Chiyambi: Maziko a Nyumba Zabwino ku America

Malamulo abwino a nyumba ndiwo maziko a mwaŵi wofanana mu United States, kutsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense (wopanda fuko, mtundu, mtundu, chipembedzo, mkhalidwe wa kugonana, kapena kupunduka) angasungitse nyumba popanda kusankhidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la National Fair Howare Act la 1968 limakhazikitsa muyezo wa dziko, ntchito yeniyeni ya kusungitsa, maphunziro, ndi malamulo amachitidwa pamlingo wa boma. Madipatimenti a boma, kuchokera ku mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe ku mabungwe a nyumba zolungama, amatumikira monga njira zazikulu zotembenuzira malamulo a boma m'dzikolo. Chiyambukiro chawo chimafikira mamiliyoni a alendi, nyumba, ndi nyumba, zigawo zopanga nyumba, zopanga mabwinja zimene zili zopanda malire ndi zoyenerera. Nkhaniyi imapenda mbali zosiyanasiyana za boma lopititsa patsogolo malo awo, zipambano zanga zipambano zawo, ndi zoyang'ka kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto awo m’malo oyang'malo.

Ntchito ya Madipatimenti a Boma m’Nyumba Zabwino

Madipatimenti a boma ali ndi malo apadera osamalira tsankho lakumanga nyumba chifukwa chakuti amagwira ntchito m’mabwalo a zamalamulo a kumaloko, kumvetsetsa misika ya nyumba za m’deralo, ndi kusunga maunansi achindunji ndi osungitsa chitaganya. mathayo awo amaposa kuyang’anira kosavuta; iwo ali omanga malamulo, aphunzitsi a anthu, ndi osungitsa lamulo.

Kukulitsa ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chikhalidwe Choipa

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake a nyumba abwino, amene ambiri amapitirira machinjirizo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa magwero a ndalama (monga Chigawo 8 zotsimikizira) kapena kusiyanitsa kwa kugonana ndi chiwerewere. Madipatimenti a boma ali ndi thayo la kupanga malamulo ameneŵa, kuchititsa ziganizo, ndi kuwakonzanso kuti agwirizane ndi nkhani zimene zikubuka. Ntchito imeneyi yopanga malamulo imafunikira luso lakuya la za nyumba, kayendetsedwe ka chuma, ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu. Madipatimenti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito ndi opanga malamulo a zamalonda, ndi ofufuza zamaphunziro a zaluso, omwe ali othandiza ndi omveka bwino.

Kukakamiza ndi Kulimbikitsa

Kukakamiza kuli ntchito yowoneka kwambiri ya mabungwe a boma osamalira nyumba zabwino. Pamene chidandaulo chiperekedwa, dipatimenti imapereka kufufuza, kusonkhanitsa umboni, ndi kutsimikizira ngati kuswa kwachitika. Ngati chisankho chipezedwa, dipatimenti ingapereke zilango, kulamula, ndipo, m'nkhani zowopsa, imatchula milandu ya kumanga milandu. Kuonetsetsa kumeneku kumachita monga choletsa champhamvu. Malo, oimira malo, ndi obwereketsa amadziŵa kuti njira zomangira zipinda za dziko zili ndi zotsatira zenizeni. Malinga ndi mmene bungwe la U. S. Dipatimenti ya House ndi Urbactic Development (H), ndi bungwe loyang'anira nyumba zoyera limachitira ndi makumi ambiri a madandaulo a chaka chilichonse, zimene zimatulukapo m’malo, zabwino, kapena masinthidwe. [FF:]

Maphunziro ndi Kudziŵikitsa Anthu

Maphunziro ndi maziko a kupita patsogolo kwa nyumba. Madipatimenti a boma amapanga maprogramu opimira ophatikizapo makampani, zosindikiza, ndi makampani a kompyuta. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimalimbana ndi nyumba zonse ziŵiri (kuletsa kuswa lamulo mwangozi) ndi ogula (kuwapatsa mphamvu kuti adziŵe ndi kupereka lipoti la tsankho). Maboma ambiri amaphunzitsanso akatswiri a zachuma, oyang'anira katundu, ndi antchito a boma. Mwachitsanzo, New York State Division of Human Rights iss as perfective seminations zaules per pa joties , kufikira zikwi za otengamo mbali chaka chilichonse. Maprogramumboni ameneŵa asonyezedwa kuwonjezera malingana ndi kuchepetsa kwa tsankho.

