Maziko a Lamulo a Kumenyera Ufulu ndi Ufulu

Malamulo a United States amapanga ulamuliro wocholoŵana wocholoŵana, kugaŵana mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma angapo. Malamulo ameneŵa adakonzedwa ponse paŵiri kutetezera ufulu ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro. Komabe, kuyambira pachiyambi, funso lofunika kwambiri silinathe kuyankhidwa: kuti chitetezero cha boma pa ufulu wa munthu aliyense chikhoza kufika pati ndi boma? Kwa zaka zana limodzi, yankho linali losavuta: Boma la ufulu wokha. Maboma anali omasuka kukhazikitsa njira zawozawo zaupandu, kulongosola ufulu wawo wa kulankhula ndi kusindikiza, ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano awo achipembedzo monga momwe aonera kuti alili bwino, kokha ndi malamulo awo a boma. Chiphunzitso cha [FLD: 0] chinasankha chigawa cha boma losavuta, kukonzanso mgwirizano pakati pa ufulu wa nzikazo ndi kukonzanso ufulu wa boma mwapangizone ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa boma lachikhalidwe la boma limodzi.

Kulimbana pakati pa mphamvu ya boma ndi ufulu wa boma sikunali kuyang'anira kochitidwa ndi Oyambitsa. Otsutsa za Ufulu wa Anthu anaopa kuti boma lamphamvu lithetsa ufulu umene anali atalimbana nawo. Federalists ananena kuti boma la boma lokhala ndi malire, logaŵikana, silinaopseze kwambiri. Kutetezera, olemba malamulo analonjeza kuti Lipi la Ufulu, koma kuti mapangano khumi oyambirirawo akonzedwe kuletsa bungwe latsopano la boma, osati makhomagedo.

Khoti la Baltimore [[FLT: 1] linapanga lamulo limeneli mwachindunji mu [[FLT:] Barron v. Baltimore (1833). John Barron, mwini wa port, anazemba mzinda wa Baltimore chifukwa chowononga malonda ake mwa kuchotsa mitsinje ya m’khwalala, kutsutsana kuti mzinda walanda katundu wake popanda malipiro obwezera. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analemba za Khoti lathunthu kuti Commergament, mofanana ndi Bill of Rights, anali "kulinganiza monga kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma la United States, ndipo sagwirizana ndi lamulo la boma la maiko a United States.

Kusintha kwa Zakunja kwa 14 ndi Chitokoso cha Ulamuliro wa Boma

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukonzanso Malamulo zimene zinatsatirapo kusinthitsa kwambiri malamulo a dziko. Kusintha kwa Thungwe kwachiwiri kunachotsa ukapolo. Fitreenth Reformation Fintententeth Reformation] yotsutsa mphamvu ya mabomawo. Malamulo ake aakulu analetsedwa mwachindunji pa mabungwe a boma amene adasonkhezera kugamula. Koma linali [FLT:] Fitenth Amendment , yovomerezedwa mu 1868, kuti itsutsa mwachindunji mphamvu ya maboma. Malamulo ake aakulu anaikidwa mwachindunji pa mabungwe a boma amene adasonkhezera kupondereza fuko. Chigawo chimodzi china china china china chilengezo:

Boma silidzapanga kapena kusungitsa lamulo lililonse limene lidzatsekereza mwaŵi kapena katemera wa nzika za United States; ndipo Boma lirilonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda dongosolo loyenera la lamulo; kapena kukana kwa munthu aliyense wokhala m’ulamuliro wake chitetezo chofanana cha malamulo.

Chinenerochi chinali chitsutso chachindunji pa lamulo la Barron v. Baltimore . Chinachepetsa molunjika mphamvu ya malamulo ku ufulu wachibalo. Okonza mapulani cholinga chofuna kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, makamaka akapolo amene anali atangomasulidwa kumene kukumana ndi maboma odana Kummwera. Fuct: 4. Nkhaniyo sinali [[FLT:]] Compliment inaletsa malamulo, koma [[FLT:]] kwambiri [FLT:] ndi kupyolera [FL:] [FT] [FLT] [F]

