Maziko a Filosofi Yalamulo: Mmene Kusunga Ufulu Kumayambukirira Ufulu ndi Mathayo

Malamulo samagwira ntchito popanda kanthu . Amamangidwa pa zaka mazana ambiri za kufufuza kwa filosofi, kulimbana kwa mayanjano, ndi kuweruza. Jurisprud, kufufuza kwa lamulo kwachidule, kumapereka maziko a nzeru kuti amvetsetse chifukwa chimene ufulu wina walamulo umatetezeredwa ndi chifukwa chake udindo wofanana ulipo. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zoikizidwa, kuzindikira mmene kukambitsirana kwa jurisprade kuliri kugwirizana ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi mathayo amakono alamulo. Nkhaniyi ikusanthula masukulu aakulu a malingaliro alamulo, ntchito yofunika ya lamulo pokulitsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi mathayo oyenera kuchirikiza chitaganya cholungama.

Kufotokoza Malamulo ndi Mafunso Ake Ovuta

Pamaziko ake aakulu, lamulo limafunsa kuti: Kodi ulamuliro wake umachokera kuti? Kodi oweruza ayenera kumasulira motani malamulo kapena malamulo? Mafunso ameneŵa achititsa mikangano yosaŵerengeka ya miyambo ndi nyengo. Afilosofi a Plato mpaka H.L.A. Hart apereka mayankho opikisana, limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la mmene maboma amachitira ndi nzika zawo. Jurisrude si njira yamaphunziro yongopeka ya maphunziro.

Sukulu Zazikulu za Ulemu

Kumvetsetsa sukulu zazikulu za malamulo nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kupenda milandu kapena kudziŵiratu mmene makhoti angalamulire.

Lamulo la Nattural Theory malongosoledwe akuti lamulo liyenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino onse obadwa m’chibadwa cha anthu. Akatswiri a malingaliro onga Thomas Aquinas anatsutsa kuti lamulo losalungama si lamulo lowona nkomwe. Lingaliro limeneli lakhala lothandiza kuumba ufulu wa anthu popanga nkhani ya ufulu wa anthu (monga mwachitsanzo, Chilengezo cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) chimagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri malingaliro achibadwa achibadwa. M’chenjezo zachibadwa zimayambitsa mikangano yakuti kaya lamulo lovomerezeka ndi malamulo abwino (li linapangidwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo) likhoza kusokonezedwa ngati liswa chilungamo chachikulu.

Khotivivism , posiyana ndi ", imachirikiza kuti lamulo langokhala mpambo wa malamulo opangidwa ndi maulamuliro a anthu kupyolera mwa njira zodziŵika. H.L.A. Hart analongosola lamulo kukhala mgwirizano wa malamulo aakulu ndi achiŵiri. Positivivism saweruza malamulo ake a makhalidwe abwino; mmalo mwake, limasumika pa pidigree yake. Sukulu imeneyi ndi yofala m'madongosolo ambiri a malamulo a Kumadzulo, kumene oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo ngakhale ngati sagwirizana nawo. Komabe, positiviveism yasulizidwa chifukwa chochititsa maulamuliro osalungama kukhala oyenera, imakhala yogwirizana nthaŵi zonse?

Chiphunzitso cha Legal [[FLT: 1] chinatulukira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 monga chivomerezo chotsutsa mwambo. Akatswiri a zaumulungu amatsutsa kuti lamulo limene kwenikweni liri losiyana ndi mmene oweruza amapangira milandu. Amagogomezera zochitika za kakhalidwe, zitsenderezo zachuma, ndi kukondera kwa munthu mwini kwa oweruza. Kuwona kwalamulo kunatsegula njira ya jurisprudence ndi maphunziro osuliza lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, chotulukapo cha mlandu chingatembenukire pa malamulo osatsimikizirika ndi pamene gulu liri ndi chuma chabwino kapena chimene chimaweruza chinzake cha ndale.

