Table of Contents

Kumvetsa Mawu a Mulungu: Kuika Maganizo pa za Mphamvu ndi Mmene Zimakhudzira Dziko Lonse

Chiauthoritarianism chimatanthauza umodzi wa mitundu ya ulamuliro wokhalitsa kwambiri ndi wotsatira m'mbiri ya anthu. Pamaziko ake, ulamuliro wa authoritarianism ndi dongosolo landale kumene mphamvu zimaikidwa m’manja mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kakang'ono, kosaŵerengeka, kaŵirikaŵiri kusungidwa mwa kukakamiza, kuchuluka kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kupondereza kwadongosolo kwadongosolo. Mosiyana ndi ulamuliro wa boma, kumene mphamvu zimatha kufalitsa ndi kulinganiza, malamulo a a a authoritarianism, kukhazikika, ndi kusungidwa kwa zikondwerero za anthu apamwamba paufulu ndi kugawana nawo. Kumvetsetsa maluso, mbiri yakale, ndi kutsendereza kwamakono kwa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro kuli kofunika kwa nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi ophunzira ofuna kulondola malo andale zadziko apadziko lonse lapansi.

Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo a authoritarianism angatenge mitundu yambiri — kuyambira ku majeremusi ankhondo kufikira ku maboma a ndale za anthu okhawokha . Iwo amagawana mfundo imodzi: kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro ndi kutsutsidwa. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa ulamuliro wa athoritarianism, kufufuza mikhalidwe yake yolongosola, kusinthika kwa mbiri, njira zolamulira, zotulukapo za chikondi, ndi mphamvu zimene zimatsutsa. Mwakujambula pa kufufuza nkhani kuchokera ku dziko lonse, timafuna kupereka lingaliro lotsimikizirika la chifukwa chake ulamuliro wa authorizimu umapitirizabe ndi mmene umasinthira kusintha mikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zapadziko lonse.

Kufotokoza Makhalidwe a Authoritarianism: Makhalidwe ndi Kusiyana kwa Zinthu

Asayansi andale zadziko akhala akutsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kumasulira kolondola kwa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism, koma ambiri amavomereza pa mbali zazikulu zimene zimausiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya ulamuliro. Mosiyana ndi maulamuliro ankhanza, amene amafuna kulamulira mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa anthu ndi wa munthu, madongosolo authoritarianism amalola mlingo wakutiwakuti wa ufulu wa kakhalidwe ndi wa zachuma malinga ngati sawopseza ulamuliro wa gulu lolamulira. Komabe, malire pakati pa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism ndi wa anganyansire, makamaka m’maulamuliro ndi mfundo zapamwamba kapena zigawo za anthu.

Makhalidwe Aakulu a Akonzi

Maboma a akonzi amasonyeza mikhalidwe yobwerezabwereza imene inawasiyanitsa ndi madongosolo a demokrase:

  • Kugwirizanitsa Mphamvu: ulamuliro wopanga zosankha umaikidwa pakati pa mtsogoleri mmodzi, chipani cholamulira, kapena kachigawo kolamulira. Ziletso za malamulo, ngati zilipo, zili zamwambo ndipo zinganyalanyazidwe pa chifuniro.
  • Chiphunzitso chandale zadziko chotsutsidwa: zipani zotsutsa, mabungwe a chitaganya a anthu, ndi maukwati aufulu a malonda ali oletsedwa, olamuliridwa molimbika, kapena opangidwa osaphula kanthu mwa kugwirizana kapena kuvutitsa.
  • Kutsenderezedwa kwa Kusavomereza : Otsutsa boma amayang'anizana ndi chizunzo chalamulo, kusanthula, kuyang’anira, kumangidwa, kuthamangitsidwa, kapena kuipiraipira. Boma limagwiritsira ntchito chiŵiya chake cha chisungiko kuchotsa kapena kuchotsa mtundu uliwonse wa chitsutso cholinganizidwa.
  • Control Over Information: Malo oulutsira mawu ndi a boma kapena osonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi boma, ndipo manyuzipepala aumwini amaletsedwa. Propaganda ndi pulogalamu yotsutsa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhezera maganizo a anthu ndi kuchotsera adani mtima.
  • Kusankha: Pamene zichitidwa masankho, cholinga chake n’kukhazikitsa gulu lolamuliralo mmalo mopereka chosankha chenicheni. Ballot composing, chiwopsezo cha voti, kutsutsidwa kwa otsutsa, ndi makomiti osankha okondera n’kofala.
  • Kutseguka ndi Lamulo: Atsogoleri kaŵirikaŵiri amapatula malamulo ndi makhoti, kupereka malamulo kapena mphamvu zangozi zokhazikitsa malamulo popanda kufufuza kapena kuyang’anira.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa Kulemba Mabuku