Milandu ya Nyumba Yophera ndi Kuchulukitsitsa kwa Mwaŵi Kapena Magulu Opulukira

Khoti Lapamwamba linayang'anizana ndi funso limeneli mwachindunji m'Malo a Nyumba [[FLT: 0] [Malo Opatsirana] [1873]]. Pankhaniyi panali lamulo la Louisiana limene linapereka mphamvu pa ntchito za kupha m'nyumba mu New Orleans. Oweruza sanasunthidwe ndi gulu lalamulo, akumatsutsa kuti lamulolo linatetezera ufulu wawo wa "malamulo kapena katemera" monga nzika za United States. M'chigamulo 5-4, Khoti linachotsa mwaŵi wa ku mathawa kapena kuchuluka kwa makhoti a Claus. Chiweruzo Samueli Miller chinasiyanitsa pakati pa unziko ndi ufulu wa dziko ndi malo a dziko, kuweruza kuti ufulu wawo woŵerengekawo wokhawokhawo amene anali ndi ufulu wawo wa boma, monga momwe kukhalira kwa anthu a boma kapena kuperekedwa kwa ufulu waukulu wa boma. Oweruzawo anachinjirizidwa ndi ufulu wa kuchirikiza ufulu wa kuchirikiza kuchirikiza ufulu wa kuyendetsa malonda, kulongosola kwa m'Gweruzi, kulongosola Chilungamo, kulongosola cha m'madera, cha mtsogolo, Chi

Njira Yoyenerera Monga Chomera cha Kusintha

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khoti Lapamwamba linayambitsa pang'onopang' chiphunzitso cha [[[FLT: 0]] choyenera [munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, amene amasunga kuti pepalalo liteteze ufulu winawake wa boma, mosasamala kanthu za njira zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimenezi zinatsegula khomo kuti likhale ndi mfundo yakuti "berter" yotetezedwa ndi Khiriseji ya 144" inaphatikizapo ufulu wotchulidwa mu Bill of Rights. Ngati njira yoyenerera itetezera "libert," ndi kulongosola zoyenera za ufulu, ndipo kulongosola kwa njira za ufulu woyenerera, ndiyeno kuletsa kuyendetsa njira yovomerezeka.

Kutsutsa Kotheratu ndi Kusankha: Kutsutsana kwa Chiŵeruzo

Kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa Msonkhano wa 14 wa Malamulo, Oweruza anayesetsa kufotokoza kuti ndi nkhani yaikulu motani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu m’mayikowo.

Chilungamo Chakuda ndi Chiphunzitso Chotheratu cha Kugaŵana

Woweruza Hugo Black anatsutsa kuti pakhale njira yolunjika. Anakhulupirira kuti okonza za Malamulo a 14 adafuna kuti Bill of Rights agwire ntchito ku maboma onse. Potsutsa [FLT: 0] Adamson v. California . (1947), adalemba umboni wa mbiri yakale wa kutsutsana ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma kuti anene kuti Malo Oyenera kapena Amasutuni adalinganizidwa kuti apange malamulo asanu ndi atatu oyambirira ovomerezeka pa maboma. Kwa Black Complion, Comition , anapereka lamulo lomveka bwino lomwe lingaletse oweruza kuti asatenge makhalidwe awo. Iye anatsutsa kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito kosankha, kupempha nkhani yachiweruzo. Ngati kuyenera kutetezera koyenera kutetezera, iye analingalira kuti kuchinjiriza ulamuliro.

Woweruza Cardozo ndi "Ufulu wa Kudzitetezera" Muyezo

Jasitizambi Benjamin Cardozo, polembera ochuluka mu Palko v. Connecticut [1] (1937), adakana njira yogwiritsira ntchito chiwonkhetso. Iye anapereka muyezo wosinthasintha kwambiri: Bwalo liyenera kuphatikiza ufulu umene uli "imko ya ufulu wolamulidwa" ndi popanda "ufulu kapena chilungamo chingakhaleko. Muyezo umenewu pakati pa ufulu umene unali wokha "kusintha" kapena "kusintha" ndi uja wofunika kwambiri ku dongosolo la chiweruzo. Cardozozozo zinalingalira kuti kuyenera kuweruza m’chochitika chachiŵeruza kapena ku chiwongo chachimonere choyenera kutsatsatsa chilungamo koma sunaliririri choyenerera kaamba ka dongosolo loyenera. [FFFFFFFFFF: "Foctive " movomerezedwa ndi chigamuwerumo.]