Maphunziro a Malamulo (CLS) awonjezera potsutsa kuti lamulo ndi chida cha mphamvu chimene chimachirikiza maulamuliro omwe alipo. Akatswiri a CLS amatsutsa ziphunzitso zamwambo monga lamulo la pangano kapena lamulo la katundu [1] monga zipangizo zimene zimasunga mayanjano, utundu, ndi kusiyana kwa akazi. Pamene kuli kwakuti CLS ili yofala kwambiri m'maphunziro, chisonkhezero chake chingawonedwe m'magulu amakono a chilungamo cha fuko ndi kulingana kwa chuma.

Wofufuza Jurisprudence akufufuza mmene madongosolo a zamalamulo asinthira akazi ndi kuchirikiza malamulo a makolo. Imatchula malingaliro a amuna ndi akazi a malamulo a ufulu wa kubala, chiwawa chapanyumba, ndi kufanana kwa antchito. Mofananamo, Actritation Theory [

Sukulu iliyonse imapereka njira yoonera kugwirizana pakati pa malamulo, ufulu, ndi ntchito.

Ufulu wa Anthu

Ufulu wa nzika ndiwo zitetezero ndi mwaŵi zimene nzika ziri nazo motsutsana ndi kuloŵerera kwa boma ndi kwaumwini. Zimatsimikizira kuchitiridwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo ndi kutetezera ufulu wofunika. Pamene kuli kwakuti mpambo wachindunji wa zoyenera za nzika umasiyanasiyana mwa ulamuliro, madongosolo a demokrase ambiri amazindikira kuyenera kwa maziko ambiri kukhala kofunika.

Kuyenera kwa Kulingana

Chikalata chotetezera chofanana mu 144th Amendment ku Malamulo a U.S. chimaletsa kukana munthu aliyense kutetezeredwa mofanana ndi malamulo. Lamulo limeneli lakhala maziko a malamulo otchuka otsutsa tsankho, tsankho la akazi, ndi kupezeka kosalingana kwa maphunziro. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Brown v. . . . . . . . . " [[FLC] [1954] [1954] [malamulo] [malangizo a maphunziro] n’ngosalingana, kugwedeza chiphunzitso chofanana ndi cha anthu onse. . (18]). Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti jurpulpunce , kusintha kwa nthanthiraficla yachsofics ponena za kulingana kwa anthu.Plany.

Kuyenera kwa Kulankhula Mwaufulu

Ufulu wa kulankhula umatetezeredwa ndi First Amendment ku United States ndi makonzedwe ofananawo m'maiko ena ambiri. Jurisprudence walongosola malire a kuyenera kumeneku, monga ngati amene ali osatetezereka m’mawu (m’chitsanzo, kusonkhezera chiwawa, kuipitsa). Nkhani yotchuka Brandenburg v. Ohio [699]) yatsimikizira kuti kulankhula kungaletsedwe kokha ngati kukutsogozedwa kusonkhezera kachitidwe ka kusayeruzika ndipo kungatero. Kuyesa kopapatiza kumeneku kumasonyeza mtengo wapamwamba woikidwa pa mawu aufulu, ngakhale pamene malingalirowo ali osatchuka.

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi sikumatchulidwa mwachindunji mu Malamulo a U.S. koma kwachotsedwa kuchokera ku zisinthiko zingapo. Mu Griswold v. Connecticut (1965]), Khoti Lalikulu linazindikira “pansipansi ya chinsinsi” ya kuyenera kwa maukwati, kuswa lamulo loletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kulera. Malingaliro ameneŵa pambuyo pake anachirikiza kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba mu Rae v. Wade v. Kumasulira kwalamulo kwa malamulo kumasonyeza mmene kusinthira khalidwe la za makhalidwe a anthu.

