Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amafotokozedwa kukhala maziko a chilungamo ndi chilungamo, koma kuswana kwa mafuko ndi njira yake kumavumbula kusiyana kwakukulu kumene kumatsutsa lingaliro limeneli. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi ochirikiza chilungamo cha anthu, kumvetsetsa mmene mtundu wa anthu umayambukirira ntchito yake sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro yodziŵira ndi kuchotsa malamulo alamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a malamulo amatsimikizira njira za kachitidwe ka zinthu za mtundu ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu, umboni wa mbiri yakale ndi wosinthasintha umasonyeza kuti kaŵiri kaŵiri ka mitundu imakumana ndi mpangidwe kosiyana, kosakhala kotetezera kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mapulinsipulo a maziko a kachitidwe kena ka malamulo, imapenda mmene mtundu umawonetsa mbali iliyonse ya malamulo, imasonyezera zochitika zapadera zimene kukondera kwa mafuko, ndi kukonzanso zoyesayesa zamakono zolinganiza zolinganiza pa chilungamo pansi pa lamulo logwirizana.

Maziko a Kutsatira Zolinga Zake

Malamulo amakhazikitsa lamulo loti lizitetezeredwa pa Malamulo a Nambala 5 ndi 14 a United States. Mpambo wachisanu umaletsa boma kulanda munthu aliyense "moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo," pamene kukonzanso kwa 144th Amendment kumawonjezera chitetezo kuti athe kuchita zinthu. Zonsezi, kukonzanso kumeneku kumakhala lamulo lothandiza kuti munthu alandire bwino njira yachiweruzo. Mchitidwe wake umagawidwa m’magulu aŵiri: procedtural ndi sectantive.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kulinganiza koyenera kumafuna kuti boma litsatire njira zolungama zisanamanize munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Mabungwe a boma amaphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha zochitika, mwaŵi womvedwa, ndi kuyenera kwa kuimira mwalamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lafotokoza bwino zofunika zimenezi m’nkhani zonga [[FLD:0] Goldberg v. Kelly [1970], zimene zinanena kuti olandira chithandizo ali ndi ufulu wa kuweruzidwa kwa nthaŵi yapasadakhale. M'nkhani za milandu, , kuweruza koyenera, kwa tsankhulo, ndi kuwona mboni zoyang'anizana ndi anthu a mafuko, zimenezi zimadodometsedwa ndi kumangidwa, ndi kuweruza kwalamulo.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Malamulo oyenera a m'khoti lalikulu amateteza ufulu wa boma, ngakhale ngati njira zoyenerera zatsatiridwa. Maufulu ameneŵa amaphatikizapo kubisa, ukwati, banja, ndi kukhulupirika kwa thupi. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito njira yoyenerera kuswa malamulo oletsa kubereka ([[FLT: 0]]] Rade v. [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [1], pambuyo pake likugwedezeka ndi [FLT]] ma Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of the Health Organization [FLTH]) [FLT] ndi malamulo a mtundu umodzi ([FLT:] ukwati wofanana ([FLT:]]] [7]] . Homefells v. [maft , ndi kuchirikiza kutetezedwa kwa mtundu, kufalikira kwa anthu a kumbuyo, kumene kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa Klant.

Maziko a M’mbiri a Kusiyana Mafuko m’Malamulo

Mtundu wakhala chinthu chachikulu nthaŵi zonse m'malamulo a ku America. Kuyambira pa mafomu atatu ogwirizana ndi malamulo ku Chilamulo cha Ukapolo mu 1850, lamulo linaikidwa mwadala kwa anthu akuda amtundu wa Bala. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Councitionon Amendments (13, 14th, ndi 15th) analonjeza chitetezo chofanana, koma maulamuliro adakhazikitsa malamulo a Black Countain ndi pambuyo pake Jim Crow malamulo akuti khalidwe latsiku ndi tsiku likhale lophwanya lamulo kwa nzika za Black. Khoti Lapamwamba linachita chigamulo mu [[FLT: 0]. Plavery v. Fergubleg[FL:] [18:96] [96])]