Kulemba Zinthu ndi Kufufuza

Kuti athetse bwino tsankho, madipatimenti a boma ayenera kuzindikira kumene kumachitika ndi mmene kumachitikira. Mabungwe ambiri amasunga mathebulo a njira zodandaulira, amayesa nyumba moyenera (kuyesa kochitidwa mogwirizana ndi oŵerengera a anthu osiyanasiyana), ndi kupenda kusintha kwa misika. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimadziŵitsa malamulo ndi kuthandiza zinthu zomangapo zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, California Civil Rights Rights Department (po Kale DFEH) imagwiritsira ntchito malongosoledwe a nyumba zokhala ndi mavuto. Nzeru zimenezi zimagawiridwa poyera kupyolera pa malipoti a chaka ndi chaka, amene angaonedwe pa Website ya [[FLT:] Kachikulu ka ufulu wa Chibadwinia.

Kuyamba Kugwira Ntchito ya Dipatimenti ya Boma Kumathandiza Moyenerera

Ntchito ya madipatimenti a boma yathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa tsankho la m’nyumba ndiponso kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azingokhalira kukhala m’madera ena.

Kudandaula Kowonjezereka ndi Chosankha

Chimodzi cha zizindikiro zowonekera bwino za kupita patsogolo ndicho kuwonjezeka kwa madandaulo a tsankho operekedwa ndi mabungwe a boma. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku sikumatanthauza kuti tsankho likuwonjezereka; mmalo mwake, kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyeza kusamala kwa anthu ndi kudalira dongosolo losungitsa. M'maboma okhala ndi maprogramu owonjezereka opereka zigamulo, ziŵerengero zodandaula zawonjezeka mosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, Boma la Washington’s Human Rights Commission inaona kuwonjezeka kwa 30% m'madandaulo a nyumba zaka zisanu pambuyo poyambitsa mkupiti wa maphunziro a zinenero zambiri. Malamulo / programmetions, kapena ma projective, kapena maulamuliro ambiri a boma atulukapo chiwonjezo cha ndalama kaamba ka mikhole ndi masinthidwe a malamulo a magulu olakwa.

Malipiro Apamwamba Pakati pa Opereka Nyumba

Madipatimenti a boma amafufuza ndi kuyang'anira makampani oyang'anira malo, makampani osamalira katundu, ndi obwereketsa ngongole. Kufufuza kumeneku, limodzi ndi chiwopsezo cha zilango, zawongoletsa kumamatira ku malamulo abwino a nyumba. Kufufuza kwa National Fair Honals Alliance kwapeza kuti maulamuliro a mabungwe a boma osungitsa lamulo la boma anali ndi ziŵerengero zotsika kwambiri za kusatsatsa malonda ndi makampani obwereka. Makampani opanga ndalama zoperekera malo okhala anthu okhala ndi mavuto ayambanso kuwongolera, chifukwa chakuti mbali ina ya kuyangiza malangizo a boma.

Kufutukula Magulu a Anthu

Malamulo abwino a nyumba athandiza kutseguka kwa magulu otsekedwa m'mabwalo ndi misika ya nyumba. Amayi osakwatiwa, mabanja ogwiritsira ntchito malo osungira nyumba, ndi osamukira m'dziko onse apindula ndi chitetezo cha boma. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo oletsa kusankhidwa kwa anthu olandira ndalama ndi madipatimenti a boma m'madera ambiri . Awonjezera mlingo wovomerezedwa wa opereka chithandizo. Ku Connecticut, Dipatimenti ya nyumba zabwino za Homas inachititsa kukwera kwa 15% ya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa boma m'madera a pansi pa .

Kufufuza za Anthu: Nkhani za Boma Zopambana

Kufufuza nkhani zosiyanasiyana kumasonyeza kuti zimenezi zimamukhudza kwambiri.