Kuyenera Kuchitika M’njira Yoyenera

Malamulo oyenerera amatsimikizira kuti milandu idzakhala yolungama ndi kuti palibe amene adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda chitetezo chokwanira. Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 amapereka zonse ziŵiri zofunikira (malamulo, kumva, khoti lopanda tsankho) ndi njira yofunikira (kutetezera ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri pa kuloŵerera kwa boma). Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wokwatira, kwa kholo, ndi kukana chithandizo cha mankhwala onsewo atetezedwa pansi pa njira yoyenerera.

Udindo wa Chiŵeniŵeni mu Demokrase ya Konsichushoni

Kuyenera ndi mathayo zili mbali ziŵiri za ndalama imodzi. Demokalase yogwira ntchito imafuna nzika kukwaniritsa ntchito zina zimene zimatheketsa dongosolo la malamulo kugwira ntchito mogwira mtima. Mathayo ameneŵa sali chabe ziyembekezo za makhalidwe abwino, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mathayo alamulo olamulidwa ndi makhoti.

Kupeputsa Chilamulo [[FLT: 1] kuli thayo lalikulu kwambiri. Popanda kugonjera kwa onse, malamulo amagwa. Komabe, justicalprince imazindikiranso kuti m’mikhalidwe ina, kusamvera kwa boma kungakhale kolungamitsidwa mwamakhalidwe pamene lamulo liri losalungama kwambiri [1] Monga momwe zikuwonedwa m’zolembedwa za Martin Luther King Jr. ndi nthanthi ya malamulo achilengedwe.

Kupereka misonkho Ndalama za boma monga ngati ziwiya za boma, maphunziro, ndi makhoti. Kukana msonkho ndi mlandu wakupha boma umene umalepheretsa ufulu wa boma. Malamulo a msonkho amakono amaphatikizapo malamulo ovuta onena za ndalama zimene munthu amapeza, ndalama zokwezedwa, ndi ngongole, koma udindo wake weniweni umakhala womveka: kuthandizira ku zosungiramo ndalama.

Kutumikira pa Jury ndi ntchito ya boma imene imatsimikizira dongosolo lachiweruzo kuphatikizapo kutengamo mbali m'chitaganya. Msanganizo wa Sixth Amendment umapereka kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli m’milandu, koma ufulu umenewo umadalira pa nzika zofunitsitsa kutumikira. Kulephera kuonekera pa ntchito yaujuli kungachititse kubwezeredwa kapena kunyozedwa ndi khoti.

Kuvota [[FLT: 1] kuli ponse paŵiri kuyenera ndi thayo. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe boma la democracy limakakamiza nzika kuvota (kusiyapo m'maiko oŵerengeka onga Australia), umoyo wa democracy umadalira pa kutengamo mbali kofala kwa voti. Malamulo amene amaletsa kufika posankha, monga ngati kuvota ID kapena kuchotsako kwa maholiyo, kudzutsa mafunso ofunika a ufulu wa anthu ndipo akhala nkhani ya kuganizitsa kwambiri.

Kupyola pa mathayo alamulo ameneŵa, nzika ziri ndi mathayo a makhalidwe ndi a kakhalidwe ka anthu: kulemekeza zoyenera za ena, kuchita utumiki wa anthu, kutetezera malo okhala, ndi kuchirikiza chilungamo. mathayo ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti samavomerezedwa nthaŵi zonse, kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa m’malingaliro achiweruzo pamene makhoti afotokoza mathayo aakulu a unzika.

Mmene Kupewa Kulakwa Kumakhudzira Ufulu wa Anthu: Zotsatira Zofunika

Kufufuza sikumasintha zinthu mwa kungoona kuti ndi nkhani zachilendo, ndipo mabungwe atsopano amalimbikitsa makhoti kupendanso ziphunzitso zakale. Njira yoperekera mfundo zachilolezo ($_Kupereka, kusiyanitsa, ndi kupenda malamulo) kaya ufulu umakula kapena kuvomerezedwa.

