Kuloŵana kwa Boma ndi Maulamuliro Aakulu: Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Moyo za Kulinganiza

Ansembe-amene ali m’gulu: Makina a Ndalama a Chigwirizano

Dongosolo lopereka ndi mapulogalamu a kupatsa mwina imaimira njira yachindunji kwambiri yothandizira boma. Boma la boma limasonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri za msonkho ndi kugaŵira ndalama ku maboma pazifuno zina, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mikhalidwe yogwirizana. Izi zimapatsa magawo aŵiri aakulu. Malamulo opereka malamulo ochepetsera ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri ogulira zinthu, pamene kuli kwakuti zoletsa zimapatsa maboma kulolera kowonjezereka kwa mayanjano a madera onse olamulidwa.

Unansi wa zandalama umenewu uli ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha mbiri yakale. M'dziko la 1862 loperekedwa ndi boma lapereka ndalama zokhazikitsa makoleji osumika pa maluso a zaulimi ndi a makanika, kuyala maziko a mayunivesite ambiri a anthu onse amakono. Maprogramu amakono amapatsa ndalama kuchokera ku zoyendera kupita ku mautumiki a zaumoyo, ndi maboma amene amayendetsa maprogramu amene boma la boma limathandiza pa zandalama.

Malo Ochititsa Chidwi a Magulu Ophatikizapo Boma

Mbali zotsatirazi zikusonyeza mmene mgwirizano umenewu ukugwirira ntchito, kuvumbula mphamvu ndi zofooka za dongosolo la boma.

Kukakamiza Lamulo ndi Kutetezera Anthu

Kugwirizana kwa malamulo pakati pa boma ndi akuluakulu a boma kwakhala kovuta kwambiri polimbana ndi ziwopsezo zamakono za upandu.

Joint Terrorism Task Forces ya FBI imagwira ntchito m'boma lililonse ndi mzinda waukulu, kuphatikiza zinthu zofufuza ndi boma ndi kusungitsa malamulo a kumaloko. Mofananamo, DEA wogwirizana ndi apolisi a boma mu High Intensity Drug Traghing Areares (HIDTA) kusokoneza kugaŵira mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Olamulira ameneŵa amagaŵana nzeru, ntchito zogwirizanitsa, ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti atsatire nkhani zimene palibe ulamuliro wa boma umene ungachitire zinthu zokha.

Madongosolo a chidziŵitso asinthanso kugwirizana kwa boma. National Criminal Information Center imapereka ndandanda ya zolembera zofikirika kwa mabungwe osungitsa lamulo pa milingo yonse, kutheketsa mayeso enieni a nthaŵi ndi kutsimikizira. Malo a French ogwirizanitsidwa pamodzi pakati pa boma ndi boma amasanthula nzeru kuchokera ku magwero ambiri kuti adziŵe ziwopsezo ndi mayankhidwe ogwirizana.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Chivomerezo Chadzidzidzi

Mliri wa Covid-19 unagogomezera ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi mavuto a boma paumoyo wa anthu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention imagwira ntchito monga chotsogolera boma, kupereka ukatswiri wa sayansi, madongosolo olondera, ndi ndalama zimene zimachirikiza madipatimenti a zaumoyo wa boma. Unansi umenewu umayendera ku madongosolo okhazikitsa zinthu zimene zinachitika zinthu zikadachitika.

Bungwe la Fractic National Stockpile, loyang’aniridwa ndi boma koma logawidwa kupyolera mwa madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma, likutsimikizira kuti mankhwala ovuta afika m’madera a mavuto. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amayang'anira makonzedwe awo amwadzidzidzi omwe amayenderana ndi malamulo a boma pa National Reformation Framework. Mliri wa CDC inapereka zopimira ndi malangizo operekera mankhwala a katemera, pamene akuluakulu a boma anakhoza kuyesa malo a kumaloko, zipatala zokazi, ndi kutumiza mauthenga aumoyo kwa anthu onse ogwirizana ndi National Reformation Frame.

Maprogramu a katemera amasonyeza mgwirizano wina. Bungwe la boma la Ana limapereka njira zothandizira ana popanda kugwiritsa ntchito powatengera ana, koma madipatimenti a zaumoyo amasankha malamulo ogawira ndi kuyang'anira anthu olandira. Ukwati umenewu wathandiza kwambiri kuti matenda otetezeka athe m'mayiko 50, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthuzo kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi zinthu zofunika m’dziko ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Maphunziro ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito

Maphunziro amakhalabe thayo la boma ndi la kumaloko, koma kupereka ndalama ndi chitsogozo cha boma zimapanga mbali zazikulu za maphunziro a ku America. Mtengo Woyamba wa Elementary ndi Secondary Education Act umapereka ndalama ku masukulu othandizira ophunzira olandira ndalama zochepa, ndipo maboma amagawidwa motani ndalama zimenezi m'malire mwaumphaŵi.