Maboma onse a authoritarianism saoneka ofanana.

  • [[FLT: 0] Unyinji wa kudziimira paokha: [[FLT: 1] Mphamvu imachitidwa ndi munthu mmodzi amene amalamulira dongosolo la ndale zadziko kupyolera mwa kukopa, kuchilikiza, ndi mantha. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo North Korea pansi pa Kim Jong Un, Iraq pansi pa Sadam Hussein, ndi Syria pansi pa banja la Asad.
  • [[FLT :0] Kagulu ka maofesala kankhondo kalanda mphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa kulanda boma, ndipo kalamulira mwachindunji kapena kupyolera mwa mapepala a voti a anthu. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo Argentina pansi pa Jorge Rafael Videl junta (197619983) ndi Myanmar pambuyo pa kulanda boma 2021.
  • Zigawo chimodzi: Chipani chimodzi cha ndale zadziko chimalamulira ulamuliro, kutsendereza mapikisano onse ndi kudziphatika kwakukulu m'dziko ndi chitaganya. China pansi pa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha China, Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cuba ziri zitsanzo zotchuka zamakono.
  • [[FLT: 0] Masteritarianism : Olamulira a monarchy kapena olamulira a dynastic amasumika mphamvu m’manja mwawo, kaŵirikaŵiri mothandizidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo kapena amwambo. Saudi Arabia ndi United Arabhu Emirate amamasulira mtundu umenewu.
  • Ili ndi mfundo zogwirizana ndi mfundo za Unduna: Matanthauzo amene amasunga kupikisana kwa demokalase pamene akugwetsa malo oseŵera motsatira anthu otchuka. Russia pansi pa Vladimir Putin, Hungary pansi pa Viktor Orbán, ndi Turkey pansi pa Recep Tayyip Erdobonean aikidwa kukhala madongosolo a a a a authorist.

Mbiri Yakale: Kuyamba kwa Chisinthiko

Kuchokera ku mafumu akale a Farao ndi mafumu mpaka mafumu a m’zaka zapakati pa 20 mpaka mafumu a m’zaka zapakati pa 20 mpaka kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. Komabe, lingaliro lamakono la kulamulira lagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuyambika kwa dziko lakumpoto, ndale, ndi mikangano ya malingaliro ya m’zaka za zana la 20.

Kuchiyambi kwa Chiyambi cha Chikalata cha Chiunikripiti: Chifasisiti ndi Chi Stalin