Kulimbana ndi Chilungamo cha Fuko

Chivomezi cha Chisungiko cha Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1950 ndi 1960 chinasintha kwambiri maganizo a ku America ndi umboni wa sayansi ndi kuŵerenga kwa Experity Protection Clause. Nkhaniyi inasonyeza kuti juristuprudence ingapangidwe ndi zinthu zina zosakhala zalamulo, monga ngati kuwonongeka kwa mapangano.

Nkhani zotsatira monga zogwirizana ndi Virginia (1967) inaletsa ziletso za m'maukwati a mafuko osiyanasiyana, inawonjezera mfundo yakuti kusankhana mitundu kuyenera kukhala kosonkhezera boma ndi kokonzeka. Zosankha za Boogs County Act ya 1965, zochirikizidwa m'zigamulo zambiri za Khoti Lalikulu, zinafunikira maulamuliro ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo osankha. Komabe, chigamulo cha Khoti la 2013 mu County v. Raker adatenga kakonzedwe kazembe ka Chilamulo cha Act, kusonyeza kuti julrupluero chingabwezerenso chitetezero pamene kukambitsirana kwa lamulo kwa lamulo.

Kulingana Makhalidwe a M’chibale ndi Ufulu Wobalana

Ufulu wa akazi wapititsidwa patsogolo kupyolera m'zigamulo zapadera. Reed v. Reed inali nkhani yoyamba kugwiritsira ntchito Chitetezo cha Umodzi cha Claus kuchotsa lamulo pa maziko a kugonana. Pambuyo pake, Craig v. Boren [FLT :3] adakhazikitsa muyezo wapakati wa kupenda kaamba ka mandandanda a amuna. Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti lamulo lozikidwa pa kugonana lagwirizana kwambiri ndi chiwongolala cha boma.

Kusinthanso zoyenera za kuyenera kwa ana kunafikira pachimake mu Roe v. Wade [773], imene inavomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba pansi pa Cends Clause ya Demestment ya 145 Confective. Komabe, chigamulo cha Khoti mu . Malamulo a Jackson a Health Organization [Akazi] [2022] pa malamulo [2002] pa kuphunzitsidwa [[FLT:] Roe [[FLT:]], kubwezera nkhani ku boma. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ufulu wa lamulo sudalira pa ufilosofi.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Kusinthika kwa Ufulu

Kusintha kwa LGBTQ kwakhala ndi kusintha kwalamulo kofulumira m'zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo. Lawrence v. Texas (2003), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula malamulo a sodoma, kuchititsa khalidwe lakuya pakati pa achikulire ovomereza kukhala mbali ya ufulu wotetezeredwa ndi Claus Claus. Mland wa mlanduwu [[FLT:] Boowers v. Hardweck [ (1986), umene unachirikiza malamulo oterowo. Kusinthaku kumasonyeza mmene kusinthira kwa chivomerezo kukhoza kusonkhezera malingaliro a chiweruzo.

Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015) anawonjezera kuyenera kwa kukwatira kwa amuna ndi akazi a chisembwere, kuwona kuti ukwati uli ufulu wofunika ndi kuti kuchotsa okwatirana a kugonana ofanana kumaswa zonse ziŵiri Cendrowers ndi Seal Programme . Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts anatsutsa, akumati Bwalo lamilandu linali kupitirira ntchito yake . Chitsanzo chapadera cha kutsutsana pakati pa malamulo ndi ntchito yachiweruzo imene ili pa mtima wa jurisprudence.

Posachedwapa, Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) adati Dipoti VII ya Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe imaletsa tsankho la ntchito zozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana kapena chinsinsi cha mwamuna. Khotili linagwiritsira ntchito mafotokozedwe a malamulo, osati lamulo lalamulo, kuti lifike pa mapeto amenewo [1] ndi chikumbutso chakuti jurisprudeunce siimangotanthauza mfundo za malamulo komanso kumasulira malamulo ndi malamulo.