M'mbuyomu zinthu zimenezi zikuchitikabe masiku ano. Nkhondo ya Akuda, yomwe inayamba m’ma 1970, inayambika ndi anthu a ku Black Black, ngakhale kuti anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa. Malamulo ochepetsapo chilango ndi malamulo atatu otsatizana anachuluka m’ndende, ndipo pofika m'ma 1990, United States inali ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu padziko lonse, ndipo anthu a ku America anatsekedwa kuŵirikiza kasanu kuposa kale kuchuluka kwa anthu a ku America. Bungwe la Seveniting Project likusimba kuti ngati makhalidwe amakono apitiriza, mmodzi mwa amuna atatu a kukuda angayembekezere kumangidwa pamlingo winawake m’moyo wake. Manambala ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti si kulakwa kwa munthu payekha koma njira imene inagwiritsidwa ntchito kale kuteteza anthu a ku America m’malo mwa kuteteza anthu azungu.

Kusiyana Mafuko pa Zochitika Zonse

Kusintha kwa fuko kunayamba pamene anthu ayamba kukumana ndi lamulo mwa kuweruza ndi mankhwala a pambuyo pake.

Kugwira ndi Ulemu

Kupanga mitundu kukupitirizabe. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti madalaivala akuda ndi achispanishi amaimitsidwa, kufufuzidwa, ndi kumangidwa pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa madalaivala achiyera, ngakhale kuti ziŵerengero za kugwidwa ndi mfuti nzofanana ndi magulu ena. ACLU] [ alemba kuti m'mayiko ena, anthu akuda ali othekera kuima kuwirikiza nthaŵi khumi kuposa azungu. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaleka kumangidwa, kupanga mbiri yaupandu imene ingayambukire ntchito, nyumba, ndi kukambitsirana ndi dongosolo lachiweruzo. Chigamulo cha kumangidwa mmalo mwa kuchenjeza kapena kuchenjeza apolisi kuti adzipereke ndi anthu azungu ogwirizana ndi zigawenga zaupandu.

Kulephera Kusunga Zinthu Patsogolo ndi Kulephera

Atamangidwa, fuko la woimbidwa mlandu limavomereza mwamphamvu kuti kaya asungidwe asanaikidwe mlandu. Gawo la belo, looneka ngati lolinganizidwa kutsimikizira mawonekedwe a khoti, kaŵirikaŵiri limagwira ntchito monga njira yosungira chuma. Oimbidwa mlandu akuda ali othekera kwambiri kupatsidwa ndalama zambiri zolipirira, zotsogolera ku kumangidwa kwa milandu. Kupenda kwa [FLD:] . Kuchitidwa ndi [FLD] Project yokopa kumakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu akuda a Black pamiyezo yoposa amuna oyera. Mlandu, kuwonjezeranso kuthekera kwa kutsimikiza chifukwa chakuti oimba mlanduwo ali osakhoza kuthandiza kutetezera, mwachionekere kugamula mlandu, ndi kutaya ntchito kapena kulandidwa kwa mafuko.

Kuthira ndi Kuyamwa

Oweruza a yunivesite ya Michigan Law School apeza kuti amuna akuda amalandira madandaulo amene ali ndi mlandu wowalemba ndi mayeso amene angapereke. Ofufuzawa amasonyeza kuti anthu akuda ali ndi vuto loti aphedwe ndi kupatsidwa milandu yochepa kwambiri ndipo sangakhale ndi mlandu wochepa poyerekezera ndi anthu oyera amene anawaimba mlandu. Kufufuza kwa 2014 ku University of Michigan Law School kunapeza kuti amuna akupempha kuti apereke mapempho omwe alipo, pa avaredi atatu kuposa amene aperekedwa kwa amuna oimbidwa mlandu womwewo. Kutereku kumachepetsa njira yoyenerera ya kukambirana ndi mpata woyenerera kuti aperekere madandaulo, amene tsopano akugamula milandu 95% m’dongosolo la boma.