Njira Yosankha

Kuyambira m’ma 1920 ndi kufulumira kwambiri pansi pa Warren Court mu ma 1960, Bwalo Lapamwamba linaphatikizapo makonzedwe osiyanasiyana. Njirayo sinali yofulumira kapena yofanana, koma pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, pafupifupi chitetezo chirichonse m’Bill of Rights chinakhala chikugwira ntchito ku mabomawo.

Kusintha Koyamba kwa Malamulo

Masitepe oyamba a kuloŵetsedwa m'malo a ufulu wa kulankhula adabwera. Gutlow v. New York (1925), Benjamin Gitlow anapezedwa ndi mlandu wa chipanduko cha ku New York cha kufalitsa chigaŵenga cha chisosholizimu. Khoti linachirikiza kutsimikiza kwake koma, m'mawu osuliza, linalengeza kuti "ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wa zosindikiza zimene zimatetezedwa ndi Congression inali imodzi yotetezedwa ndi Congresstion inali pakati pa zoyenera zaumwini ndi kuti 'malamulo atetezedwe ndi njira yoyenerera ya Demetription yochokera ku United States. Mawuwa anali [FLD] [FLD]

Kuphatikizidwa kwa Lamulo Loyamba kunapitirizabe mofulumira. Nearbor v. Minnesota [1] (1931), khoti linaphatikiza ufulu wa kusindikiza, kuswa lamulo la boma lomwe linalola kuletsa "zofalitsa zankhanza. [FLT:] [FLT]] Jonge v. Oregon [[FLT] [[FLT]] [1937] [197] anaphatikiza kuyenera kwa msonkhano wamtendere. [[FLT: 4.] Kamakedzana ndi kamodzi. Connecticut [[FL:] [1940]) anakhazikitsa njira ya ufulu wa chipembedzo. [FLT] Yoyamba yogwirizana ndi boma lonse la Gwirigamula la. [FL:6] Everson. Vv [FFL: 477]

Bwalo la Warren ndi Kusintha kwa Zigaŵenga

Kukula kodabwitsa kwambiri kwa kuphatikizidwako kunachitika m'ma 1960 pansi pa Justice Wamkulu Earl Warren. Khoti la Warren linaphatikiza mwadongosolo chitetezo cha dongosolo la upandu la dongosolo lachinayi, Lachisanu, Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu, kutembenuza kwakukulukulu madongosolo a milandu ya boma. Khoti linalungamitsa zigamulo zimenezi pa zifukwa zimene makhoti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri analibe zokhalira ndi chuma, maphunziro, kapena chikhoterero cha kupereka njira zolungama kaamba ka oimbidwa mlandu ndi anthu a mafuko ochepa.

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Kuwonjezera Wolf v. Colorado, Khoti linaphatikiza lamulo la Kuchotsa Kolamulira Kwachinayi, losunga umboni wopezeka mwa kufunafuna ndi kulanda kosaloleka kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'boma. Khotilo linapeza kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi kunali "kuloledwa kutsutsana ndi Malamulo kudzera mu Programme Clausce Claus."
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): M’nkhani imodzi yotchuka kwambiri m'lamulo la America, Khoti linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa Sikisi kunali kuyenera kofunika kwambiri kuti mlandu uweruzidwe ndipo kunkafunika kufunsira ku mayiko. Clarence Earl Gideon, mwamuna waumphaŵi amene anaimbidwa mlandu wothyola dziwe, anakakamizidwa kudziimira. Khotilo linagamula kuti "achilamulo m’makhoti aupandu ndi ofunika, osati kufunafuna chuma."
  • Malloy v. Hogan (1964): Khotilo linaphatikizapo mwaŵi wa Kusintha kwa Gawo 5 pa kudzipha, kuwirikiza . New Jersey. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhalanso ndi chiyambukiro cha kugwiritsira ntchito Mandana [
  • Pointer v. Texas (65): Khotilo linaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa Sikisi kwa kuyang’anizana ndi mboni, kutsimikizira oimbidwa mlandu kukhala ndi mphamvu ya kudutsa m'khoti loimba mlandu.
  • Dincan v. Louisiana (1968): Khotilo linaphatikiza Khoti la Malamulo lachisanu ndi chimodzi ku kuyenera kwa juli ya milandu yowopsa, kuweruza mlandu ndi ajuli m’milandu yaupandu ndiko "kuchirikiza kwambiri chiweruziro cha ku America.]