Nyengo ya internawar (1918-19939) inaona kubuka kwa maulamuliro ankhanza kwambiri m'mbiri. Kugwa kwa maufumu, kusakhazikika kwa zachuma, ndi kuopa komyunizimu kunayambitsa zipani za Fascist ku Ulaya. Maboma ameneŵa anawononga Italy ya Mussolini (1922-1943) ndi Adolf Hitler Germany wa Nazi (1933-1945) ndi dziko la Nazi lokonda dziko lonse, nkhondo, ndi kupondereza chitsutso chonse ndi chiwawa ndi mabodza. Maboma ameneŵa anawononga mabungwe a democracy, anazunza anthu ochepa, ndipo pomalizira pake anagwetsa dziko lonse lapansi mu Nkhondo ya II ya padziko lonse.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Soviet Union pansi pa Joseph Stalin (1924-19953) inayamba mtundu wa ulamuliro wankhanza umene unafuna kulamulira mbali iliyonse ya moyo kupyolera mwa gulu limodzi, chuma cha lamulo, ndi chiŵiya cha apolisi chachinsinsi chofala. Chitsanzo cha Soviet chinasonkhezera maulamuliro ofananawo ku Eastern Europe, China, North Korea, ndi kwina kulikonse pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko II.

Kulamulira kwa Maboma Kotsatira Ulamuliro wa Dziko Lotukuka

Kuwononga pambuyo pa 1945 kunayambitsa maiko ambiri atsopano, amene ambiri analimbana kumanga mabungwe a demokrase okhazikika pakati pa kugaŵana kwa mafuko, kusatukuka kwa zachuma, ndi kudidikiza kwa Nkhondo Yoputana. Mu Afirika, Asia, ndi Middle East, atsogoleri amphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri analanda ulamuliro, kulonjeza dongosolo ndi chitukuko koma kupereka kupondereza ndi ziphuphu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Mobutu Sese Seko mu Zaire (tsopano Democratic Republic of Congo), Suharto ku Indonesia, ndi Gamal Abdebdell Naser ku Igupto. Maboma ameneŵa anadalira kwambiri pa madongosolo a anthu aumwini, kuchirikiza nkhondo, ndi kupondereza anthu.

Nkhondo ya Mawu ndi Kufalikira kwa Ulamuliro wa Authoritarianism Padziko Lonse

Mpikisano wa Nkhondo ya Mawu pakati pa United States ndi Soviet Union unapitirizabe kulamulira kwa authoritarian Union m'maiko ambiri. Maboma onse aŵiri amphamvu anakhazikitsa olamulira amene anagwirizana ndi zikondwerero zawo zandale, mosasamala kanthu za zolembedwa zawo za ufulu wa anthu. Ku Latin America, U.S. usilikali wopitikitsidwa ku Argentina, Chile, Brazil, ndi Central America anamenya nkhondo zonyansa ndi magulu a otsalira. Panthaŵiyi, Soviet Union inachirikiza maulamuliro achigawo chimodzi cha ulamuliro wa ku Eastern Europe, Cuba, Angola, ndi Ethiopia. Mapeto a Nkhondo ya Mawu mu 1991 inatsogolera kugwedetsedwa kwa dziko la Deracratic , koma ulamuliro wa a authorist , kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yatsopano.

Njira Zolamulira: Mmene Olamulira Amasungira Mphamvu

Ngakhale kuti kukakamiza ndi mantha ndizo zofunika kwambiri, maboma amakono amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zobisika zolamulira zimene zimachititsa kuti kupanduka koonekeratu kukhale kovuta ndiponso kowonongetsa ndalama.

Coercion ndi Boma la Chitetezo

Njira yachindunji kwambiri ya kulamulira ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Maboma a aunistrality amasunga zida zamphamvu za chisungiko . kuphatikizapo asilikali, apolisi, mabungwe a luntha, ndi magulu a asilikali . "kuyang'anira, kuopseza, ndi kuchotsa adani. Apolisi achinsinsi, monga Stasi ku East Germany kapena Ministry of State Security ku China, amachititsa kuyang'anira kofala, kuloŵerera m'magulu otsutsa, ndi kumanga kapena otsutsa. Trand, kuphana kwa a phydicial, ndi kutha kokakamiza kuli machitachita ofala m'maboma otsendereza.