Kupondereza ndi Mathayo a Chiŵeniŵeni: Kukwaniritsa Mathayo

Makhoti nthawi zambiri amatchula ntchito zimene munthu ayenera kuchita pa nkhani ya boma ndiponso kwa mnzake, ndipo amakhazikitsa udindowu m’malamulo.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu ndi Kugwirizana kwa Mayanjano

Motsatira mfundo ya pangano la kakhalidwe (kuchokera ku Hobbes, Locke, ndi Rousseau) amavomereza kuti anthu avomereza kutaya ufulu wina kuti atetezedwe ndi kulinganizidwa. Chigamulo chamakono chimanenanso mfundo iyi: malamulo amene amafuna utumiki wa ajuli, kulembetsa usilikali, kapena kulipiridwa msonkho amalungamitsidwa kukhala mathayo obwezera. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza utumiki wa oweruza ngakhale pamene limakakamiza, kulingalira kuti kufunika kwa milandu yolungama kumaposa zopinga za munthu aliyense payekha.

Kulemekeza Ufulu wa Ena Monga Malire a Munthu

Mfundo yotchuka yakuti “kuyenera kwanu kutembenuka dzanja lanu kumapeto kwa mphuno zanu . N’kwachikulu m'lamulo la tort ndi lamulo lovutitsa. Jurisprince imatsimikizira kuti ufulu suli wokwanira; ayenera kulinganizika ndi ufulu wopikisana. Ufulu wa kulankhula suteteza kuipitsa, kusonkhezera, kapena kumenyana ndi mawu. Kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida kumalamulidwa bwino, monga momwe kuonekera mu Divercity of Columbia v. Helder [FLY:1] (2008), imene imatsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wosunga mfuti kuti adzitetezere yekha koma amalolanso malamulo oletsa kuteteza thupi la munthu ndi matenda ovutika maganizo.

Thayo la Malo Okhala ndi Kudalirika kwa Anthu

M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, makhoti azindikira ntchito yomwe ikubuka yotetezera malo okhala kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Chiphunzitso cha anthu, chozikidwa m'lamulo la Roma ndi lamulo la Chicheŵa, chimanena kuti zinthu zina zachilengedwe . Zonga madzi okhoza kuphulika, magombe, ndi nyama zakuthengo . (Ngakhale kuti boma silinagamule pa zoyenera) limatsutsa ntchito ya boma yowononga chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu wa chombo [[FLT: 0]. United States [1] (Ngakhale kwakuti silinagamule pa ufulu) imatsutsa kuti boma lili ndi thayo lalamulo la kutetezera mlengalenga.

Malamulo amene amaletsa kuipitsa, kutulutsa mpweya woipa, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zina za m’nkhalango, azikidwa pa mfundo yakuti zochita za munthu payekha zili ndi zotsatirapo za anthu onse.

Kulamulira kwa Chilungamo Monga Mtumiki Wachilungamo

Ngakhale kuti si thayo lalamulo, makhoti ambiri ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo azindikira kuti nzika ziri ndi thayo lamakhalidwe abwino la kuchirikiza dongosolo lolungama. Lingaliro limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'malingaliro otsutsana amene amalimbikitsa kusintha malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Justice Thurfaill Marshall mobwerezabwereza analemba kuti makhoti angachite zambiri; kusintha kosatha kumafuna pangano la boma. Lingaliro la “kuyendera chilungamo pansi pa lamulo” limafuna kuti awo amene akupindula ndi dongosolo agwire ntchito yowongolera zolakwa zake.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo M’tsogolo

Kuyendera malamulo, ufulu wa anthu, ndi udindo wa anthu nthaŵi zonse zikuyesedwa.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Polankhula Pawebusaiti

Kukwera kwa Intaneti ndi makompyuta asokoneza malire a chikhalidwe. Kodi kufufuza foni kumaoneka ngati kufunafuna kochitidwa pansi pa Demetrime lachinayi? Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza Riley v. California [1] (2014, kuzindikira kuti makompyuta amafunika chitetezo chapadera. Mofananamo, makhoti akulimbana ndi ngati mabwalo a makompyuta a zamalonda afuna kuti anthu adzitetezere, kapena mabungwe ena amene angafufuze zinthu zimene zilipo. Nkhani zimenezi zidzapanga zoyenera za anthu a msinkhu wa wailesi.

