Lamulo la kulinganiza mphamvu nlofunika kwambiri pa ntchito ya madongosolo a democracy. Limatsimikizira kuti palibe gulu limodzi kapena munthu mmodzi amene angalamulire mwa njirayo, mwakutero kutetezera zoyenera ndi ufulu wa nzika. Nkhaniyi ikupenda nkhani ya m’mbiri, kufunika, ndi madongosolo amene amachirikiza kulinganizika kwa mphamvu m’dongosolo lamakono, pamene ikupendanso zovuta zamakono ndi mkhalidwe womasintha wa chiphunzitso chofunika chimenechi.

Magwero a Malingaliro Akale a Zandale

Mfundo ya boma lolinganiza bwino isanakhazikitse demokrase yamakono. Aristotle, m'ma Plolitics , anatulukira mitundu itatu ya malamulo a boma , maulamuliro, ndi apolisi adatsutsa kuti mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa boma wophatikizapo maufumu atatu onsewo kuletsa mtundu umodzi kulamulidwa. Polybius, wolemba mbiri yakale wachigiriki, anawongoleranso mfundo imeneyi mwa kupenda malamulo osanganiza a Roma, amene analinganiza malamulo (asudzulidwa) (odesiki), Nyumba ya malamulo (otocratic), ndi misonkhano yotchuka (demokrase). Polycius anakhulupirira kuti dongosolo la Roma linalola kupeŵeratu kuwonongeka ndi Plato. Mabungwewa anayala maziko oyambirira a mfundo za ulamuliro wosiyana kwambiri, omwe anatsogolera ulamuliro wachinyengo.

Kuunikiridwa ndi Kulekanitsidwa kwa Maulamuliro

Kuunikiridwa kunazindikiritsa posinthira pa kuyambika kwa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu yolinganiza. Baron de Montesquieu ntchito ya 1748 [[FL:0] Mzimu wa Malamulo anakhazikitsa mphamvu zosonkhezera kwambiri. Anatsutsa kuti kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika, “mphamvu ziyenera kukhala kuyang'ana ku mphamvu. Montesquieu analinganiza kugawira ulamuliro wa boma pakati pa nthambi zitatu zosiyana, mkulu, ndi jajiniza, ndipo thanga lililonse la nthambi likhale ndi mphamvu zoletsa zina. Maganizo ake anasonkhezera mwachindunji mamembala a United States, amene anapanga njira ya [FOL:2] ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu za ulamuliro, ndipo kuteteza kuukira ulamuliro. Oweruzawo anathandizanso kusiyanitsa pakati pa mphamvu zake, ngakhale kuti zinakhala zopanda mphamvu zambiri. [I.F.N.]

Tanthauzo la Kulinganiza Mphamvu

Kulingalira kuti palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo nkofunika kwambiri posunga chilungamo ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

  • Kuchotsa kwa Tyranny : mwa kugawira mphamvu ku nthambi zambiri za boma, upandu wa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism umachepetsedwa. Kuikidwa mphamvu kwa munthu mmodzi kapena gulu lakale kumatsogolera ku chitsenderezo, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'maulamuliro kuchokera ku Roma wakale mpaka ku zaka makumi aŵiri za zana lachiŵiri.
  • Kuchinjiriza Ufulu: Dongosolo lachikatikati limatetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi ufulu kwa boma kwa ochenjeredwa. Pamene nthambi iriyonse iyang'ana ina, kumakhala kovuta kuti nthambi iriyonse iswe ufulu wonga ngati kulankhula, msonkhano, ndi njira yoyenerera.
  • Kuŵerengera mlandu: ndi zipimitso za mphamvu pamalo, akuluakulu a boma amalangidwa chifukwa cha zochita zawo. Chiwopsezo cha kusamvera, kupenda, ndi uyang’aniro wa malamulo chimatsimikizira kuti atsogoleri sangachitepo kanthu popanda chilango.
  • Kulimba ndi Kulamulira: Kulinganiza kwachikatikati kumasonkhezera anthu kukhulupirira mabungwe. Nzika zingavomereze malamulo ndi malamulo pamene zikhulupirira kuti mphamvu sizikuchitidwa mwadala. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kuthekera kwa chipwirikiti cha nzika ndi kulimbitsa pangano la mayanjano.