Mabodza ndi Kulamulira Chidziŵitso

Kulamulira nkhanizo nkofunika kwambiri kuti apeze moyo wa authoritarianism. A Regime amawononga ndalama zambiri m'manyuzipepala otchuka a boma kapena a boma amene amafalitsa uthenga wa boma ndi kuukira adani ake. Independent message imatsendedwa kudzera m'kusanthula, laisensi, kuvutitsa kovomerezeka kwa lamulo, ndi chiwawa kwa atolankhani. M'nyengo ya manambala, maboma amagwiritsira ntchito makampani osokoneza chidziŵitso chapamwamba, kudyerera makampani a anthu, ndi kufalitsa machenjera a zigaŵenga kuti asokoneze anthu ndi kuchotsa chitsutso. Chiphunzitso cha [[FLT: 0] Chikalata cha a a a a aumboni za a za kampani yokhudza malamulo chatulukira kulongosola maulamuliro onga Russia ndi China amene amaphatikizapotoza nkhani za makompyuta kuti asunge olamulira.

Kujambula ndi Patronage

Si onse amene amalamulira mogwirizana. Maboma a authoritarianism kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa kuyesa kugaŵira mapindu akuthupi, malo apamwamba, kapena kupezeka ku misika yoletsedwa. Mabungwe a Patronage amamanga anthu apamwamba ndi maulamuliro aakulu, kukonza mtengo wogawana populumuka. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Putin adapanga dongosolo la kositale yamphamvu kwambiri mwa imene okhulupirika a boma amalamulira chuma chachikulu posinthana ndi chichirikizo chandale. Ku China, Chipani cha Komyunizimu chimalimbikitsa anthu aluso kupyolera ku pulogalamu ya kukhulupirika ndi luso la zopangapanga.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Mabungwe

Maboma ambiri a authoritarianism amasunga mitundu yakunja ya kulamulira kwa demokrase . Malamulo amaperekedwa kuti afutukule malire, makhoti, ndi masankho . Malamulo amalembedwa mosadziŵika kapena mosankha kuti akhazikitse kutsutsa. Chigamulo cha judia nchodzaza ndi okhulupirika amene amapondereza boma. Malamulo a malamulo amaperekedwa kuti awonjezere malire kapena mphamvu za ulamuliro. Njira imeneyi, kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa kuphwanya malamulo, imalola maulamuliro a boma kukhala oyenerera pamene akupeka pambali ya democracy. Hungary pansi pa Viksitiko ndi Poweruza Potsatira Chilamulo ndi Chipani cha Polishishi (Pisi) yagwiritsira ntchito njira zimenezi kuwonjezera ulamuliro wa democracy.

Kugaŵanitsa ndi Ulamuliro

Olamulira audindo amagwiritsira ntchito ma ma ma macleavages a chikhalidwe cha anthu [1] Athlavic, chipembedzo, chigawo, kapena chinenero pochinjiriza kubuka kwa chitsutso chogwirizana. Mwa kuyanja gulu limodzi lokhala ndi mbali zina, amapanga malo odalirika pamene akulimbana ndi adani. Ku Syria, boma la Assad ladalira pa a Awagani kuti alamulire anthu ambiri a Sunni, pamene kuli kwakuti ku Bahrain, ufumu wa Sunni umapondereza anthu ochuluka. Machenjera ameneŵa amakulitsa magaŵano a anthu a m'dziko ndi kupanga kachitidwe kamodzi kotsutsana ndi ulamulirowo kukhala kovuta kwambiri.