Kusintha Chilungamo ndi Chiwembu

Anthu ambiri a Black America amene anafa pamanja a apolisi achititsa kuti anthu ayambe kufuna kusintha. Jurisprudence potengera chitetezo choyenerera . chiphunzitso chimene chimateteza lamulo ku mlandu wa anthu pokhapokha ngati aphwanya zoyenera zokhazikitsidwa bwino. Mayiko ena ayamba kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa. Nkhani yakuti kaya dongosolo lalamulo limateteza bwino nzika ku mphamvu yopambanitsa ndi funso lapamwamba lokhudza kulinganiza ndi ufulu.

Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse ndi Ulamuliro wa Dziko Lonse

Makhoti apadziko lonse ndi makhoti, monga ngati International Criminal Court, amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a milandu imene imalamulira malire a dziko. Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights, mapangano onga pangano la International Pangano pa Chigawo ndi zandale, ndi malamulo amwambo apadziko lonse zonse amakhudza malamulo a m'dziko. Komabe, mikangano imabuka pamene malamulo apadziko lonse akutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse, mwachitsanzo, pamene dziko likukana kugamula munthu wokayikiridwa ndi chilango cha imfa. Chiyuda chimathandiza kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi mwa ziphunzitso monga kukwaniritsa ndi kumasulira pangano.

Chifukwa Chake Tiyenera Kuzindikira Kuti Kusamala N’kofunika pa Maphunziro ndi Unzika

Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa malamulo sikuli kokha kulongosola nthanthi zosatsimikizirika. kuli kokonzekeretsa ophunzira ndi ziŵiya za kupenda zitsutso za lamulo, kumvetsetsa kulungamitsidwa kwa zigamulo za khoti, ndi kukhala ndi moyo wa anthu onse. Wophunzira amene amamvetsetsa kusiyana kwa lamulo lachilengedwe ndi lamulo la lamulo angamvetse bwino chifukwa chake malamulo ena amasintha pamene ena akukhala otsutsa mouma khosi. Mwini wa dziko amene amadziŵa mmene maphunziro otsutsa malamulo amasinthira mopambanitsa angachirikize bwino mkhalidwe wa kukonzanso zinthu.

Ndiponso, jurispulpeance imayambitsa maganizo osuliza. Pamene wophunzira apenda malingaliro mu Brown v. Board of Education , amawona mmene lamulo lingachitire ndi chilungamo. Pamene aphunzira Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857], amawona mmene lamulo lingachirikizire chisalungamo. Mwa kuyerekezera zochitika zimenezi, ophunzira amaphunzira kuti lamulo siliri maziko a choonadi choikidwiratu koma njira yamoyo imene imawunikira mapindu a anthu.

Pomalizira pake, thanzi la demokrase limadalira pa nzika yodziŵa zimene zimamvetsetsa ufulu wake ndi mathayo ake. Jurisprain imapereka maziko a kumvetsetsa kumeneko. Monga momwe wafilosofi walamulo Lon Fuller adalembera, “lamulo ndilo litsogozo la kugonjera khalidwe la munthu ku ulamuliro wa malamulo. [1] Kupambana kwa ntchito imeneyo kumadalira pa kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa makhoti, malamulo a malamulo, ndi anthu.

[[ML:0] Kuŵerenga ndi Ziŵiya:[[Kuŵerenga:1]