Mbiri Ya ulamuliro wa Olamulira

Kulimbana pakati pa mphamvu yosumika maganizo ndi ufulu wa munthu kwasonkhezera chisinthiko chandale kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Ku Mesopotamiya wakale, olamulira onga Hammurabi anagwirizanitsa malamulo a kukhazikitsa chilungamo, koma ulamuliro wotheratu unali ndi mfumu. Caladical Athens anayesa democracy mwachindunji, komabe mphamvu za ulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri zinaperekedwa kwa akazembe ndi akazembe a mawu ochepera. Roman Republic inakhazikitsa gulu la maulamuliro kupyolera mwa maulamuliro ake, Kornate, ndi misonkhano yake, koma kukwera kwa mafumu onga Augustus kunasonyeza mmene ulamuliro wapamwamba unaphirimira manthambi ena. Madongosolo oyambirira ameneŵa anayala maziko a kutsutsana kwa pambuyo pake ponena za kuyang'anira mphamvu ya ulamuliro.

Zochitika Zapakati ndi Zamakono

Yuropu anagaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa mafumu, nduna, ndi Tchalitchi. Magna Carta (1215) inali sitepe losintha zinthu, kukakamiza Mfumu John kuvomereza kuti ngakhale mfumu inali yogonjera lamulo. Komabe, kwa zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake, mafumu Achingelezi anapitiriza kukhazikitsa ulamuliro . Kupereka malamulo popanda Nyumba ya Malamulo, kumangidwa, ndi kulamulira malamulo achilendo. Kusintha kwa Glorius kwa 1688 ndi Bill of Rights (1689) kunakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa nyumba ya malamulo ndipo analetsa mfumuyo kuswa malamulo popanda kugwirizana. Zitsanzo zimenezi zinasonkhezera mwachindunji akatswiri a ku America omwe anatsutsa Mfumu George III yemwe anatsimikizira kukhala nduna za boma.

Kuunikiridwa ndi Kuyambika kwa Demokrase Yamakono

John Locke’s Treases 2 of Boma [1689]) anatsutsa kuti boma lovomerezeka limafuna kuti alamuliridwe alamuliridwe ndi kuti mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka boma ikhale yochepetsedwa ndi lamulo. Baron de Montesquieu’s Mzimu wa Malamulo [[FLT: 3] (1748]) likufuna kugaŵidwa kwa mphamvu m'lamulo, mkulu, ndi nthambi za khoti, iliyonse yoyang'anira ina. Malingaliro ameneŵa anafalikira pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787. James Magne, mu Federation. No. 51, analemba kuti “Mlungu uyenera kuchotsedwa, kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza ku U.

Ntchito Yamachesi ndi Mapeketi

Lamulo la U.S. limakhazikitsa njira yofufuzira ndi kulinganiza zolinganizidwira kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kulamulira. Nthambi iriyonse ya boma iri ndi mphamvu ndi mathayo apadera, kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingalamulire inayo.

  • Nthambi ya malamulo imakhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Nthambi yaikulu imapereka malamulo.
  • Nthambi yachiweruzo imamasulira malamulo.

Makonzedwe Aakulu a Malamulo

Makonzedwe angapo a lamulo ngofunika kwambiri m’kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa olamulira:

  • Article I: Grans Congress mphamvu ya kupanga malamulo, kulamulira bajeti, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kutsimikizira kuika kwa maulamuliro. Mawu oyenerera ndi oyenerera amalola Nyumba za Malamulo kufutukula kufikira kwake, kugwira ntchito monga kuchepetsa ntchito ya pulezidenti.
  • Article II: [[FLT :1] imalongosola mphamvu za Pulezidenti, kuphatikizapo ntchito ya mkulu wa asilikali, kukhoza kukhululukira, ndi ntchito ya “kusamala kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika. Mawuwa agwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa ufulu wa mkulu, komanso amatanthauza ntchito yokakamiza [1] osati kunyalanyaza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article III: [[FLT :1] imakhazikitsa jaji yomasulira malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo, yotsimikiziridwa ndi Marbury v. Madison (1873] , imalola makhoti kutsutsa machitidwe a akuluakulu amene amatsutsana ndi Malamulo.
  • Masinthidwe khumi oyambirira akukakamiza bwana mwa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi [1] kutsendereza ufulu wa munthu payekha, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, njira yoyenerera, ndi chitetezo ku kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi khunyu. Malamulo achisanu, Lachisanu, Lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi Lachisanu ndi chitatu ndi Lachisanu ndi chitatu ndi Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu ndi chitatu nlofunika kwambiri makamaka ku machitidwe a akuluakulu a ntchito yosungitsa lamulo ndi chisungiko cha dziko.