Zotulukapo za Kulamulira: Sosaite, Chuma, ndi Ufulu Waumunthu

Chiyambukiro cha ulamuliro wa authoritarianism sichimaposa pa zandale zokha, chikumaumba mbali iriyonse ya moyo m’zitaganya zoyambukiridwa.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zoyenera za Anthu Molakwika

Maboma audindo ndiwo otsogolera kwambiri pa kuswa ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse. Ufulu wa kutchula, msonkhano, ndi kuyanjana umatsekerezedwa nthaŵi zonse. Akaidi andale amachitidwa popanda kuzengedwa mlandu koyenera; kuzunzidwa ndi kuchitidwa nkhanza m'mayiko ambiri. Magulu ang'onoang'ono, atolankhani, oteteza ufulu wa anthu, ndi LGBTQ + anthu ovutika kwambiri. Malinga ndi malipoti ochokera ku mabungwe onga Amnety International [ ndi Ufulu wa AS, kuopsa kwambiri kwa ufulu wa AS Watch Watch [FT:3], ndi kumaiko onga ngati China (makamaka ku Xinang), North Korea, Eritrea, Erika, ndi Sulmu.

Kusakhazikika kwa Zachuma ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Unansi pakati pa ulamuliro wa authoritarian ndi kayendetsedwe ka chuma ngwovuta. Maboma ena, monga China ndi Singapore, apeza kukula kofulumira mwa kuphatikiza malangizo a boma ndi njira za malonda. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri, ulamuliro wa authoritarianism umachititsa kutsata chuma, ziphuphu, ndi kusalingana. Popanda kuonekera, kuŵerengera, kapena lamulo, chuma chimapatutsidwa kwa olamulira ndi zigawo zawo. Zoyenerera za malo nzosatetezereka, ndipo zoikitsa ndalama zimawonongeka. Kugwa kwa dziko la Venezuela pansi pa ulamuliro wa chachavista kumasonyeza mmene kuwonongera ulamuliro wankhanza wa chuma, kutsogolera ku kukwera mlingo, kupereŵeruka kwa anthu, ndi kusoŵa kwa anthu ambiri.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Chipani cha Anthu

Magulu aufulu amapindula ndi makambitsirano aumboni, kuyesa, ndi mpikisano wa malingaliro. Chilolezo cha unduna chimatsendereza mbali zimenezi, kupanga malo a kugwirizana ndi mantha. Zotsatira zake nzakuchotsapo anthu ofufuza motsutsa, kufufuza kwa sayansi kumayang'aniridwa ku zinthu zofunika za boma, ndipo luso limapimidwa. Mabungwe a anthu a m'dziko ndi opanga zinthu za mayanjano . N’ngoletsedwa kwambiri kapena kuyambitsa. Zotsatira zake n’zakuti anthu osasintha, osalimba, ndipo satha kuzoloŵera kusintha.

Kusakhazikika ndi Kusakhazikika kwa Mayanjano

Kutsendereza kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa mkwiyo, ndipo maulamuliro a authoritarian amayang'anizana ndi machenjera a chitsutso ndi zipwirikiti. Chipringi cha Arabhu (2010-2012) chinasonyeza kuti ngakhale maulamuliro otsendereza owonekera kukhala okhazikika angagwedezedwe ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu. Komabe, maulamuliro a a authoritarian Square atsimikiziranso kukhala aluso la kupulumuka zitsutso mwa kuphatikizapo mphamvu, kulolera, ndi kugaŵanika ndi kulamulira. Ku China, boma linatsendereza mwankhanza kutsutsana ndi kuukira kwa Tianan Square mu 1989 ndipo kuyambira pamene lapanga boma lalikulu loletsa kubwereranso. Ku Russia, 20222 anaukira Ukraine anadzutsa chitsutso, koma anaswa mofulumira mwa kumangidwa ndi kusanthula.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Kulemba Mabuku m’Zochita

Kupenda maulamuliro apadera kumavumbula njira zosiyanasiyana ndi zotulukapo za kulamulira kopondereza.