Kusankha Jury

Sixte Amendment imatsimikizira za juli yopanda tsankho, koma tsankho laufuko limaipitsa njira yosankha. Ozunza agwiritsa ntchito kale kuletsa zitsutso za Akuda kuweruza milandu, makamaka m'milandu yokhudza anthu akuda. Khoti Lapamwamba la Balansi limapereka chigamulo cha Batson . Kentucky [1986] (86]) anayesetsa kuletsa mavuto a fuko otsutsidwa, ofuna kuti kuswa fukolo kukhale la anthu andale. Komabe, Batson watsimikizira kuti n’ngovuta kutsata chifukwa chakuti makhoti amalandira zifukwa zosatenga mbali pankhope. A 2019 akufufuza m'malangizo za [FLT:] Malamulo a Kaendoendime [FLD] [FLD] [FFF: 3]

Kupereka Mlandu

Kuchotsako milandu ndi zina mwa mitundu ya kukondera kwa ufuko kolembedwa bwino kwambiri m'dongosolo la zamalamulo. Khoti ya ku United States yapeza mobwerezabwereza kuti amuna achikuda ophwanya malamulo amalandira mawu 15-20% kuposa aja oikidwa kwa amuna achiyera ogwidwa ndi mlandu wofanana. Mpata umenewu ukupitirizabe ngakhale pambuyo pa kuletsa kuphwanya, mbiri ya upandu, ndi zina zogwirizana ndi malamulo. Malamulo oletsa cocaine, amene anachiritsa kudwala crack (ofala ndi ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi anthu akuda) kukhala owopsa kwambiri kuposa cocaine (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito oyera), wosonyeza ufuko. Chikalata cha Fair Ser Ressocial Act of 2010 chinachepetsa kupulupulidwa kwa anthu kukhala 18:1, koma chotsatira cha malamulo ameneŵa chitukukire kuwonjezera kuchuluka.

Zoipa Zosonyeza Kupanda Chilungamo cha Utundu

Milandu yapamwamba yambiri yachititsa kuti anthu aziona kusiyana kwa mafuko ndi kukonzanso zinthu zina, kukonzanso magulu a anthu ndi maphunziro a zamalamulo.

Malo Asanu a Central Park

Mu 1989, achichepere asanu a Black ndi Latino adakhala ndi kuulula , Kevin Richardson, Yusef Salaam, Raymond Santana, ndi Korey Wanzeru adaimbidwa mlandu wolakwa wa kuukira ndi kugwirira chigololo wa akazi achiyera mu New York City Park . Zikhulupiliro zawo zinazikidwa pa kuulula kokakamiza, kuchotsedwa umboni wa DNA, ndi kusonkhezeredwa ndi kutchuka kwa atolankhani kumene kunawajambula monga "makolo a". Achicheperewo anathera zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zitatu m'kaidi m’ndende asanaulula mlandu wake weniweni ndi DNA inasonyeza mmene njira zotetezera zofunikira kubadwa kwa anthu. Mlanduwo unalephera kupezeka popanda uphungu woperekedwa, ndi apolisi onyalanyaza umboni wa kulakwa kwa anthu kwa zaka mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu. Mu 2014, ufulu wa kusudzulidwa kwa ufulu wa kusudzulidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu chifukwa cha ku Central Park ndi kugaŵananso kwaumphanga kwaumphawi.

Rodney King ndi Los Angeles Uuniversing 1992

Mu 1991, Rodney King, Black jerker, anamenyedwa mwankhanza ndi Los Angeles Police Department pambuyo pa kuthamangitsidwa kwapamwamba. Wapavidiyo wolembedwa ndi woonerera ananyamula kumenyedwa, kumene kunasonyeza maofesala akumenya Mfumu kwa nthaŵi makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Mosasamala kanthu za umboni wowonekera, ajuli anamasula apolisi mu 1992, akumayambitsa zipolowe, kupha, ndi a mtsogoleri amene adasiya anthu 63 akufa ndi ovulazidwa oposa 1,000. Chiweruzocho chinasonyeza kuti ngakhale pamene njira yochitira zinthu mwalamulo yachitidwa, kuweruza, kutetezera, kungatsogolera kulephera kwakukulu kwa chilungamo. Mlandu wosonkhezera ufulu wa boma pa akazembe mlandu wa apolisi, kutulukapo mlandu wa aŵiriwo, koma mlandu wa boma woluluza milandu yowachotsa m'malamulo a Blansinsi a malamulo ndi olambitsa m'malamulo.