Msonkhano Upenda Ukulu wa Ntchito

Kuchokera pa kupanga lamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imakhala ndi mphamvu ya chikwamacho . Palibe ndalama zimene zingayeneredwe popanda chilolezo cha lamulo. Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kukhazikitsa mamembala a bungwe la kabungwe, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe. Nyumba ingapo ikhoza kugonjetsa masunamo a prezidenti ndi ma triala aŵiri , ndipo ili ndi mphamvu ya kutsutsa ndi kuchotsa pulezidenti, pulezidenti, kapena akuluakulu ena a boma kaamba ka “Mpatso, Chiphuphu, kapena ma Crimenti ndi Misdemiers . U.S.S Constitution .

Zitsanzo Za m’mbiri za Kuloŵerera Kokulira

M’mbiri yonse ya United States, mapresidenti ayesa mobwerezabwereza malire a ulamuliro wawo, nthaŵi zina akumayambitsa mavuto a malamulo kapena malamulo alamulo odziŵika bwino.

Andrew Jackson ndi Vuto la Kutha kwa Kutha kwa Magazi

Mu 1832, South Carolina analengeza kulephera kwa boma kwa unduna pakati pa malire ake, akumawopseza kuti atha kuikidwa. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson anayankha ndi Boma Bill , kuvomereza nkhondo kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma, uku akuchepetsanso malamulo kuchepetsa. Jackson ananena kuti pulezidenti anali ndi ufulu wokakamiza ulamuliro wa boma . ndi kuti anganyalanyaze chigamulo cha Supreme Court chimene sanagwirizane nacho (monga mu [[FLT: 0]]. Warcester v. Georgia Georgia . [1] [1] Mphamvu yapamwamba ya mkulu wa boma. Ngakhale kuti anasunga Union, zochita zake zinakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kachitidwe kamphamvu ka pulezidenti.

Lincoln ndi Kulanda kwa Habeas Corpus

Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln analetsera mpambo wa habeas corpus, kugwira zikwi popanda kuzengedwa. Anatsutsa kuti kunali kofunika kusungitsa Union. Woweruza Wamkulu Roger Talt Taney analamulira mu Ex pateryman [1861]) kuti ndi msonkhano wokha umene ukanaimitsa habeas corpus, koma Lincoln ananyalanyaza chigamulo. Pambuyo pake, bungwe la Congress linavomerezanso movomerezedwa. Chochitikachi chidakali chitsanzo champhamvu cha kupsinjika pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi malire a mphamvu ya ulamuliro m'nthaŵi za mavuto.

Kulimbana ndi Vuto Latsopano

Franklin D. Roosevelt ya New Deal inafutukula maprogramu a boma la boma pa zachuma. Mu 1935, Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa mbali za National Industrial Recovery Act mu Schechter Poult. v. United States. Rooselt anavomera ndi “makonzedwe ake a zachuma", akumapereka kuti awonjezere chilungamo ku malamulo ake. Ngakhale kuti FDR analephera kutembenuza malangizo a Khoti (“FLT: 1] m'nthaŵi imene inapulumutsa ), kuyesa kwake kubwezeretsanso ulamuliro wa judia judia .

Nixon ndi Woyang’anira Mfumu

Richard Nixon anagwiritsira ntchito mwaŵi waulamuliro, kuphulitsa mabomba kwachinsinsi ku Cambodia, ndi Watergate , zinachitira chitsanzo chimene wolemba mbiri Arthur Schlesinger Jr. anatcha “unduna wa boma. [1] Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba chogwirizana mu . United States v. Nixton [777] [777])] anakakamiza Nixon kujambula nyimbo, kutsimikizira kuti preziden wa boma sali pamwamba pa lamulo. Kuyang'anizana ndi kutsutsa, Nixon anasintha. Nkhani imeneyi inalimbikitsa ntchito ya judia monga kuyang'anira za kubisa za akuluakulu ndi oteteza.

Kukula Koposa 9 / 11: Thatchi ndi Obama

Pambuyo pa ziukiro za September 11, Pulezidenti George W. Bush analoledwa kukhala ndi chilolezo choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito foni, makhoti ankhondo, ndi kumangidwa kosalekeza. HAMDAN v. Rumsfeld (2006] [2006]]] [FLT]]] chigamulo cha lamulo lakuti magulu ankhondo anaswa malamulo a gulu lankhondo a Chilungamo cha Nkhondo ndi Misonkhano ya Geneva. Pulezidenti Barack Obama anapitirizabe kuukira transmony drone ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma pa kusamuka (DAC), kumene kunayang'anizananso ndi mavuto alamulo. Mlangwe ina ina inapereka ulamuliro waukulu pansi pa kugwiritsa ntchito Gawo la Nkhondo (2001, kutsemphanga pakati pa nkhondo ndi nkhondo yankhondo yankhondo.

