Unansi pakati pa ufulu walamulo ndi chitetezo cha osamukira ku dziko umatanthauza mbali yofunika ya lamulo la America ndi chitaganya. Malamulo a U.S. samatchula mwachindunji lamulo la kusamuka, komabe zitsimikizo zake za njira yoyenerera, chitetezo chofanana, ndi chilungamo chachikulu zimaposa kukhala ndi unzika. Pamene dzikolo likutsutsana za chisungiko cha malire, njira zopititsira, ndi mkhalidwe wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri osalembedwa, kuzindikira mmene malamulo alamulo amagwirira ntchito kwa osamukira kunja / "kupanda malire alamulo"(*). Nkhaniyi ikufufuza maziko alamulo, malamulo achiweruzo apadera, malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a malamulo, malamulo a statry, ndi zitokosokoso kupitirizabe zimene zimaumba kuyendetsa kulinganiza kwa ufulu walamulo ndi chitetezo cha anthu osamukira m’dziko.

Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera ku Mphamvu ya Malo Kufikira ku Zitetezero Zozikidwa pa Ufulu Wanu

Kwa mbiri yaikulu ya United States, lamulo la kusamukira logwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu, limene limapatsa boma la boma mphamvu zosaletsedwa pa kulowa ndi kuchotsa anthu osakhala a Zambia. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira lamulo limeneli mu Cae Chan Ping v. United States [1] , kunyamula Bomalo lakhala ndi mphamvu yachifumu yolamulira kusamukira m'dziko. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, chiphunzitso chimenechi chinatanthauza kuti alendo anali ndi chitetezo cha malamulo ochepa m’malamulo otetezera oloŵera ndi kusamutsidwa.

Komabe, kusintha kunayamba pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Kuwonjezeka kwa ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo kudziwika kowonjezereka kuti osamukira kumayiko ena ali “anthu". m’dziko la United States, kunatsogolera makhoti kuwonjezera zitsimikizo zina za malamulo ku anthu osakhala a mtundu wa munthu. Nkhani yokhudza Mathews v. Diatz [1] [FLT] [197] Imagentis [6] inapeza kuti pamene Nyumba ya malamulo ingachitire zinthu zosiyana ndi anthu ndi anthu osakhala a ku America, siingachite mopanda lamulo. Panthaŵiyi, Immigration ndi National Ivity Act ya 1952 (INA) yotsimikizidwa ndi mapulocration [zikulu procal prodromedism .

Masiku ano, ufulu wa anthu amene asamukira kumayiko ena ukusiyana ndi ufulu wawo.

Malamulo: Kodi Ndi Ufulu Wotani Umene Anthu Osamuka Ayenera Kuupeza?

Malamulo a Konsichushoni saletsa “kuchuluka kwa malingana.” Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 a Chilamulo, mwachitsanzo, amaimira“ anthu,” gulu limene limaphatikizapo anthu onse a ku United States, mosasamala kanthu za malo a kusamuka. Mofananamo, njira yachinayi yotetezera anthu ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri imagwira ntchito kwa “anthu,” osati chabe nzika. Chifukwa chake, alendo amakhala ndi ufulu walamulo, ngakhale kuti ufulu wawo ungasiyane pa nkhani za kusamuka kwa boma ndi kuukira boma.

Ufulu Wochita Zinthu

Mpando wachisanu wa Kusintha umapereka kuti palibe munthu amene adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda dongosolo loyenera la lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi lingaliro lokhazikika lakuti osamukira m'zochitika za kuchotsa ali ndi ufulu wofunikira kuchitika. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kudziŵitsidwa kwa milandu, mwaŵi woti amvedwe, ndi kuweruzidwa pamaso pa woimira wopanda tsankho. Wang Sung .Grath (1950), Khotilo linalamula kuti kuchotsa milandu kuyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yoyenerera.

Komabe, ufulu woyenerera kusamuka m'malo a kusamukirako suli wofanana ndi a m'khoti la milandu. Mwachitsanzo, osamukira m'dziko samakhala otsimikiziridwa uphungu woperekedwa ndi boma, ngakhale kuti ali ndi ufulu walamulo wolemba loyambidwa pa ndalama zawo. Khoti mu SINS v. Lopez-Mendoza [1] (19984) imakhulupirira kuti lamulo lopatula, limene limapeza umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza kopanda lamulo m'malangizo, silimagwira ntchito modzi ya kuchotsapo mayeso opindulitsa.

