmstead , "Upandu waukulu wa ufulu wobisika ndi anthu achangu, atanthauzo koma opanda chidziŵitso. Kukula kwa ufulu wa kumasuka ku kusanthula kosalingalira kwa m'nyengo ya manambala kudzadalira pa kumvetsetsa kwa makhoti, opanga malamulo, ndi anthu onse amene chinsinsi sichili chosunga ndandanda ya pepala ndi nyukiliya koma mkhalidwe wofunika wa ufulu m'dziko logwirizana. Mbadwo wotsatira wa Kukonzanso zinthu Kuyenera kutsimikizira kuti luso la zopangapanga zinthu litumikira anthu, osati kutsutsa. [FL:] Kuphunzira kwambiri nkhani za makompyuta kuchokera ku Ecromatom Foundation Foundation [FFFF]