Kupyola pa ntchito zazikulu zimenezi, kulinganizika kwa mphamvu kumachirikizanso kukambitsirana ndi kugonja.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Zochepa M’mayiko Amakono

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Kugawa kwa ntchito za boma kukhala nthambi zosiyanasiyana . Kugawa kwa makoma a moto, malamulo, ndi judge . Kugawa nthambi iliyonse imene imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi ntchito zake zazikulu: nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo, mkulu amaikhazikitsa, ndipo jaji imamasulira. Kupatula kumeneku kumapanga nyumba yozimira moto yomwe imalepheretsa munthu aliyense wochita filimu. Mayi ambiri, monga Germany ndi India, amatengera kapangidwe ka kamodzi kamodzi ka zinthu kamodzi, ngakhale kuti pali kusinthasinthasinthasintha kwa zinthu (m., dongosolo la palamente kaŵirikaŵiri limagwirizanitsa akuluakulu ndi mphamvu za malamulo ku , koma amasungabe wopanga judiary judiary.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi ulamuliro woletsa mphamvu za mabwana ena, kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu zili zolinganizika ndi kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene imakhala yolamulira. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo denala wa pulezidentiveto (kuchotsapo malamulo), kutsimikizira mapangano (okhala ndi mphamvu pa mabwana), ndi kupendanso (oweruza onse aŵiri). Kubwerera, nyumba ya malamulo ikhoza kuchotsa malo ndi steator , ndi mkulu wa makampani angapereke chikhululutso. Mayeso ameneŵa amapangitsa kulinganiza kwamphamvu kumene kumafuna kugwirizana ndi kachitidwe kamodzi m’malo mwa kaundulani.

Nyumba ya Asilikali Odziimira

Chigamulo chopanda tsankho chimamasulira malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana, kuchirikiza lamulo lakuti palibe aliyense amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Ufulu wachiweruzo umatetezeredwa ku moyo (kapena ndandanda yaitali), malipiro otetezeredwa, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kutsegulidwa kwa ndale zadziko. Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo . malamulo kapena machitidwe apamwamba osakhala olinganiza, ndi maziko a kulinganizika kwamakono kwa dongosolo la mphamvu. Nkhani zonga [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison [[FL:] [5] [5]] [F.FFFFF] Couragetition: [F]

Magulu Ogwirizana

M’madongosolo a boma, mphamvu imagawidwanso pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maiko. Kulekanitsidwa kwa mphamvu kokhala ndi malire kumawonjezera chipukutirakiti china cha chitetezo ku kufalikira kwa pakati. Maboma kapena zigawo zikukhala ndi ufulu waukulu, kugwira ntchito monga malaboratoria a democracy ndi macheke owonjezereka pa ulamuliro wa boma. United States, Germany, Australia, ndi India onse amagwiritsira ntchito unistism ku mamlingo osiyanasiyana.

Kufufuza za Mphamvu ya Anthu

United States

Malamulo a U.S. anakhazikitsa njira ya kupenda ndi kulinganiza zimene zasintha zaka mazana aŵiri. Chochititsa manyazi cha Watergate chinayesa dongosololo, pamene Pulezidenti Nixon anayesa kuletsa chilungamo ndi kukhazikitsa mwaŵi wapamwamba. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira mogwirizana mu [[FLT: 0] United States v. Nixon[FL:1] kuti prezidenti sakanatha kuletsa umboni wa kufufuza kwaupandu, kutsimikizira kuti palibe aliyense, ngakhale mkulu wamkulu wa ntchito, amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Posachedwapa, zochita zapamwamba pa kusamuka, mphamvu zankhondo, ndi zigamu zamwazikulu zabutsa mikangano yokhudza mphamvu za pulezi wa dziko. Nthaŵi zina msonkhano wasintha ndalama zopereka ndalama, womvera, ndi woyang'anira. Woyang'anirayo amayesa kupenda nthaŵi zitatu zamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yamakono (Ayne, Fronn, Fronner, kaŵiri)