Michael Brown ndi Asilikali a ku Ferguson

Kuwombera kwa zaka 18 kwa chaka cha 2014 kwa Michael Brown ndi wapolisi wachiyera ku Ferguson, Missouri, kunayambitsa zitsutso m'dziko lonselo ndi bungwe la Black Life Confect . Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo inafufuza udani wa mafuko ambiri mu Ferguson Police ndi khoti la khoti la m'boma, zimene zinadalira pa ndalama zoperekedwa ndi anthu akuda kuti apeze ndalama. Lipoti la DOJ linagamula kuti ntchito ya apolisi ndi makhoti anaswa chitetezo cha 1450 Demendment ndi malamulo oyenera. Mlandu wa Brown anagogomezera mmene tsankho la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ka zinthu ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ka milandu ya anthu akuda, kukana kusungidwa kwa anthu akuda kuchokera ku ku ku kuima kwa bwalo loyamba lamilandu lomaliza.

Kutchuka Kwake Koyenera ndi Kuikidwa Kwake Mwalamulo

Kukondera kotheratu kumatanthauza malingaliro a kusazindikira kapena malingaliro amene amaumba zosankha zathu ndi makhalidwe. M'dongosolo la malamulo, tsankho losatsutsika lingayambukire katswiri aliyense wa maseŵero: apolisi amene ali othekera kwambiri kulingalira anthu akuda kukhala owopseza, ozembetsa amene amaona anthu akuda oimbidwa mlandu kukhala osakhulupiririka, oweruza amene amaika mitsulo yankhanza kwa anthu akuda, ndi oweruza amene amaika kulemera kwakukulu pa umboni kuchokera kwa mboni zachiyera. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi mayanjano (IAT) kwatsimikizira kuti nzika zambiri za Aamereka za Akuda ndi Akuda, kuphatikizapo oweruza ndi maloya ambiri.

Makhoti akhala ochedwa kufotokoza malingaliro olakwika mwachindunji. Pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro ena tsopano amafunikira kuphunzitsidwa kwa kukondera kwa oweruza ndi apolisi, chiyambukiro cha maphunziro amenewo chikukhalabe chochepa. Kufufuza 2017 kwa National Center for State Courts kwapeza kuti oweruza amene anaphunzitsidwa ndi tsankho anali kudziŵa kwambiri za kukondera koma sanasinthe khalidwe lawo loweruza. Akatswiri a zamalamulo aitana kaamba ka kusintha kwa malo, monga ngati njira zopimira ndi kupenda ndandanda ya malamulo, koma zimenezinso zingasokoneze maganizo ngati sizinapangidwe bwino. Vutolo lili m’kuzindikira kuti kachitidwe kenako, monga momwe anaganizira, samalingalira, samasintha khalidwe lawo. Akatswiri a zamalamulo alephera pamene tsankho la munthu wozindikira bwino.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kulimbikitsa Anthu Kusintha Zinthu

Pochitapo kanthu pa kutsatizana kwa mafuko ndi njira zofunikira, kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwapangidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’magawo a kumaloko, boma, ndi boma. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kumakhala kochepetsa kusiyana, kuwonjezera kuyenerera kwa malamulo, ndi kubwezeretsanso chidaliro m’dongosolo la malamulo.

Kulemekeza ndi Kudziŵerengera Mlandu

Kusintha zinthu m'ntchito yapolisi kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito makamera a thupi, ziletso za kuchuluka kwa mafuko, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo ovomereza (m’chitsanzo, kupenda kwa DOJ ndi kuyeseza). Mizinda ina yayesa kuchotsa maphunziro ndi magulu oloŵerera kuti ichepetse kumangidwa kosafunikira kwa anthu ndi matenda a maganizo kapena m'midzi yopatulidwa. ACLU [1] ACP] ACLU] akupitirizabe kuchirikiza uyang'aniro wa madipatimenti a apolisi ndi kuchotsa chitetezo choyenerera, zimene nduna za kuteteza anthu ngakhale pamene ufulu wa boma wa boma wapondedwa.