Ufulu Woteteza Anthu Ofanana

Chitetezo cha Expand Claus cha 14th Amendment chimaletsa kukana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwawo kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Mawuwa amagwira ntchito kwa nzika ndi anthu osakhala a mtundu uliwonse, ngakhale kuti muyezo wa kupenda umasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, maboma sangasiyanitse nzika zalamulo zokhala ndi malamulo pogaŵira mapindu a anthu pokhapo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chomveka. Komabe, boma lingagawale mwaufulu ndi kusiyanitsa mwa kukhala alendo pansi pa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu za mphamvu za dziko.

Ana osalembedwa anapambana chipambano chachikulu chofanana m'kuchinjiriza Plyler v. Doe[FLT :1] (1982], kumene Khoti Lalikulu linakankhira lamulo la Texas limene linakana maphunziro aunyinji kwa ana osavomerezedwa mwalamulo. Khotilo linanena kuti boma silingaike mtolo wolemera pa gulu laling'ono popanda chilungamitso chokwanira. Mlanduwu umakhalabe mwala wa ufulu wa osamukira m’dziko pansi pa dongosolo lotetezera lofanana.

Kusintha Koyamba kwa Malamulo

Osamuka amasangalala ndi ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, msonkhano, ndi mayanjano. Bomalo silingapitikitse kapena kulanga munthu wosafuna kuuzidwa zandale kapena wa chikhulupiriro, umboni wopanda chisonkhezero ku chiwawa kapena kulankhula kwina kosatetezeka. . Wixon , [1945] Khoti linatsutsa kuchotsedwa kwa nzika yachikhalire ya Chipani cha Komyunizimu, kugogomezera kuti chitetezo cha Kukonza Koyamba chigamuko cha Chipani cha Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu chikufika kwa anthu osakhala a m'dziko.

Komabe, kulephera kuteteza ufulu wa anthu osamukira m’dziko lina kungasokoneze maganizo a mayiko ena.

Kukonzanso Kwachinayi Kutetezera

Demendment Yachinayi yoletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Imagwira ntchito kwa anthu onse, koma kusungitsa kwake lamulo la kusamuka kwa anthu kwakhala kotsutsana. Pamene kuli kwakuti oyang'anira oloŵa m'dziko amafunikira chilolezo cha kuloŵa m'nyumba, iwo angagwiritsire ntchito kukayikira kochepera kaamba ka kuima kwachidule pafupi ndi malire kapena kubwalo la ndege. Chigamulo cha Bwalo lamilandu mu United States v. Brignonni-PH[[FLD:1] [7] Amalola oyendera malire kuimitsa galimoto pafupi ndi malire ozikidwa pa kukayikira koyenera, osati chifukwa chake, chimene ambiri amatsutsana ndi kutulutsa fuko.

Nkhani zaposachedwapa monga Utah v . Strieff [1] (2016) zachepetsa lamulo la kupatula, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kutsendereza umboni wopezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m'dziko. Zimenezi zimasiya osamukira m'dziko ali osavuta kumangidwa chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo amene angatulutsidwe m’khoti laupandu. Mabungwe a a andale aitana chitetezo champhamvu cha Olamulira Eni ndi Chigawo cha Chisanu m’nkhani za kusamuka.

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yotsutsa Ufulu wa Osamuka

Kumasulira nkhani zachiweruzo kwakhala kothandiza kwambiri pofotokoza bwino za chitetezo chalamulo kwa anthu osamukira m’dziko.

United States v. Wong Kim Likasa (1898)

Mlanduwu unasonyeza kuti ndi woyenera kukhala mwana pansi pa Demetrimenti ya 14 . Khotilo linavomereza kuti mwana wobadwa ku United States kwa makolo a ku China anali nzika ya United States, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma panthaŵi imene linkaletsedwa ndi mtundu. Lamulo la lijasi (kubadwa mwa kubadwa) limakhalabe lamulo lachimereka la ku America, ngakhale kuti lakhala lotsutsana ndi ndale m’zaka zaposachedwapa.

Zadvydas v. Davis (2001]

Khotilo linagamula kuti boma silingapititse osamukira kudziko ku nthaŵi zonse pambuyo pa lamulo lomalizira la kuchotsedwa ngati palibe kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kulanditsidwa. Mlanduwu unatsimikizira kuti Accole Process Claus imakhazikitsa malire a miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pa kumangidwa kwa pambuyo pa dongosolo la azungu. Ilo linaletsa kukhoza kwa boma kulanda anthu kwa zaka zambiri popanda chiyembekezo chomveka cha kuthamangitsidwa.