Pofika kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Warren, pafupifupi dongosolo lililonse la upandu la Bill of Rights linali litaikidwa, kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo ofanana amene makhoti onse a boma ayenera kutsatira.

Chigwirizano cha Magulu Olimbana ndi Demokrase

Kukula kwa kusankha kwakhala ndi chisulizo champhamvu chozikidwa pa ulamuliro. Woweruza John Marshall Harlan II, wotsutsa wosasintha m'milandu ya Warren Court Court, anatsutsa kuti Bwalo Lamilandu linali kunyalanyaza ulamuliro wake mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko pa madongosolo aupandu osiyanasiyana. Iye anatsutsa kuti Kusintha kwa za m'dziko kwa khumi ndi anayi sikunakhale "kusintha" kwa Bill of Rights koma mmalo mwake kutetezera ufuluwo popanda umene "ungakhaleko." M'kutsutsa kwake mu [FLT: 0] Dinnbbb. Loisiana ndi . [1] , Harlan anachenjeza kuti Bwalo linali "kulimba kuchirikiza chigawo chapadera" ndi kukhoza kwa maboma awo kuyesa njira zawo.

Jasitisi Louis Brandeis, potsutsa kotchuka mu [FLT: 0] New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann (1932), adakondwerera ntchito ya maulamuliro monga maluso a demokrase [[[FLT:]]. Anatsutsa kuti "mkhalidwe umodzi wolimba mtima, ngati nzika zake zisankha, kutumikira monga malo ophunzirira, ndi kuyesa njira za kakhalidwe ndi zachuma popanda ngozi ku dziko lonselo. Kusankha contion, osuliza, ntchito yachidule yoyesera imeneyi. Pamene Khoti liphatikizapo kulondola kulondola, limaika muyezonse zimene zikulepheretsa kutulukira njira zina. Zitsatsatsa ku kulongosola njira zina zosinthasinthasintha, malamulo alephera kuyesa ndi kuyerekezera ndi kulinganiza kwachikidwa ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zawo zautsa malonda.

Kukula ndi Malire a Kusankha

Chigamulo cha kusankha chija sichinathe ndi Warren Court. Burger, Rehnquist, ndi Roberts Courts chinapitiriza ntchitoyo, ngakhale kuti pa liŵiro lochedwa ndi kusumika maganizo pa ufulu wosiyana. Chosankha chachikulu kwambiri m'nyengo yamakono ndicho McDonald v. Chigonochi [[FLD] ndi [FLT]. [2010] [2010]. M'chiweruzo cha m'kachitidwe ka 5-4, Khoti limaphatikizapo kuyenera ndi kunyamula zida, kugwiritsira ntchito [[FLT:] kuwonjezera ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya dziko lachiŵiri] pakati pa malamulo a dziko lonse. Chigamuweruzo cha chikho cha chigamu chachikulu cha "Samulto, cholembedwa cha m’kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa m’kachitidwe cha kuwonjezera chikalata cha kumbuyo kwa lamulo lakulamulira chakunja lakunja lakumanja lakunja lakunja lakumanja ndi lakunja lakunja lamphamvu lakulimbana lakulimbana lakuwonjezera laku. Chigamu chigamu chiga

Mu Throughs v. Indiana (2029), Khoti linaphatikizapo Seth Amendment Redmist Reconf Claus , likugamula kuti chitetezo choletsa kulipira ndalama zopambanitsa chimagwira ntchito ku maiko. Khotilo linanena kuti chigamulocho chinali "choikidwa ndi Ser Proced Claus ya Makedzana ya 145 Demendment chifukwa chakuti kuyenera kwa kumasuka ku zopombo zopambanitsa kuli kuyenera kofunika kwambiri kwa kakonzedwe kathu ka ufulu wolamulidwa. Mlandu wa ku Indiana unaloŵetsamo boma la munthu akulanda Dziko la Far Lake Revers pambuyo poti adaimbidwa mlandu wa kugulitsa ndalama zokwanira mazana angapo za heroin, ndipo Bwalo linapeza kuti kutayidwa kwake kunali kowopsa kuuchiŵere. Chiweruzo chopitiriza cha kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ku boma ku Genell Bri.