Kusintha Zinthu Pachimake pa Nkhani ya Kulephera Kuzikonza

Maboma angapo, kuphatikizapo New Jersey, New York, ndi California, asintha kapena kuchotsa belo la ndalama pa milandu yambiri. Masinthidwe ameneŵa aloŵa mmalo mikhalidwe ya zachuma ndi kupenda kozikidwa pa ngozi, ndipo kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti achepetsa ziŵerengero za ndende zapasadakhale popanda kulephera kuwonjezereka. Komabe, nkhaŵa zikutsalabe ponena za fuko ndi tsankho la anthu la m'magulu amene amatengera kuopsa kwa maalgoritime. Magulu a ana a ana monga ngati Prequator Justice Institute akusonkhezera kuwonekera bwino ndi kuchirikiza chitaganya popanga zida zoterozo.

Kupereka Mlandu kwa Anthu Osintha Zinthu

Kusintha kochitidwa ndi Federal, monga ngati Fir Step Act ya 2018, kuchepetsa zigamulo za lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la mankhwala ena ndi kulola kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo a Fair Sendensing Act . Kachitidweko kanakulitsanso "chitetezo" chimene chimalola oweruza kugamula mawu otsika pansi pa zigamulo, olakwa opanda chiwawa. Pamlingo wa boma, maulamuliro ambiri akuchotsapo malire ofunikira ndi kuchepetsa ziganizo zowonjezera pa zikhulupiriro za m'mbuyo. Project yotsogolera yopereka malamulo ndi chitsanzo chotsogolera zoyesayesa zimenezi. Komabe, ochirikiza atsutsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu kumafuna kukhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza ndi owonjezera mankhwala ndi owonjezera m'malo aumoyo wa anthu ena.

Kusintha ndi Kusiyanasiyana kwa Makhoti

Kuti athetse tsankho pa kusankha ajuli, maboma ena amaletsa kutsekereza zitokoso zonse (kutsatira chitsogozo cha maiko onga Arizona ndi California). Ena amafuna kuti kutsekerezedwa konse kukhale kozikidwa pa "chifuno chabwino". Kusiyanasiyana kwa khoti kulinso kugogomezera: kuwonjezera chiŵerengero cha oweruza Akuda ndi Aspanya, ozengezera mlandu, ndi otetezera a anthu onse angawongoletse kuimira ndi chilungamo cha dongosolo la chilungamo. Mabungwe onga NAACP Leganic Defense and Educational Fund ([FLT: 0] LDF[F:1])

Kuthandizana ndi Maphunziro a Anthu

Malamulo okha sangathetse mavuto aakulu a tsankho la fuko. Maphunziro a maphunziro a anthu amene amaphunzitsa anthu za ufulu wawo, njira zoyenerera zolozera malamulo ndi zofunika. Makampani odziŵa kuyenera kwanu, kukonzanso chilungamo, ndi macheza pakati pa malamulo ndi anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana angakulitse kuzindikirana ndi kuŵerengerana mlandu. Sukulu ndi mayunivesite amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pophatikiza ziphunzitso zotsutsa fuko ndi maphunziro a zamalamulo ku sukulu, kukonzekeretsa mbadwo wotsatira wa nzika ndi wochirikiza kutsutsa kupanda chilungamo.

Kumaliza

Kudutsana kwa mafuko ndi njira yoyenerera m'malamulo si nkhaŵa yosatsutsika, koma imafika pamtima polingalira kuti lonjezo lachilungamo cholingana pansi pa lamulo nloona kapena nlosatsimikizirika. Umboni wa mbiri yakale ndi wamakono umasonyeza kuti fuko limalinganiza zokumana ndi anthu pambali iliyonse ya chiweruzo, kuyambira pa kuweruza mpaka kuweruza. Nkhani zowasiyanitsa zimenezi zabweretsa kuwala, koma kusintha kwatanthauzo kumafuna khama lopitirizabe pamlingo wochuluka: kusintha malamulo, kuyang'anira mlandu wa chitaganya, ndi maphunziro a munthu aliyense. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira kuswa kuphonya kumeneku kuli sitepi loyamba la kuweruza ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Pamene dziko likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi tsankhu la tsankho, kutsimikizira kuti njira yake yoyenerera imakhaladi ya ku mtundu umodzi wamavuto ofulumira.