China: Chipani cha Authoritarianism

Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha China (CCCP) chakhazikitsa mphamvu kumlingo umene sunawonedwe chiyambire Mao Zedong. Mantha onse a boma, asilikali, chuma, ndi chitaganya cha anthu ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa chipani. Bomalo limagwiritsira ntchito chigwirizano chachikulu, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira kwa nkhope, madongosolo a kubwereka kwa makampani, ndi kuyang'anira kwenikweni kwa nthaŵi ya kulankhulana, kutumiza ndi kulamulira nzika. Mu Xinjiang, boma lagwira ntchito Uyghurs ndi Asilamu ena Achiturkic m’misasa, kuwakakamiza kugwira ntchito, kukakamiza, kuletsa, ndi kubereka. Madongosolo ambiri a ufulu wa anthu ndi maboma anena za kupulupulidwa kwa dziko. Chishana cha chifanizire cha ulamuliro cha Uykurgistism [FF]

Russia: Kuumirira Unduna ndi Ulamuliro Waumwini

Vladimir Putin’s Russia akusonyeza kupikisana kwa authoritarian. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuli kwakuti kulibe mabungwe a democracy, malo oseŵera amawopsezedwa kwambiri ndi anthu otsutsa. Chiŵerengero chachikulu chaphedwa, kuponyedwa m’ndende, kapena kukakamizidwa; zoulutsira nkhani zaumwini zatsekedwa kapena kuchotsedwa; ndipo masankho akuipitsidwa ndi chinyengo ndi kupondereza kwa uyang'anira. Ulamuliro wa boma umadalira pa utundu, Chikristu cha Orthodox, ndi kutsutsa Western kuti chisungebe lamulo lolondola. Kuukira kwa Russia mu 20222 kwa kutsogolera kutsutsana kowonjezereka, ndi malamulo otsegulira milandu ndi kutsutsa kwaupandu kwa ntchito iriyonse ya "usilikali wapadera. Kulamulira kwa boma kumachirikizidwa ndi kulamulira kwake pa mphamvu zotumiza kunja kwa dziko ndi kusungidwa kwa chitetezo kwa anthu otchuka.

Venezuela: Kuchokera ku Democracy Kufikira ku Kugonjetsa Kolamulira

Chitsutso cha Venezuela chimapereka chenjezo la kubwereranso kwa demokrase. Hugo Chávez (1999-2013) adagwiritsira ntchito kuchonderera kwake kofala ndi kulamulira magulu a boma kusumika maganizo pa ulamuliro, kuchotsa mayeso ndi kuchepetsa chitsutso, ndi kutsendereza chitsutso. Woloŵa mmalo wake Nicolás Maduro, wapitirizabe njira imeneyi pakati pa mavuto aakulu a zachuma. Ulamuliro watsekera atsogoleri otsutsa, opanga masankho, ndi odalira pa magulu ankhondo ndi asilikali kuti akhalebe mu ulamuliro. Chotulukapo ndicho tsoka la anthu, ndi mamiliyoni ambiri othaŵa dziko, nyutistruation, ndi umphaŵi wopambanitsa. Venezuela amasonyeza mmene ulamuliro wa ufumu wapamwamba ungawonongere chuma ndi chitukuko cha dziko.

Turkey: Kuchuluka kwa Demokalase Mu ulamuliro wa Erdoshayaan

Recep Tayyip Erdoãan, woyamba kusankhidwa monga wokonzanso, wasintha Turkey pang’onopang’ono kukhala boma laupotuko. Atapulumuka kuyesa kulanda boma mu 2016, anachotsa chipangizo cha boma, anamanga zikwizikwi za oweruza, atolankhani, ndi ophunzira, ndi mphamvu zazikulu mu ulamuliro wapamwamba. judicary, nyuzipepala, ndi anthu a m'dziko tsopano akulamulidwa kwambiri ndi boma. Erdogayaan akugwiritsa ntchito chigwirizano ndi chipembedzo kusonkhanitsa chigawo chake, pamene akuswa malamulo a Kurdish, otsutsa, ndi otsutsa dziko. Turkey adakali chiŵalo chotsutsa NATAO, koma , chitaganya chake cha democracy cha democracy chasokoneza unansi wake ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo.