United Kingdom

Malamulo a UK amadalira kwambiri pa misonkhano, malamulo, ndi zikalata za mbiri yakale zonga Magna Carta (1215) ndi Bill of Rights (1689) kupanga kulinganiza pakati pa ufumu, Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi khoti la jaji. Pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro a mfumu ali a mwambo, lamulo la ulamuliro wa pampala la malamulo limatanthauza kuti Palamente angapange kapena kugwetsa lamulo lililonse. Komabe, khoti la ja lapeza ufulu wokulirapo kuyambira pa Lamulo la Reformation Act 2005, limene linakhazikitsa Khoti Lapamwamba la Ufumu wa United, kusiyanitsa khoti lapamwamba ndi Nyumba ya Ambuye. Lamulo la ufulu wa anthu 1998 limaperekanso mphamvu zoletsa malamulo kutsutsana ndi pangano la ufulu wa anthu, kuwonjezera chikalata chamakono. UK ikusonyeza mmene chikalata chamakono chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa ufulu wa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba kwambiri pa malamulo a kukhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu.

France

French Fin 5 Republic, yomwe inapangidwa mu 1958, imapanga dongosolo la kanthaŵi kochepa la chiweruzo ndi pulezidenti wosankhidwa mwachindunji ndi nduna yaikulu ya boma. Pulezidentiyo ali ndi maulamuliro aakulu, kuphatikizapo kutha kuchotsa msonkhano wa National Assembly ndi kutchula mamendulo. Nthaŵi zina Constitution Council ipendanso malamulo a kugwirizana ndi malamulo, kukugwira ntchito monga kuyang'ana kwa chiweruzo. Mapangidwe a ziwirizi amasonyeza kucholoŵana kwa mphamvu pamene mkulu wamphamvu akukhala pamodzi ndi nyumba ya palamente. Nthaŵi za kukhalira pamodzi (pamene pulezidenti ndi ndunakulu wa bungwe lapamwamba achokera ku zipani zosiyanasiyana) nthaŵi zina amasinthanso koma amabwezeretsa malamulo a macheketezo ndi kulinganiza kwamphamvu, monga momwe nthambi iliyonse iyenera kukambirana m’malo mwa kulamulira.

South Korea

Kusintha kwa South Korea ku demokrase mu 1987 kunayambitsa dongosolo la prezidenti ndi Khoti la Malamulo limene limapenda mosamalitsa malamulo ndi machitidwe a pulezidenti. 2016-2017 kuyang'anira kwa Pulezidenti Park Geun-hye, wochirikizidwa ndi Bwalo la Malamulo, anasonyeza mphamvu ya jaji yodziimira pawekha yokha yokhala ndi mlandu wa pulezidenti. Chigamu cha khotilo chinatsogolera ku kuchotsedwa kwake pa ofesi ndi kugamutsira mlandu wotsatira waupandu. Mlanduwu umasonyeza mmene kupenda ndi kulinganiza kwamphamvu ndi kukhoza kugwira ntchito ngakhale mu democrase, kutsimikizira lamulo lakuti palibe aliyense amene ali pamwamba pa lamulolo. [FLT:] Khoti la malamulo la Korea [FLT:] ndilo la malamulo la boma la pulogalamu ya .