Plyler v. Doe (1982]

Monga taonera, mlandu umenewu unachititsa kuti ana asalembetse kuti ali ndi ufulu wolandira maphunziro a K-12. Khotili linafufuzanso pang’onopang’ono, ndipo linapeza kuti lamulo la boma silinali ndi chiwongola dzanja chachikulu ndipo linapereka chilango cha moyo wonse pa ana osalakwa. Plyler adakali chitsanzo chachikulu chimene chimatchula malire kuchokera ku kutsekereza ku mautumiki a boma ozikidwa pa malo a kusamukira ku dziko.

Mathews v. Diaz[FLT] [19976]

Chigamulo chimenechi chinachirikiza lamulo la boma lonena za kuvomerezedwa kwa zaka zisanu zakukhala mwalamulo, koma chofunika kwambiri, khotilo linapanga poyera kuti malamulo a Claus Claus (Centre Proce Claus) ngakhale mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza kusamukira m’dziko. Chigamulo chinakhazikitsa kuti pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba za Malamulo zingachitire zinthu nzika ndi anthu osakhala a mtundu uliwonse mosiyana, sizingatero pa chifukwa chomveka kapena chosamveka chopangira maziko a zitetezero zofanana m'kachitidwe ka kusamuka.

Zitetezero za Malamulo ndi Machitidwe Otsogolera

Kuwonjezera pa ufulu wa malamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma zakhazikitsa malamulo ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana amene amathandiza kuti magulu ena a anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena atetezedwe.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Kupha Anthu (ina)

INA ndilo lamulo lalikulu la boma lolamulira za kusamuka. Ikhazikitsa maziko oloŵera ndi kuchotsa, njira yopulumukira, ndi malo a othaŵa kwawo. INA imaperekanso mpumulo ku kuchotsedwa, monga ngati kutsekedwa kwa anthu ena anthaŵi yaitali ndi chitetezo kwa anthu ovutika ndi upandu (TVS) kapena kugulitsa (TVS). Pamene kuli kwakuti INA siilola mlingo wofanana wa kachitidwe konga lamulo laupandu, imaphatikizapo chitetezo cha kuyenera kwa anthu ena ndi kuchonderera kwa Board of Immigration Appects.

Kulephera Kuthandiza Ana (DACA)

DACA inakhazikitsidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma mu 2012, ndipo imapereka mpumulo wa kanthawi ku kuthamangitsidwa ndi ntchito komanso chilolezo cha ntchito kwa anthu amene anabwera ku United States ali ana. DACA sapereka lamulo koma amateteza olandira kuti asachotsedwe kwa zaka ziwiri. Pulogalamuyi yapirira mavuto a boma, ngakhale kuti tsogolo lake silinafikire. Pa zaka 2024, mafomu atsopano akukonzedwa, koma akupitiriza kusintha.

Chiwawa pa Akazi Chichitidwe (VAWA)

VAWA imalola anthu ena amene sanamenyedwe ndi boma kuti adzifunire okha pokhala kwachikhalire popanda kudalira pa munthu wankhanza wa ku United States kapena mwamuna kapena mkazi wawo wachikhalire. Malamulo ameneŵa amavomereza kuti anthu amene akuzunzidwa angakakamizidwe kutonthola ndi chiwopsezo cha kuthamangitsidwa. Kutetezedwa ndi kumasonyeza kuti lamulo la malamulo a boma limawonjezera ufulu walamulo kwa anthu othaŵa kwawo.

Kuteteza Malo (TPS)

Mlembi wa Homeland Security angaloze dziko la TPS pamene mikhalidwe yonga ngati nkhondo za zida, tsoka la malo okhala, kapena mikhalidwe yachilendo imalepheretsa kubwerera kwa chisungiko. Anthu ochokera ku maiko osankhidwa omwe anali kale ku United States angalandire chitetezo cha kanthaŵi ku kuchotsedwa ndi chilolezo cha ntchito. TPS sichiri njira yothetseratu, koma imapereka njira yothandiza kwambiri kwa osamuka ochokera ku maiko amene akuvutika.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Polimbana ndi Ufulu Woyenera Ndiponso Otetezedwa