Kukakamiza kwa Chiwawa kwa California

California Civil Rights Department (yakale DFEH) iri ndi mbiri yaitali ya ntchito zapamwamba za kusungitsa. M’nkhani ina yodziŵika, dipatimentiyo inalandira gawo la $2,5 miliyoni motsutsana ndi kampani yaikulu yoyang'anira nyumba kaamba ka kukana kwa mabanja ndi ana. Pambuyo pa zilango za ndalama, mudziwo unafunikira kampani kuithetsa malamulo ake obwereka, kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro abwino a nyumba kwa antchito onse, ndi kugonjera ku ku kuyang'anira kopitirizabe. Nkhaniyi, yonena za malo a [[FLT: 0] Departgaration Rights Rights Department [FLD1], imasonyeza mmene kusungira ntchito ya boma ya makampani.

Chitsanzo cha Kusintha Anthu a ku New York

Division of Human Rights ya New York State yasumika kwambiri pa kukhazikitsa kwa chitaganya. “Nyumba Zapakhomo za Onse” pulogalamu yake ndi makampani akumalo osapanga phindu, magulu achipembedzo, ndi maukwati a anthu a ku New York kuti apereke maphunziro mwachindunji ku madera osungidwa. Mu Buffalo, ndawala yochitidwa m'madera a anthu ochepa kwambiri inachititsa kuwonjezeka kwa 40% kwa kudandaula kwa tsankho ndipo zotsatirapo kukwera mpikisano. Mabungwewo amaperekanso chithandizo chaulere ku zidzudzulo zotsika, kuchepetsa kuseŵera mpikisano.

Texas: Kulinganiza Kukula ndi Kulingana

Texas, ndi malonda ake aakulu a nyumba, amayang'anizana ndi mavuto apadera. Bungwe la Workforce Colvil Rights Division la Texas layambitsa programu yoyesa yofala m'mizinda yapamwamba monga Austin ndi Dallas. Ofufuza a mafuko osiyanasiyana monga opatula kuti adziŵe kusiyanitsa kwa machitidwe. Asayansi a ku mayeso ameneŵa agwiritsiridwa ntchito kukambirana masinthidwe aakulu m'kuchepetsa machitidwe pakati pa makampani aakulu oyang'anira zinthu. Njira imeneyi yatamandidwa chifukwa cha kugonjetsa tsankho lachinsinsi limene lingaperekedwe popanda kulembedwa.

Kugwirizana ndi Maprogramu a Maprogramu ndi Zochita Zakumaloko

Madipatimenti a boma samagwira ntchito popanda kanthu. ali mbali ya unzake waukulu umene umaphatikizapo mabungwe a boma, maboma a kumaloko, ndi ampatuko aumwini.

Kugwirizana ndi Hud

Dipatimenti ya U.S. ya Hospital and Urban Development (HUD) imapereka ndalama ndi chithandizo chaluso ku mabungwe a boma ndi akwawo. Kudzera ku Fair Howar Appive Program (FAP), HID imathandiza mabungwe a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo awo abwino a nyumba. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumalola kuti apereke madandaulo amene mwina angapite ku maofesi a HOD, kufulumiza nthaŵi zogamula ndi kuchepetsa zikalata za nyumba. Mabungwe ambiri a boma akugwirizananso ndi Hid Fairholueations Program (FAP), amene amathandizira maphunziro ndi ntchito. FHUP tsamba .

Kugwirizana

Madipatimenti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe ena a boma . monga madipatimenti a thanzi la maganizo, mautumiki opunduka, kapena chitetezo cha anthu ogula zinthu . Mwachitsanzo, munthu wopunduka amene amayang'anizana ndi tsankho lakumanga nyumba angafunikirenso chichirikizo kuchokera ku ofesi ya boma yopunduka. Oparlistra audindo ndi kutumiza madongosolo a ntchito kutsimikizira kuti kudandaula kwa nyumba kwabwino kuli kogwirizana ndi mautumiki a anthu ambiri.

Maboma a M’derali ndi Magulu a Anthu

Maboma a mzinda ndi a boma amachita mbali yaikulu m'kukhazikitsa malamulo abwino a nyumba. Madipatimenti a boma amapereka maphunziro ndi chuma kwa akuluakulu a boma, madipatimenti olinganiza nyumba, ndi maofesi osungitsa malamulo. Mabungwe ogwirizana ndi anthu, monga National Fair House Alliance ndi malo osungirako nyumba, amagwira ntchito yothandiza kwambiri kugonjetsa ndi kulanda. M'mayiko ambiri, mabungwe ameneŵa amapatsidwa mphatso kuchokera ku dipatimenti ya boma kuti ayese, alangize, ndi kuphunzitsa.