Nkhani za M’tsogolo mu Ulamuliro Waukulu

M’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, mkangano wokhudza ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma wakula kwambiri. Criss .reals .inde kapena pulofesa amene akuona kuti n’ngofunika kwambiri kuyesa malamulo a boma.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Chiyambukiro Chawo

Mapresidenti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito maoda akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa masinthidwe popanda chilolezo cha bungwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiŵiyachi chingakhale chogwira mtima, chimadzutsanso nkhaŵa ponena za kunyalanyaza dongosolo la malamulo. Malamulo auyang'anira samatchulidwa m'Malamulo koma agwiritsiridwa ntchito chiyambire George Washington. Mapresidenti amakono a magulu onse aŵiri apereka malamulo mazana ambiri. Zitsanzo zina zodziŵika:

  • Lamulo la Harry Truman lakulanda zitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea linagulidwa mu achichepere a ttlep Sheep & Tube Co. Sawyer [1] (11952), kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pulezidenti ya kutenga katundu waumwini popanda ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Lamulo la Ronald Reagan loletsa kupereka ndalama kaamba ka uphungu wa kuchotsa mimba linachirikizidwa mwapang’ono.
  • Donald Trump analetsa ulendo pa maiko angapo a Chisilamu koma potsirizira pake anachirikizidwa mu Trump . Hawaii [1] (2018), ndi Bwalo lamilandu lonena za ufulu wa pulezidenti m'chisungiko cha dziko.
  • Lumbiro la loni yasukulu ya Joe Biden la kukhululukira linatsekerezedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu Biden . Nebraska (2023), kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo kumafuna chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa.

Mavuto a Dziko ndi Mphamvu ya Pulezidenti

National Emermentation Act (1976) imapereka njira kwa pulezidenti kulengeza za ngozi ya dziko lonse, kutsegulira mphamvu za malamulo. Komabe, ziweruzo za zilengezo zimenezo nzambiri, zimene zimatsogolera ku kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Pulezidenti Trump anagwiritsira ntchito zimenezi kubwezeretsa ndalama zankhondo ku makoma amalire, zimene zinachirikizidwa pang'ono koma zinachirikizidwanso ndi kutsutsidwa. Otsutsa amanena kuti zigamu zamwadzidzidzi zimalola pulezidenti kutseka Congress. Congress Congress Review Act zingathetse ngozi, koma zimafuna chigamulo ndi chikalata cha pulezidenti kapena chikalata chapamwamba cha Preeveto.

Kusintha Kayendetsedwe ka Nkhondo

Malamulo amagawa maulamuliro a nkhondo: Congress amalengeza nkhondo; pulezidenti ndi Mkulu wa Azembe . Koma Power Powers Resolution ya 1973, yochitidwa pa chigamulo cha Nixon, ikufuna kuti mapresidenti Obama adziŵitse Nyumba ya Malamulo mkati mwa maola 48 a kutumiza mphamvu ndi kutumiza malamulo kwa masiku 60 popanda chilolezo. Pulezidenti aliyense kuyambira pamene sanaonedwe kukhala woweruza, koma palibe khoti limene lalamulira mwachindunji kuyenerera kwake. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama adapitiriza kuloŵerera kwa asilikali ku Libya mu 2011 mlingo wa 60 wa masiku apita popanda chilolezo chogwirizana, kutsogolera ku kutsutsa kwa bipartisan koma palibe kachitidwe.

Mwaŵi Waukulu ndi Kugwirizana

Mwayi waudindo umalola mapresidenti kuletsa chidziŵitso chachinsinsi, koma sichiri chokwanira. Mlandu wa Nixon unakhazikitsa mwaŵi umenewo kuti uperekedwe ku kufufuza koyenera kwa upandu. Posachedwapa, Khoti Lalikulu ku Trump v. Vance [2020]) adalamulira kuti pulezidenti wokhala pansi pa dziko sali wotetezeka kwa maulamuliro a aupandu. Trump v. United States [FLT:] (2024]), Bwalo linakhulupirira kuti pulezidenti wakale ali ndi chitetezero chenicheni cha zochita zawo za boma mu “maulamuliro a boma ndi kutetezera kwa machitidwe ena a boma, koma osati chifukwa cha kusagwirizana. Chigamu china cha m'chigamulu wachiŵiri cha maulamuliro. Chigamu china cha m'chigamu wakale wa bungwe la United States [FLT:] [2004]

Mbali ya Omvetsera m’Kuchepetsa Mphamvu ya Olamulira

Chigamulo chimagwira ntchito monga kuyang’anira mkulu wa boma. Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo, makhoti angaletse ntchito zapamwamba zimene zimaposa malamulo alamulo kapena malamulo. Komabe, oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjera kwa mkulu wa boma pankhani za chisungiko cha dziko ndi malamulo achilendo, kuyambitsa mkangano pakati pa kuletsa kwachiweruzo ndi kufunika kwa kuŵerengera mlandu.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