Ngakhale kuti malamulo afotokozedwa, anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena amakumana ndi mavuto opitirizabe kuti apeze malamulo awo ndiponso ufulu wawo wochita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Kumvera ndi Kupeza Uphungu

United States imayendetsa njira yaikulu kwambiri yosungira anthu oloŵa m'dziko padziko lonse, kaŵirikaŵiri imachititsa anthu okhala m’zipatala kutali ndi ziŵiya zalamulo kapena chichirikizo cha banja. Pamene kuli kwakuti osamukira m’dziko ali ndi ufulu wa kupereka uphungu popanda ndalama za boma, ambiri satha kugula loya. Maphunziro asonyeza kuti anthu ogwidwa ndi dzina lalamulo ali othekera kwambiri kupambana milandu yawo kuposa awo amene saperekedwa. Kulephera kupeza uphungu kumachepetsa njira yoyenerera ndi kupanga dongosolo lachilungamo la zigamulo ziŵiri.

Ndiponso, kutsekeredwa kwa lamulo kwa magulu ena a osamukira kudziko, kuphatikizapo aja okhala ndi zigamulo zaupandu kapena amene anagwidwa posachedwapa ku malire, kumabutsa nkhaŵa za lamulo. Mu [FLT: 0] Jennings v. Rodriguez [1] (2018), Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kuganiziridwa, kutsendereza ziyeneretso za kumasulidwa. Magulu a anthu akupitirizabe kutokosa malamulo ameneŵa pansi pa Ceclassia E ndi Immagation and National Inity Act.

Malamulo Oloŵerera m’Dziko ndi Kulandidwa

Popanda kusintha kwakukulu kwa boma, maboma angapo akhazikitsa malamulo awoawo. SB 1070 (2070) adafuna apolisi kuyang'ana malo osamukirako panthaŵi yolowera ndi kulephera kunyamula zikalata za boma. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula zopereka zofunika mu Azonga v. United States (202), kupeza kuti kuyendetsa dziko ndi mphamvu ya boma yokha. Komabe, boma ndi kugwirizana kwa dziko ndi maulamuliro a boma. "Monga ngati kuti ndi 287 (g) zipangano ndi “zaumoyo . Malamulo a United States akupitirizabe kuyambitsa nkhondo zalamulo zimene zikukhudza ufulu wa alendo.

Malamulo audongo, amene amachepetsa kugwirizana kwa kumalo ndi lamulo la boma losungitsa anthu oloŵa m’dziko, atsutsidwa pa maziko a lamulo. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza lamulo lakuti maboma akumaloko sangakakamizidwe kugwiritsira ntchito chuma chawo kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma loloŵa. Kumenyana kumeneku kumasonyeza kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kulongosola malire a ulamuliro wa boma pankhani za kusamuka.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito molakwa Malo Onyoza Utundu ndi Kuwongolera Kwachinayi

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo otetezera, osamukira kudziko ena, [1] Ochokera ku Latino, Asia, ndi ku Middle East akusimba kuti akusungidwa kaamba ka ntchito za kusungitsa anthu chifukwa cha fuko kapena fuko. Lamulo lachinayi limaletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, koma akuluakulu a boma nthaŵi zina amaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsira ntchito “kukayikira koyenera” chifukwa cha zinthu monga maonekedwe, chinenero, kapena malo. Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu apeza njira zochitira profilfication, ndipo makhoti apereka malamulo ovomereza kuti asinthe njira zosungitsira malamulo.

Khoti Lalikulu laletsa kulamulira kuti fuko lokha silingakhale chochititsa kunyumwira koyenera kaamba ka malo ofikira alendo, kusiya malo kaamba ka kuperekedwa kopitiriza. Makhoti ena aang’ono anena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito fuko monga chochititsa chokha kuli kosagwirizana ndi lamulo, koma kusoŵeka kwa muyezo wowonekera bwino wa dziko lonselo kumalola nkhanza zopitirizabe.

Ziletso ndi Kachitidwe Koyenera

Dongosolo lotetezera, limene limapereka chitetezo kwa awo othaŵa chizunzo, layang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Malamulo onga ngati “kupitira” kwa ofunafuna kopulumukira pa madoko oloŵera, “Bala ku Mexico” programu (Migration Protocom Programmes), ndipo njira yochotsera yatonzedwa yatsutsidwa kukhala kuswa njira zoyenerera ndi Chilamulo cha Refugeet Act cha 1980. Makhoti atsekere aletsa njira zina zimenezi, koma masinthidwe osatha amachititsa chisokosokonezo ndi kukana anthu ambiri mwaŵi wa kupereka zonena zawo.