Mavuto ndi Zopinga Kupita Patsogolo

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zachitika, madipatimenti a boma amakumana ndi zopinga zosatha zimene zimawalepheretsa kuchita zinthu bwino.

Tsankho Losaonekera ndi Losagwirizana ndi Malamulo

Mitundu ya tsankho yosadziŵika bwino, monga ngati kukana kopambanitsa kubwereka pa liŵiro la fuko, yatha. Komabe, njira zina zochenjera zikupitirizabe. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyendetsa (ogula nyumba kumadera ena ozikidwa pa fuko), kuchotsa zofunika zofunikira (m’chitsanzo, kupenda kolimba kwa kukongola kwa anthu a mtundu), ndi kutsatsa malonda a magetsi amene amachotsa magulu ena a anthu. Kufufuza ndi kutsimikizira nkhani zimenezi kumafuna kuyesa ndi kufufuza chidziŵitso, kumene mabungwe ambiri a boma alibeko ziŵiya zochitirapo kanthu pamlingo waukulu.

Kupereka ndi Kuthandiza Osoŵa

Madipatimenti ambiri a boma amaletsa ntchito yomanga nyumba mwachilungamo. Amayendetsa ntchito za anthu ang'onoang'ono ndiponso a ndalama zochepa, makamaka m’mayiko aang'ono kapena akumidzi. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti nthawi zambiri zikhale zovuta kukhazikitsa malamulo. Malinga ndi lipoti la 20222 la Reformary Conference on Civil and Human Rights, avereji ya dziko yothetsera kudandaula kwabwino kwa nyumba ndi miyezi 14. M'mayiko ena, kudula ndalama kwachititsa mabungwe kuchepetsa ntchito ndi maphunziro a boma kuti achepetse maprogramungwe a ntchito a ntchito yophunzitsa anthu panthaŵi imene akufunika kwambiri.

Kubwereranso M’mbuyo Mwa ndale ndi Mwalamulo

Maboma ena ndiponso mabungwe a eni nyumba amakana kusintha malo amene angalole kuti nyumba zizipezeka bwino m’madera ena, ndipo amatsutsa kuti malowo akuswa ufulu wa anthu. Madipatimenti a boma angatsutse malamulo a anthu okhala m’nyumba. Kuwonjezera apo, makhoti ndi mabungwe a boma amene asinthasinthasintha angakhudze mmene malamulo a nyumba amasuliridwira, ndipo nthaŵi zina amachepetsa chitetezo.

Mitundu ya Tsankho

Pamene misika ya nyumba ikusintha, machitachita aupolu. Kukwera kwa malo obwereketsa ochitirako zikalata monga Airbnb ndi Zisch kwayambitsa njira zatsopano za tsankho. Malamulo amene amasankha kuti nyumba ikhale ndi nyumba yotsala kapena ikhale yokongola angasokoneze tsankho la ufuko kapena la zachuma. Madipatimenti a boma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zawo zofufuzira ndi kukonzanso malamulo awo kuti athetse mavuto amene akubwerawa. Zimenezi zimafuna maphunziro opitirizabe ndi luso la zopanga zinthu zimene mabungwe ambiri amavutika kuti apeze ndalama.

Malangizo Amtsogolo: Kulimbikitsa Kuyesayesa Kwabwino kwa Boma Komanga Nyumba

Pomanga pa kupita patsogolo kopangidwa, madipatimenti a boma angatenge masitepe angapo kuwonjezera chiyambukiro chawo.

Zipangizo Zopeputsa Zopangira Kukakamiza

Kufufuza zinthu kungathandize madipatimenti a boma kuzindikira bwino njira zauchiŵeniŵeni. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito makina pofufuza mandandanda a malendi ndi chinenero chotsatsa malonda kungasinthe. Mayiko ena akuyesa kale zinthu zimenezi. Chikalata cha New York cha Division of Human Rights chayendetsa njira yoyendera kuti aone ngati pali mawu otsatsa malonda a pa Intaneti. Kuwonjezera luso la zolembalemba, kuphatikizapo chitetezo champhamvu cha chinsinsi, kungawonjezere kwambiri ntchito yosungitsa ntchito.