Malamulo a zachuma a pa ulema wa kupunduka amafunika kuti mayiko apereke maphunziro oyenera kwa ana asukulu opunduka, ndipo boma liyenera kupereka ndalama zothandizira pa mtengowo.

Maphunziro apamwamba amapereka zitsanzo zina za mgwirizano wa boma. Mayunivesite a boma amalandira ndalama za boma koma amapindula ndi ntchito zauchigamulo, maprogramu a ophunzira a zachuma monga Pell Grants, ndi maprogramu a loni a boma. National Science Foundation ndi National Institutes of Health amapereka ndalama zothandizira kukonza zinthu zimene zimachirikiza mayunivesite a boma ndi ntchito zawo zachuma.

Kuteteza Malo Okhala ndi Zachilengedwe

Lamulo la malo okhala limachitidwa kupyolera mwa chifanizo cha boma logwirizana kumene Environmental Protection Agency ya United States imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko pamene maboma akugwiritsira ntchito ndi kusungitsa maprogramu ambiri. Ceasha Air Act imavomereza maboma kukhazikitsa Makonzedwe a Kulinganiza za Dziko a kukwaniritsa malamulo a boma a mkhalidwe wabwino. Ngati boma lilephera kupanga makonzedwe okwanira, EPA ikhoza kukhazikitsa zisonkhezero zamphamvu kuti ligwirizane.

Chikalata cha Coonac Water Act mofananamo chimatumiza ulamuliro wa kulola kutuluka m’mitsinje, ndi EPA ikupereka ulamuliro ndi kuloŵererapo pamene maprogramu a boma alephera.

Kuyang'anira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kumafuna kugwirizanitsa mayiko ambiri ndi mabungwe a boma. Colorado River Compact imaika madzi pakati pa mayiko asanu ndi aŵiri ndi boma, kufuna kuti apitirize kukambirana ndi kugwirizana kuti athetse mikhalidwe ya chilala ndi kukula kwa anthu. Mabungwe a boma monga Bureau of Reclamest amayang'anira njira zoperekera madzi ku mayiko, pamene akuluakulu a boma amalamulira mmene madzi amagwiritsirira ntchito m’mayiko awo.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Federal Highway Administration imathandizira kwambiri ntchito za boma kudzera ku Federal Highway Program. Mabungwe a United States amapanga ndi kumanga ntchito mogwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma, ndi ndalama za boma zokwana 80 peresenti ya ndalama za misewu ya m’madera osiyanasiyana ndi 50 peresenti ya njira zina za boma. Kugwirizana kumeneku kwatulutsa bungwe la Interstate Highway System, limodzi la maprojekiti aakulu kwambiri a ntchito za anthu m'mbiri.

Madongosolo a zamalonda amadalira pa Federal Transit Administration akupereka lamulo lakuti mabungwe a boma ndi akomweko amagwiritsira ntchito kugula zipangizo, kukonzanso nyumba, ndi ntchito zoyendetsera. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa zofunika ndi ndalama zofunika kuwonjezera pa zinthu zofunika, pamene akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma akupanga njira zakutizakuti, mapulogalamu, ndi nyumba zoyendera zoyendera zoyendera zoyendera malinga ndi zimene anthu amafunikira.

Kuwongolera kwa bwalo la ndege kumasonyeza kugwirizana kofanana. Bungwe la Federal Aviation Administration limapatsa ndalama zopangira kuyambika kwa bwalo la ndege ndipo limakhazikitsa malamulo a zachitetezo, pamene akuluakulu a bwalo la ndege ndi a kumaloko amasamalira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu za mabwalo a ndege. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumatsimikizira miyezo ya chisungiko yosasintha pamene kumalola mabwalo a ndege kuchitapo kanthu ku mikhalidwe ya malonda ya kumaloko.

Lamulo la Zachuma ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito

Zida za boma za zachuma zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi maprogramu a boma kupititsa patsogolo kutukuka kwa malonda ndi maphunziro a antchito. Workforce Innovation ndi Opportunity Act aunt programu ya ntchito yophunzitsa boma, ndi Local Workforce Development Boards yogwirizanitsa mautumiki a antchito ndi owalemba ntchito.

Mabungwe a boma akhazikitsa mabizinezi a boma othandizira kukonza mabizinezi a zachuma.