Komabe, njira yoloŵa m'nyumba zaumwini siinathe. Makonzedwe angapo a Bill of Rights adakali osaphatikizidwa. Kusintha kwa Malamulo , kumene kumaletsa kuikidwa kwa magawo anayi a asilikali m’nyumba zaumwini panthaŵi ya mtendere, sikunagwiritsiridwepo ntchito ku maboma ndi Court Supreme Court, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kumalingaliridwa kukhala ophatikizidwa. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Fit Reformment yofunikira ya upo waukulu wa mlandu wa milandu yaikulu wa kulakwa kwakukulu walingaliridwa kuchotsedwa mwachiwonetsedwa kwachiw''''kachiw' [FLT:] . [zithunzi zotsata zowonjezereka zosagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chimo. Zotsatira zake zinagwiritsidwa ntchito , monga momwe zimachitira ndi kuweruza zachimwinanso. [F]

Kusuliza Kwamalemba kwa Kusankha

Chiphunzitso cha kusankha chimadalira pa kuŵerenga mwachindunji kwa Lamulo la 14 la Opaleshoni lomwe lakopa olemba mawu otsatirika omwe ali osunga mwambo ndi olemba mawu oyenerera. Olemba chinsinsi, monga Woweruza womaliza Antonin Scalia, adatsutsa kuti kusankha kulibe maziko olimba a malemba. The The The The stsctive Classine Classiane imalankhula za "masinthidwe," osati zoyenera zapansi. Scalia anatsutsa motchuka kuti mawu "angakhale maziko a kukhazikitsa malire achiweruzo pa maboma. " Mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsa kwa filosofi, Scalia anavota kuphatikizapo Seconso Demendment mu [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLD]] [FLD1], kusonyeza kujambula kwamphamvu kwa chiphunzitsochomwe chinakhazikitsidwa.

Kuchokera kumanzere, akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti nkhani ya kusankha imakhala yanzeru kwambiri ndi yopanda pake. Amatsutsa kuti Malo Oyenera kapena ma Immunities anali galimoto yolinganizidwira kubweretsa ufulu wa dziko ndi kuti Khoti ligamulatu kuisiya m'malamulo [ Mabanja a Nyumba [mayeso] [[FLT: 1] anali oopsa kwambiri]. Iwo amatsutsa kuti ufulu wobwezeretsedwa kapena kuwonjezera ufulu wa Clauslaus ukhoza kupereka maziko ogwirizana ndi okwanira otetezera ufulu waukulu wotsutsa boma, kuphatikizapo ufulu wosandandandandalikidwa m'makwawo mu Bill Yaufulu, monga kulondola, kuvota, ndi kumanja kwa ku chinsinsi. Tream anagwirizana ndi malingaliro angapo, kapena kutsutsana ndi ufulu woyenerera, m'malo mwa Claus, chifukwa cha kuimirira m'Chiyambiriro chake. [M]

Kusuliza kwachitatu kumazikidwa pa mawu "kulinganiza ufulu" iko kokha. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti muyezowo ngwosatsimikizirika, umalola oweruza osasankhidwa kulongosola zoyenera zamaziko a makhalidwe awo. Kutsutsana ponena za mmene angafotokozere "ufulu wolinganizidwa" kwasintha m'kupita kwa nthaŵi. Kuyambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, unagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa ufulu wa zachuma. M'zaka zapakati, unasumikidwa pa njira zaupandu ndi kulankhula kwaufulu. Lerolino, ndi malo ankhondo a kutsutsana pa zoyenera za mfuti, zachinsinsi, ndi chilango cha imfa. Kusintha kwa muyezo ndiko mphamvu yake yaikulu ndi kulimba kwake kwakukulu.