Mu East Bay Sanctuary Panganonent v. Barr (2029), Thungwe la Ninth linakhulupirira kuti boma silingaike zifunsiro zotetezera kuchokera kwa awo amene analoŵa popanda kufufuza pa malire a kummwera. Chigamulo chimenecho chinasungidwa kukhoza kopulumukira, koma machitidwe apamwamba a pambuyo pake apitirizabe kuchotsa malo.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuchirikiza Mabungwe

Mabungwe ena otchuka kwambiri amathandiza anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena kuti ateteze ufulu wawo wochita zinthu zina monga kuteteza ufulu wa anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena ndiponso kuthandizana ndi boma.

  • American Liberties Union (ACLU) [1] [1] [1] [1] ACLLU yatchula milandu yambiri yokhudza kusamuka yokhudza njira yofunikira, First Amendment, ndi ufulu wachinayi wokonza zinthu. Chikalata chake cha Immigrants chiyang'ana pa ntchito yoletsa kusungitsa. Kuphunzira zambiri pa aclu. org
  • Indal Justice Center (NJC) [1] [1] - NILT JC imapereka kuimira kwalamulo kwachindunji, kusanthula malamulo, ndi chiyambukiro. Ili mtsogoleri wotsutsa Trump-era “Malire ku Mexico” lamulo ndi kuchirikiza osamukira m'dziko. [FLT:] KGP] KGUSGONES. org[FL:3]
  • Ufulu Waumunthu Woyamba [[FLT :1] - gulu limeneli likusumika maganizo pa chitetezo ndi populumukira. Imalemba kuswa ufulu wa anthu m'kusungitsa anthu ndi ochirikiza kumamatira ku lamulo lapadziko lonse. Onani anthu oyenerera oyambirira. org.
  • National Imignation Law Center (NILC) [1] Ochirikiza malamulo amene amazindikira zopereka za alendo, ndi kusumika maganizo pa anthu olandira ndalama zochepa. Iwo amapereka mapendedwe a nkhani zofunikira ndi ziletso za boma. yowonjezereka pa nilc. org.

Mabungwe ameneŵa, limodzi ndi magulu a boma opereka chithandizo ndiponso mabungwe a boma oimira ufulu wa anthu, ndi ofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa mpata pakati pa ufulu wongoyerekezera wa malamulo ndi ufulu weniweni wa dziko lonse wopeza chilungamo.

Kumaliza: Chiyambi cha Ufulu ndi Zitetezero

Kugwirizanitsa ufulu walamulo ndi chitetezo cha anthu osamukira kudziko sikumasinthasintha. Kusintha kudzera m'kumasulira kwachiweruzo, ntchito ya malamulo, malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, ndi udzu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu lawonjezera njira yake yoyenerera ndi kuteteza anthu osamukira kumaiko ena, mipata yaikulu imatsala , kupezeka kwa uphungu, ndi kutetezeredwa ku lamulo. Chiphunzitso cha mphamvu za Lenary chimaletsabe kuyang'anira komiti ya chiweruzo, ndipo kusintha kwa ndale kungasinthe mwamsanga chitetezo cha dziko.

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, nkhani zazikulu zingapo zidzalongosola mfundo imeneyi: mtsogolo mwa ufulu waufumu, ntchito ya boma ndi maboma a kumaloko m’kusungitsa kusamukira ku dziko, ukulu wa Lamulo Lachinayi pa malire ndi madoko, ndi kuwona koyenera kwa dongosolo lachipulumutso. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti lamulo la malamulo lakuti “palibe munthu amene adzalandidwa ufulu popanda dongosolo loyenerera” ayenera kugwira ntchito mofanana kwa onse amene alipo ku United States, mosasamala kanthu za mmene iwo adzafikira.

Pamene kukambitsirana kwa dzikolo kukupitiriza, chinthu chimodzi chikukhalabe chowonekera: Kudzipereka kwa United States ku ulamuliro wa malamulo kumafuna kuti chinjirizo lisakhale ntchito ya unzika wokha. ntchito iri mtsogolo ndiyo kutsimikizira kuti zoyenera zolembedwa m’zikalata zoyambitsa sizoyembekezeredwa chabe — kukhala zitsimikizo za moyo kaamba ka munthu aliyense wogonjera ku kufikira kwa lamulolo.