  • Achichepere Olemba Mabuku & Lamp; Tube Co. Seayer (1952): Pulezidenti Trulman analamula kugwidwa kwa zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea kuletsa chiwopsezo. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira 6-3 kuti pulezidenti analibe ulamuliro walamulo kapena malamulo, kukhazikitsa ntchito ya bwanamkubwa popanda chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa chilolezo kuli kosagwira ntchito m'banja.
  • [FLT .[FLT] United States v. Nixon (1974]): kugamula kokulira kuti mwaŵi wa mkulu suli wotheratu ndipo uyenera kugonjera ku kufunika kwa umboni m'kuzenga mlandu. Chigamulo chinakakamiza Nixon kutulutsa matepi ndi kumaliza mokhutiritsa dekana yake.
  • INS v. Charha[FLT :193] : Kugwetsa lamulo , Congress yogwiritsiridwa ntchito pa ntchito za kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. Khoti linagamula kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsatira Bidaralism ndi zofunika za Chigawo I, kuchirikiza kupatukana kwa maulamuliro.
  • Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006: adalamulira mabungwe ankhondo okhazikitsidwa ndi Pulezidenti Bush anaswa malamulo onse aŵiri Achilungamo cha Misanje ndi Geneva, kugawa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu pankhondo ya upandu.
  • [1] [FLT]mp v. Hawaii[FLT :2] (2017): [FLT ] Kupirira chiletso cha ulendo pansi pa ulamuliro wotakata wa pulezidenti pa kusamukira, koma adawona kuti Bwalo likapenda zisonkhezero zazikulu, likumapereka lingaliro lakuti chipembedzo chingachotse malamulo amtsogolo.
  • [FLT] BIden v. Nebraska[FLT :2] adatseka chikhululukiro cha ophunzira chofalikira, akumalingalira kuti Act ya HEROES sinalole programu yosanja yotero, kutsimikizira kufunika kwa chilolezo cha lamulo lakusintha kwakukulu kwa kachitidwe.

Kuipa ndi Malire Ake

Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjera kwa mkulu wa ntchito zachilendo ndi chisungiko cha dziko, akutchula kusoŵeka kwa ukatswiri wa chiweruzo ndi kufunika kwa kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira. [[FLT:] CHEVron [1] Chiphunzitso [ [[FLT:] [19984] [] (1984]) chinafunikira makhoti kuti apereke matanthauzo a malamulo ovuta, kufutukulidwa kopambana kwa mphamvu ya ulamuliro. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba pa Khoti la kulamulira Chavron mu [[FLT:] Bright Exptions wit in [[FFFL:]. v. Raimplect:] [20], kuchititsa makhoti odzirirawolo pa chigamu cha .

Kukana ndi Zovuta za Ndale

Kutsutsa ndi chida chotheratu cha lamulo chotsutsana ndi woyang'anira wopambana. Nyumbayo ingalembetse mwa voti ya “Kulingalira, Chiphuphu, ndi Maupandu Apamwamba,” ndi akaidi a Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi aŵiri chitatu, kuchotsa pulezidenti. Muyezo watsutsana: ena amatsutsa kuti imakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu, ena amafuna kuti apandu akhale ndi khalidwe labwino. Mabishopu Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump (tice) anatsutsidwa ndi Nyumbayo, koma palibe amene anaimbidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Donald Trump adatsutsa kusonkhezera kuukira boma pambuyo pa January 6, 201, anasonyeza kuti gulu la anthu okhulupirika kaŵirikaŵiri amafufuza, kukweza kwa ndale zadziko.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Mphamvu Kopitirizabe

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa mkulu wa ntchito ndi nthambi zina kuli njira yogwira ntchito ndi yopikisana. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale kuchokera ku kuletsa kwa Lincoln kwa habeas corpus kufikira ku Nixon’s Resign ndi Trump ya lamulo zimasonyeza kuti malire a ulamuliro wa mkulu samathetsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri; amasinthasintha pamavuto, malamulo, ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo. Madongosolo a kuyang'anira ndi kulipirira a kulinganiza a panthambi amadalira pa nthambi iliyonse pakuchita ntchito yake ndi kuyang'anira ndi mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, chikole cha judiary kupyolera kupyola m'lamulo, ndi ulamuliro wa kupyola malire ndi ulemu wa lamulo. Monga momwe chitaganya chikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, mlicholoŵa, kapena kusintha mkhalidwe wa kudalirana pa mphamvu zauyang'amphamba. Chimakhalabe chofunikabe kwa nzika ndi kuwona za boma, ndi kuwonana kwa kuwonana kwa ulamuliro kwa ulamuliro kwa ulamuliro waukulu wa za boma. Chiphunzitso sichiyenera kuyendetsedwa kokha kukambitsirana kwa anthu m’kulankhula kwa chipambano.