Kuona Zinthu Mosiyanasiyana Padziko Lonse

Pamene kuli kwakuti chitsanzo cha maulamuliro olekanitsidwa cha ku America nchotchuka, mphamvu zambiri za demokrase zoyendera limodzi mwa kulinganiza kosiyana. Madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo, monga aja a ku Canada, Australia, ndi Japan, amagwirizanitsa nthambi za boma zokhala ndi mphamvu, kupangitsa boma kukhala ndi chidaliro pa makhomagelamu. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kungatsogolere ku maulamuliro opambana kwambiri komanso kungayambitse kuopsa kwa ulamuliro wa nduna ngati nduna yaikulu iyang'anira anthu ambiri. Kulimbana ndi zimenezi, madongosolo ambiri a nyumba za malamulo a boma agwiritsira ntchito zipinda zachiŵiri zolimba (mphini, kupangitsa kuti madongosolo a za chigawo cha Germany a Bundesrat) ndi kupendanso bwino. Madongosolo a pulogalamu a France ngati a kanthaŵi koyambirira angayesetse kuphatikiza zinthu ziŵirizo. Mosasamala kanthu za mapangidwe ake, mfundo yaikulu: malamulo a boma sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

Kuchotsa Maulamuliro a Kutaya ndi Kubwezeretsa Magulu

Demokrase yatsopano kaŵirikaŵiri imalimbana kukhazikitsa kupenda ndi kulinganiza kwachikhalire. Maiko a Kummaŵa kwa Yuropu, Latin America, ndi Afirika ayang'anizana ndi kubwerera mmbuyo pamene akuluakulu atsutsa zigamulo kapena kutsendereza chitsutso. Mwachitsanzo, Hungary ndi Poland awona masinthidwe alamulo omwe anafooketsa ufulu wa chiweruzo ndi wa zoulutsira nkhani, kusonkhezera kuloŵerera kwa European Union. Nkhani zimenezi zikugogomezera kuti kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro sikuli kudzichirikiza kwaumwini; kufunikira kudzitetezera kokangalika kwa chitaganya cha anthu, opanga mafilimu andale zadziko, ndi mabungwe a mitundu yonse. [[FLT: 0] Surbu ya ku Ulaya ya ufulu wa Ufulumo wa Ufulu wa Anthu [[FLT: 1]] yachita mbali ina m'malamulo odziimba mlandu wa kuswa malamulo.

Mavuto Olepheretsa Kupeza Mphamvu Zokwanira Masiku Ano

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko

Malo andale ogaŵanika mowonjezereka angatsogolere ku kuchepa kwa maulamuliro okhutiritsa. Pamene magulu aika patsogolo phindu lakuthandizana kwa boma, macheke ndi mamiyeso akukhala zida mmalo mwa chitetezo. U.S. wakumana ndi kutsekedwa kwa boma kobwerezabwereza, kuchedwetsa kutsimikizira kwa komiti, ndi kulephera kwa bajeti kudutsa movutikira zinthu zimene zimafooketsa chidaliro cha anthu. Kusintha kwa dzuŵa kumasonkhezeranso kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ndi kutsendereza njira zalamulo zachibadwa, monga momwe gulu lililonse limafunira kupititsa patsogolo mapangano ake mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso.

Olamulira Opambanitsa ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Atsogoleri angayese kuwonjezera ulamuliro wawo, kunyalanyaza mayeso ndi kulinganiza zinthu panthaŵi ya mavuto. Mliri wa Covid . Mliri wa Covid unasonyeza njira zangozi ndi kuyang'anira malamulo kochepa. Pamene kuli kwakuti panafunikira kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira, mabwana ena anagwiritsira ntchito vutolo kukhazikitsa mphamvu za boma popanda kupenda kokwanira kwa apolisi kapena a palamenti. Mofananamo, uchigaŵenga ndi ziwopsezo za dziko zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa kuyang'anira, nkhondo popanda chilolezo chogwirizana ndi chilolezo, ndi kutsekedwa popanda kuzenga mlandu.