Kukana ndi Kuvomereza: Mmene Chiuthoritikizo Chimatsutsidwira

Kutsutsa kumabwera m’njira zambiri, kuyambira pa kutsutsa kwa ndale kolinganizidwa mpaka pa zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za kunyoza.

Kuloŵerera m’Malamulo ndi Chiŵeniŵeni

Mabungwe akwawo, magulu a ufulu wa anthu, ndi atsogoleri a anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga maziko otsutsa. Ku Russia, magulu onga Chikumbutso (chimene chinalembedwa kuti Soviet Union ndi kupondereza) ndi Anti-Corruption Foundation (yoyambitsidwa ndi Alexei Navalny) adatokosa boma mosasamala kanthu za chizunzo choopsa. Ku Belarus, magulu a akazi ndi mabungwe a antchito anachita mbali yaikulu pa kutsutsa Alexander Kakashenko. Mabungwe ameneŵa amadalira pa kulimba mtima, luso, ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse kuti apulumuke.

Kutsutsa Makompyuta ndi Nkhondo Yofalitsa Nkhani

Lupanga lamakono ndi lupanga lokhala ndi mabomba oyendera mfundo zauchigaŵenga. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono poyang'anira ndi poizoni, ochirikiza kulinganiza ndi kugawana chidziŵitso. Ma apulogalamu opeka monga Telegram agwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizanitsa zionetsero ku Belarus, Hong Kong, ndi Iran. Nzika zimagwiritsira ntchito makompyuta kuti zileke kuyang'anizira pa Intaneti ndi kufalitsa nkhani zaumwini. Komabe, maboma a a a a a a authoritarianism akukonzanso mphamvu zawo za Intaneti, ndipo nkhondo ya pa wailesi ikuwonjezereka.

Chitsenderezo ndi Ukhondo wa Mitundu Yonse

Maboma a maiko akunja, mabungwe apadziko lonse, ndi NGOs angapereke chitsenderezo pa maulamuliro audindo mwa kulekana kwa atsamunda, ziletso za zachuma, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo, ndi kuchirikiza mphamvu za ulamuliro wankhondo. Yuropu Union, United States, ndi United Kingdom zapereka ziletso pa anthu ndi mabungwe ogwirizana ndi kupondereza ufulu wa anthu ku Russia, China, Venezuela, ndi maiko ena. International Criminal Court (IC) yakhala ikulimbana ndi milandu ya nkhondo ndi upandu kwa anthu. Komabe, mphamvu ya kutsendereza ya kunja ya dziko monga China ndi Russia imapereka chikalata cha zaubwino ndi chichirikizo cha zachuma.

Kutsutsa ndi Kusamvera Kwachiŵeniŵeni

Mbiri imasonyeza kuti kutsutsa kopanda chiwawa kungakhale kogwira ntchito modabwitsa motsutsana ndi maboma a authoritarian, monga momwe kwasonyezedwera ndi gulu la ku Indiya la ufulu wa kudziimira paokha, gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States, kugwetsedwa kwa Ferdinand Marcos ku Philippines (1986), ndi Kusintha kwa Velvet ku Chekosolovakiya (1999),. Kutsutsa kwa Misa, kuphulika, kuphulika, ndi kusamvera kwa boma kumakweza mtengo wa kupondereza, kululuza ulamuliro walamulo, ndi kuyambitsa masinthidwe a ndale. Komabe, magulu osamenya nkhondo amafunikira chipani, ndi kuvomereza ngozi.

Tsogolo la Kulamulira: Zikhalidwe ndi Mavuto

Kulemba malamulo sikuli kokhazikika, koma kumasintha mogwirizana ndi tekinoloji yatsopano, kusintha kwa zandale, ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Zaluso ndi Kuchepetsa Makina

Maboma a aumpeni akuika padera kwambiri nzeru zopeka, kuzindikira nkhope, ma pulogalamu a zachikhalidwe, ndi polisi yoneneratu za madeti. Chikhalidwe cha anthu cha China chiri chitsanzo chapamwamba koposa, koma madongosolo ofananawo akubuka mu Russia, Saudi Arabia, ndi maiko ena. Luso la zopangapanga zimenezi limapangitsa kuti pakhale kuyang'anira kosayerekezereka, kulinganiza kwa anthu, ndi kuletsa makhalidwe abwino. Kufalikira kwa mphamvu ya kupondereza a pakompyuta kumaika chiwopsezo chachikulu ku ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa democracy padziko lonse.