Inshuwalansi ya ulova imagwira ntchito monga programu ya boma limodzi, ndi boma likukhazikitsa zitsogozo zazikulu ndi maboma akusankha mlingo wa phindu, kuyenerera kwa kukhala ndi mwaŵi, ndi utali wa nthaŵi. Mkati mwa kugwetsedwa kwa chuma, boma la boma limapereka mapindu owonjezereka operekedwa kupyolera mwa ndalama za onse, pamene maboma akupitirizabe kupereka zonena kupyolera mwa madongosolo awo amene alipo.

Mautumiki a Mayanjano ndi Maprogramu a Zipangizo Zotetezera

Pangano la Kanthaŵi la Selfy Families limaimira mgwirizano waukulu wa boma umene umapatsa kusinthika kwakukulu m'kulinganiza maprogramu a zaumoyo. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zotsekereza ndi kufuna maboma kukwaniritsa ziŵerengero za ntchito, koma limakhazikitsa kupindula, malamulo oyenerera, ndi dongosolo la pulogalamu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amalola maboma kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zochepetsera umphaŵi pamene akusunga thayo la boma.

Source Nutrition Application Program imagwira ntchito mosiyana, pamene boma limapereka mapindu ndi ndalama zambiri za boma pamene maboma akuyesetsa kutsimikiza mtima ndi kupindula ndi kugaŵira. Maboma ali ndi nzeru pa malamulo ena, monga ngati malire a chuma ndi njira zosavuta zoperekera lipoti, koma ayenera kutsatira malamulo a boma kaamba ka mbali zazikulu za programu.

Medicaid akusonyeza kugwirizana kwa boma m’zosamalira zaumoyo, boma lolingana ndi boma lowononga ndalama zosiyanasiyana zozikidwa pa malipiro a boma pa munthu mmodzi. Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito programuyo m’zitsogozo zazikulu za boma zimene zimakhazikitsa magulu a kukambitsirana kwa lamulo ndi mapindu ochepera, koma maboma angawonjezere mautumiki odzisankhira, ndi kupanga njira zawo zoperekera kudzera mwa magulu osamalira olinganizidwa.

Kusintha kwa Tsoka ndi Kuchira

Stafford Act imakhazikitsa maziko a chithandizo cha thaka, kufunikira maboma kupempha thandizo la boma ndi kupereka ndalama zofanana asanalandire chithandizo. Federal Emergency Management Agency imagwirizanitsa chuma cha boma chimene chichitidwa ndi kuyesayesa kwa boma ndi chivomerezo cha kumaloko, kupereka zopimira ndi zotha kupulumutsa, nyumba za kanthaŵi, ndi ndalama zothandizira kukonza zinthu za boma.

Mabungwe oyang’anira zangozi a boma akugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi FEMA kupenda kuwonongeka, kudziŵa zosoŵa, ndi kugaŵira chithandizo. Maboma a m’dzikolo amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo othamangitsa anthu ndi kuyang’anira malo obisalirako m’njira ya boma, pamene kuli kwakuti National Guard imagwira ntchito monga nkhokwe imene ingaitanidwe ndi kazembe kapena pulezidenti malinga ndi mkhalidwewo.

Dongosolo lokhala ndi miyalo imeneyi limalola mayankhidwe ogwirizana amene amalemekeza ulamuliro wa boma pamene akupereka chuma cha boma pamene ulamuliro wa dziko wa chitaganya ukugonjetsedwa. Mkuntho wa m’maiko a Gulf, kuyendetsa mizinda yamoto ya kumadzulo, ndi kuyendetsa chigumula m’mphepete mwa mitsinje yaikulu zonsezo zimasonyeza kugwirizana kumeneku m’ntchito, ndi mlingo wosiyanasiyana wa kugwirizana kumadalira pamlingo ndi mtundu wa tsokalo.

Kuthetsa Mavuto ndi Kumanga Ubwenzi Wogwirana Bwino

Kusemphana maganizo pa nkhani ya malamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndiponso malamulo a boma, nthawi zambiri kumasokoneza mgwirizano wa boma.

Kuyesedwa ndi Kupambana Kopambanitsa

Maboma nthaŵi zina amatsutsa malamulo a boma amene amawaona kukhala apamwamba kwambiri alamulo kapena oloŵerera pa ntchito za boma. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu NFIB v. Sebelius [1] (2012) adagonjetsa lamulo la Affordble Care Act lofuna maboma kufutukula Medicaid kapena kutaya ndalama zimene zilipo, kugamula kuti boma silingawopsetse ndi kutaikiridwa kwa ndalama zimene zilipo kuti litsetsetse zigamu za malamulo atsopano.