Kulinganiza kwa Masiku Ano: Miyezo ya Dziko, Maulamuliro a Malo

Kusankha kukhazikitsa malo a ufulu wa anthu pansipa amene boma silingagwe. Boma silingakhazikitse chipembedzo, kusanthula nkhani zandale, kukana woimbidwa mlandu wa loya, kapena kukhazikitsa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo, zonsezo chifukwa chakuti Mpambo wa 149 umapangitsa Bill of Rights kukhala ndi ufulu woikidwiratu. Chipindachi chimatsimikizira kuti munthu wamtunduwo ali wofanana m’dziko lonselo. Nzika yoyenda kuchokera ku New York kupita ku Texas ili ndi chitetezo chimodzimodzi cha lamulo. Unyindo umenewu unali cholinga chachikulu cha Reconson Congress Commissioner (Inetic Amendment) imene inalamulira kuti ulamuliro wa dzikolo sungakhale wokwanira, makamaka pamene ufika pa ufulu waukulu wa nzika.

Komabe, kulinganizako kudakali kolimba. Mayiko ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wofutukula ufulu kupyola paudindo wa boma. Kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi boma. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chachikulu cha ufulu wa kulankhula, chinsinsi, ndi kufanana kwa malamulo a boma kuposa mmene amasulirira ndi Khoti Lalikulu. Zimenezi zimapanga ufulu wa ufulu umene maboma angatumikire monga malaboratorishoni a ufulu umene wochitidwa ndi boma Brandeis. Khoti lalikulu la boma lingathe kumasulira malamulo ake kuti lipereke chitetezo choposa malamulo a boma, ndipo chigamulo sichingaonedwe ndi U. S. Khoti Lapamwamba ngati silikuswa lamulo lolamulira lamulo ndi khoti la boma linzalo likhoza kuyambitsa lamulo.

Chitokoso chamakono ndicho kulongosola malire akunja a mphamvu ya boma m'malo atsopano. Kuphatikizidwa kwa Kusintha kwachiŵiri kwachititsa kuganiziridwa kwakukulu pa malamulo a boma ndi a kumaloko. Khotilo liyenera kuyankha mafunso onse onena za kupenda kumene kumagwira ntchito pa malamulo a mfuti kapena ukulu wa kuyenera kwa kunyamula mfuti kwa anthu. [[FLT:] Malo] amadziŵika mu ndi kupendedwa kwa [FLT] Concticut. [FFFT:] ndi [FLT:] [FFFF] kuwonjezera pa]. [IFFFUT]. [ifut]

Kumaliza: Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Kusankha

Kusankha kuphatikizidwa kwa lamulo kwa mtundu pa njira za upandu wa boma, mawu aufulu, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi ufulu wa mfuti, khotilo lasintha pang'onopang'ono kuleka ulamuliro wa boma kuchokera pa mpambo wa ziletso za ulamuliro ku kutsimikizira kokwanira kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa milingo yonse ya boma. Mwakukhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu pa njira za upandu, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi ufulu wa mfuti, lachotsa malire a ulamuliro weniweni ndi kuliteteza ku ufulu wa mtundu umodzi wa munthu payekha. Kachitidweko kakhala kosavuta kupeputsa, ndipo makambitsiranowo, zigawo zake, ndi njira zogawanitsira ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi ufulu wa anthu amaphunziro, ndi ufulu wa mfuti.

Komabe, chiphunzitsocho chaikidwa m'lamulo lachimereka. Nkhani siikhalanso kuti Likulu la Ufulu wachibadwidwe limagwira ntchito ku maboma, koma mmene ['FLT:] iyenera kugwirira ntchito. Muyezo wa "kulinganiza" sukhalabe ndi maziko, kutsogolera Khoti pamene likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano m'chitaganya. Kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense sikudzakhazikika konse. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kuyesa malire a ufulu ndi ulamuliro, ndi kulinganiza kukhazikitsa malamulo a kuyesa. Chiphunzitsochi chimapanga chidziŵitso chakuya cha ufuluwo. Chiphunzitsochi chimasonyeza chidziŵitso chakuyanjanitsa cha ufulu wa dziko la America: Uchifumu chiyenera kulemekezedwa, koma sichingatetezedwe kaamba ka kukwaniritsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Chigwirizano chachi. Chiyenetsochi chimathandiza kutsimikizira chigwirizano cha ufulu pakati pa chiwo.