Mpikisano wa Zandale ndi Kuchirikiza Ulemu

China ndi kubukanso kwa Russia zasintha kulinganizika kwa dziko lonse kwa ulamuliro, kupangitsa malo oyenerera kwambiri a ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. Mayiko ameneŵa amalimbikitsa maulamuliro ena amene amakana malamulo a demokrase. Amapereka chithandizo chachuma, kuikizira, ndi kuchirikizana ndi maulamuliro ena a a authoritarian, kuchepetsa kugonjera kwawo ku mphamvu ya mayiko a ku Western. Mwachitsanzo, awonjezera chisonkhezero cha China ku Asia, Africa, ndi Latin America, kaŵirikaŵiri powononga ulamuliro wa democracy America.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kupanikizika kwa Malo

Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kusoŵa kwa chuma, ndi kusamuka kwa nyengo kuli kothekera kuwonjezera kusagwirizana kwa mayanjano ndi kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko. Maboma aunitor angagwiritsire ntchito mavuto ameneŵa kulungamitsa mphamvu zangozi, kupondereza kutsutsa, ndi kulamulira kwapakati. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kuchirikiza malo okhala kukhoza kukhala njira yatsopano yopinulira kutsutsa, monga momwe ikuwonekera m'kusintha kwa nyengo komakulakula m’China ndi Russia, mosasamala kanthu za kuponderezedwa ndi boma.

Kuchepetsa Chinyengo ndi Chiŵeniŵeni cha Padziko Lonse

Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto amakono, demokalase idakali yoyenerera kwambiri. Kufufuza kwa anthu kwasonyeza nthaŵi zonse kuti anthu ambiri padziko lonse amakonda ulamuliro wa democracy kulowa m’malo mwa ulamuliro wa a democracy. Maboma a democratic, mayiko, ndi mabungwe a anthu akupitirizabe kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamuliro wa lamulo. Kulimbana pakati pa ulamuliro wa a demokalase ndi demokrase kuli kutali kwambiri, ndipo chotulukapo chimadalira pa zosankha zopangidwa ndi nzika, atsogoleri, ndi chitaganya cha mitundu yonse.

Kumaliza

Chikalata cha unduna ndi mbali yosatha ndi yosinthasintha ya ndale zadziko. Makhalidwe ake omasulira mawu . Kusintha mphamvu, kupondereza kusagwirizana, ndi kulamulira chidziŵitso cha zinthu. Kuyesa kuyesa kuvuta kwakukulu pa ufulu wa munthu, ulemu, ndi kukula. Komabe, kuzindikira maluso a kulamulira kolamulira ndiko njira yoyamba yolimbana ndi ilo. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti ngakhale maulamuliro opondereza aakulu kwambiri angatsutsidwe ndipo, m'zochitika zina, kugwetsedwa ndi nzika zotsimikiza ndi chitaganya cha dziko lonse. Monga kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga ndi kusintha kwa dziko lapansi kwa mphamvu, kufunika kwa kuyang'anira, kugwirizana, ndi kachitidwe kalamulo kake sikuli kokha kachitidwe ka maphunziro chabe; ndiko chida chofunika kwambiri kaamba ka kutetezera mikhalidwe ya democracy, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ufulu wapadziko lonse.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani zinthu zochokera ku Nyumba ya Ufulu [[FLT:], , Journal of Democracy [FLT ,3], ndi Karnegie Inkment for International Papt.