Kudziimira pa Ufulu wa Oweruza Pangozi

Makhoti ena akhazikitsa makhoti odalirika, asintha zaka za ntchito, kapena makhoti opatula malamulo pa nkhani zina. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa milandu kwa Poland mu 2019 kunachititsa kuti bungwe la European Union lipereke ziletso ndi kutsutsa milandu ya anthu. Makhoti akayamba kutsutsa malamulo, amalephera kudalirika ndiponso amatha kuyang'anira nthambi zina. Kuteteza ufulu wa boma kumafuna kukhazikitsa zinthu zina, kuteteza anthu, ndiponso kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe chimene chimayang’anira milandu.

Kulephera Kudziŵa Zinthu pa Magetsi ndi Kuchepa kwa Kukhulupirirana

Kuwonjezeka kwa mapulogalamu a zandale ndiponso makampani ofalitsa nkhani zandale kwachititsa kuti anthu asamakhulupirire kwambiri mabungwe andale. Ngati anthu sagwirizana pa mfundo zikuluzikulu zokhudza ntchito za boma, kulephera kuyendera malamulo. Kulephera kumasulira bwino masankho, kwachititsa kuti anthu asiye kugwiritsa ntchito njira zandale polimbana ndi anthu otsutsa boma komanso kupondereza boma.

Kulimbitsa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu: Mbali ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani

Kulinganiza kwabwino kwa ulamuliro sikungadalire pa malamulo alamulo okha; kumafunikiranso kutomerana kwa nzika ndi kufalitsa nkhani. Mabungwe a boma amayang'anira ntchito za boma, kuchirikiza kuwonekera, ndi kusonkhezera lingaliro la anthu kutsutsa kupotoza kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Ofalitsa nkhani za ufulu akufufuza kuipa, kuvumbula, ndi kupereka malo oyenera a anthu olankhula mosiyanasiyana. M’mayiko ambiri, atolankhani ayang'anizana ndi chiwawa, kumangidwa, ndi kumanga milandu (mabwalo a milandu yotsutsa kugawana kwa anthu, kapena SLAPP) yoyang'anira kutsutsa kutsutsa kuukira. Kuteteza ufulu ndi kutheketsa anthu kukhala ndi mbali m’po kanthu kofunikira kuti asunge mlandu. [[FTL:] Olemba nkhani za ufulu wopanda madesikito Opanga ufulu [FLD [FFUT] [FUF]

Kuwonjezera apo, maphunziro amene amaphunzitsa anthu ndi maganizo otsutsa amapatsa mphamvu nzika kuzindikira zinthu zimene zingasokoneze ulamuliro wawo. Anthu akazindikira mmene amachitira zinthu mwa kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyendera bwino, ndipo chifukwa chake ali ndi vuto, angathe kuwateteza kuti asawonongeke pang’onopang’ono. Kuonana kwa boma, monga malamulo otseguka ndi kumvetsera kwa anthu, kumathandizanso nzika kuŵerengera akuluakulu a boma.

Kumaliza

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu sikumasungidwa kwachikhalire; kumayang'anizana ndi kulamulidwa kwa democracy, kofunika kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu kapena gulu lapamwamba pa lamulo. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake chakale ku makonzedwe a malamulo amakono, lamulo lakhala lofunika kwambiri kuletsa upo, kutetezera ufulu, ndi kulimbikitsa kuŵerengera. Chiyeneretsocho sichimayang'anizana ndi mavuto osalekeza; kusokonezeka kwa maulamuliro, kusokonezeka kwa komiti, ndi kusokonezeka kwa magetsi. Kusunga zimenezi kumafuna kukhala maso kosalekeza, kusintha zinthu, ndi kukhala ndi phande kwamphamvu kwa nzika, zoulutsira nkhani, ndi anthu. Chifuno cha kulamulira kwachikatikati si chinthu chopitirizidwa koma njira yopitirizabe ya kusinthika ndi kusinthika. Monga momwenso, kuyenera kuyang'anira mphamvu yachikidwa ndi lamulo lopanda mphamvu, lamulo lopanda mphamvu, onse aŵiriwolamulira ndi lamphamvu.