Kuchuluka kwa Ndalama Zoperekedwa ndi Kuthandiza

Malamulo a boma ayenera kuzindikira kuti kusungitsa malamulo a zachuma kuli kuyendetsa bwino ndalama. Ndalama iliyonse yowonongedwa posungitsa anthu imathandiza ndalama zambiri kulipira anthu osoŵa pokhala . Kuchepetsa kusowa pokhala, kuchuluka kwa thanzi, ndi kuyendera bwino kwa chuma. Magulu a amalonda akupitirizabe kukakamiza kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira makampani a zachuma. Maboma ena apanga ndalama zapadera kuchokera ku mafashoni ndi malo osungirako zinthu zofunikira kuchirikiza ntchito zochitidwa.

Kulimbitsa Unansi Wachibadwidwe

Mabungwe odalirika a m'deralo nthaŵi zambiri ndiwo chinthu choyamba chimene chingathandize anthu amene akusalidwa. Mwa kugwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu ameneŵa, madipatimenti a boma angawonjeze ndi kuchepetsa zopinga zotsalira kutsatsa kudandaula. Ziwiya za maphunziro zaluso m’zinenero zambiri, zotembenuzidwira m'zinenero zapamwamba zolankhulidwa m’boma lililonse, zingatsimikizire kuti palibe munthu amene wasiyidwa. Machipatala a m'galimoto ndi njira zodandaula kwenikweni zingathandize kufikira anthu a m’madera akutali kapena osungidwa.

Kudziŵa Zochititsa Tsankho

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo a zanyumba kwabwino kokha sikungathetse zaka makumi ambiri za kusintha, kuchotsa malo, ndi kusalingana kwa chuma. Madipatimenti a boma ayenera kugwira ntchito pamodzi ndi mabungwe a nyumba ndi kulinganiza kuti achirikize malamulo owonjezera, kuchirikiza kupangidwa kwa nyumba zokhoza kugulitsidwa, ndi kuchirikiza maprogramu onga ngati chithandizo cha panja. Maboma ena, monga Oregon ndi California, akhazikitsa malamulo othetsera kuchepetsa kulemera kwa banja limodzi, kuyendera limodzi kwa mabungwe a boma a kampani a nyumba zoyera achirikiza. Masinthidwe ameneŵa, kuphatikizapo kusungitsa ntchito zolimba, angapangedi misika ya nyumba yosatsaliramo.

Kulimbitsa Nyumba Zabwino Mowonjezereka (AFFH)

Ulamuliro wa boma wa AFFH, womwe tsopano wadzutsidwa ndi HUD, umafunikira magawo ndi madera achangu kugonjetsa kugaŵana ndi kuchirikiza kugwirizana. Madipatimenti a Boma angatsogolere kuyesayesa kumeneku mwa kuchititsa kupenda kokwanira kwa nyumba, kukhazikitsa zonulirapo zotsimikizirika kaamba ka kuchotsedwa kwa nyumba, ndi kusimba za kupita patsogolo. Ngakhale kuti lamulolo layang'anizana ndi zitokoso zalamulo ndi za ndale zadziko, maboma ambiri akupita patsogolo modzifunira. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Washington State of Commerce yagwirizanitsa malamulo a AFFH m'kulinganiza kwake nyumba, kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso cha kudziŵikitsa malo aufuko ndi a chuma.

Kumaliza: Njira Yake Ikupita Patsogolo

Madipatimenti a boma atsimikizira kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri pomenyera nkhondo nyumba zabwino. Mwa kusungitsa lamulo, maphunziro, ndi njira zatsopano, iwo achepetsa tsankho, kufutukuka, ndi kumanga anthu ambiri. Komabe, ntchitoyo siitha. Pamene tsankho ndi misika ya nyumba zikukula mocholoŵana, mabungwe ameneŵa ayenera kusintha, kugwiritsa ntchito luso latsopano, ndi kupanga mgwirizano wolimba. Madipatimenti a boma angapitirizebe kuchititsa dzikolo kuyembekezera anthu onse kukhala ndi nyumba zabwino.

Kwa awo ofuna chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] Department of Fair House Inforcement tsamba ndi National Fair House Alliance [[FLT : 3] imapereka chuma chowonjezereka ndi zowongoleredwa pa zoyesayesa za boma.