Chigamulo cha Maphunziro mu 1954 kumapeto kwa 1960, chinali chimodzi cha nyengo zosintha kwambiri ndi za makhalidwe abwino m'mbiri ya America. Kusintha kwapadera kwa [FLT:] Bown v. Gulu la Maphunziro chinali chigamulo chokhalitsa, nkhondo yosatha, yolimbana ndi zomangamanga zalamulo ndi zachikhalidwe za Jim Conrow ndi ufulu wa chitukuko wathunthu wa nzika za Aafirika. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwelo linagonjetsa zipambano za malamulo zimene zinasinthanso dziko, linayang'anizananso ndi chitsutso chankhanza, ndi kusasintha kwa chuma komwe kudakali kosasintha. Kumvetsa zonsezo ndi mavuto a m'nyengo ino kumapereka mfundo zofunika za masiku ano kaamba ka nkhondo yautundu ndi kulingana kwa anthu a kutsatatsanatsana mitundu yachi.

Mbiri Yake: Kuyambira Kukonzanso Zinthu Kukaloŵa M’zaka za M’ma 1900

Civil Rights Movement sinatuluke mu ukapolo. Maziko ake analoŵa pansi kwambiri pa nyengo yapambuyo pa Chivil War Reconstruction, pamene madepresser 13, 14, ndi 15 adavomerezedwa, kupatsa ufulu, unzika, ndi kuvota kwa anthu akale ogwidwa ukapolo. Komabe, lonjezo la Court Supreme Reconsttion linagwetsedwa mwachiwawa ndi kubuka kwa malamulo a Jimrow, amene amagwirizana ndi kugaŵidwa kwa mafuko ndi kuchotsedwa kwa fuko ku South. Khoti Lalikulu linapereka ufulu mu Plaves. Pnect.[2]

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 kunali ndi Great Migration, pamene mamiliyoni a Aamerika a ku Africa anapitirizabe kuchoka kumidzi ya Kummwera kupita ku mizinda ya maindasitale Kumpoto, Midwest, ndi Kumadzulo. Kusintha kumeneku kunayambitsa mizinda yatsopano yokhala ndi mphamvu yomakulakula ya ndale zadziko ndi zachuma, ndipo kunavumbula ambiri ku malo opatulapo poyera ndi kuchepetsa ufuko wa fuko. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe onga [FLD:0] kuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo anthu a Colovered (NACP) [FL:1] mu 1909 ndi Msonkhano wa Kum’mwera kwa Chikristu (SLCCC) [FLT3] mu 1957 kugaŵira zopereka zalamulo ndi gulu la anthu.

Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse inathandizanso kwambiri. Asilikali a ku Africa analimbana ndi chidani cha anthu andale akunja pamene anali kubwerera ku chitaganya chopatulidwa panyumba, kusonkhezera anthu kuti akhale nzika za dziko. Mkupiti wachiŵiri V . Inachita nkhondo yachiwiri ndi kupambana pa chikunja kumaiko akunja ndi kugonjetsa tsankho panyumba. Panthaŵiyi, nkhondo ya Mawu inapangitsa kusiyana kwa mafuko a America kukhala chinthu chochititsa manyazi padziko lonse, kusonkhezera atsogoleri a boma kuti anene za ufulu wa anthu.

Zomwe Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Linachita

Pansipa pali zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zimene gululi linachita, zimene zinasonyeza kuti linakonza zinthu, kupereka nsembe, ndiponso kukonza zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

This landmark legislation, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended segregation in public accommodations—including hotels, restaurants, theaters, and public transportation—and outlawed discriminatory employment practices. Title VII of the act established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce these provisions. The act’s passage followed the historic March on Washington in 1963 and was fueled by public outrage over violent suppression of protests in Birmingham and elsewhere. Read the full text of the Civil Rights Act at the National Archives.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Pamene kuli kwakuti Lamulo la 15 la Kusintha la 15 linatsimikizira kuyenera kwa Black votion, Kum’mwera anagwiritsira ntchito misonkho ya kufunsira, mayeso a kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, ziganizo, ndi chiwopsezo chachiwawa kuchotsadi Aamereka a ku Africa . Chikalata cha Voting Rights cha 1965 chinayang'anira mwachindunji zoletsa kuvota ndi kulola zigamulo za boma ndi kulola zigamulo za boma ndi mbiri ya kutsendereza kwa wovota. Lamulolo linawonjezereka kwambiri ndi kuvota Black Black ndi kugaŵana kwa ndale. [FT.FFOL:] [FOL]]

Kusankhana kwa Sukulu ndi Masukulu Othandiza Anthu

Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka [1] Inagwetsa Plessy v. Ferguson, akulengeza kuti kusankhidwa kwa boma m'masukulu a anthu onse kunali kopanda lamulo chifukwa chakuti malo a maphunziro anali osalingana mwachibadwa. Chigamulo chimenechi chinapereka maziko alamulo a mpikisano wa kuchotsa dziko lonselo, ngakhale kuti ntchito zinachitidwa ndi kutsutsa kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo Laling Rock Crisis, kumene asilikali a boma anafunikira kusungitsa kugwirizanitsa maphunziro. Zigamulo za Bwalo ndi Chilo la Chiŵeniŵeni cha 1964 Chilango chinakula ku malo onse a anthu onse.

Kuwonjezera Kaimidwe ka Zandale

Chikalata cha Voing Rights Act chinathandizanso kuti bungwe la Aafirika osankhidwa a boma mu African America likhale ndi akuluakulu a boma mu 1965, ku South. Pofika kumapeto kwa ma 1970, mazana ambiri anali kutumikira m'malamulo a boma, mabungwe a mizinda, ndi makomiti a sukulu. Gululo linatulutsanso chiweruzo choyamba cha khoti lalikulu la ku Africa ku United States, Thir Good Marshall, amene ntchito yake monga NAACP inali itatha ntchito yochotsa lamulo la boma kudzera m'kufufuza.

Zithunzi Zotchuka ndi Zopereka Zawo

Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linasonkhezeredwa ndi atsogoleri osiyanasiyana, aliyense akupereka nthanthi zosiyanasiyana, njira, ndi njira zolinganiza.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Dr. King anatulukira monga wolankhulira wowoneka kwambiri wa gululo, kuchirikiza kusamvera kwachiŵeniŵeni kosachitidwa mwachiwawa kosonkhezeredwa ndi Mahatma Gandhi. Utsogoleri wake wa Montgomery Busbott (1955-1956), chithunzi chake chaulemu “Ndili ndi Dzuwa” mkati mwa March pa Washington, ndi mbali yake mu Selma ku Montgomery kunasonyeza choloŵa chake. Filosofiki ya Mfumu ya kukana kumenyedwa ndi kusakhala ndi chiwawa sinali yopanda ntchito; inali njira yadala kuvumbula nkhanza ya kukondera ndi kupambana chifundo cha makhalidwe abwino kuchokera ku dziko ndi dziko. Iye anapatsidwa mphoto ya Mtendere wa Nobel mu 1964. [FLD:] Mfumu ya pa moyo wake ndi ntchito yake yowonjezereka. [FLD:]

Rosa Parks

Kaŵirikaŵiri amake a bungwe la ufulu wachibadwidwe, . Park akukana kulanda mpando wake pa basi ya mzinda wa Montgomery pa December 1, 1955, adayambitsa chitsutso cha Montgomery Bus Boycott, cha masiku 381 chimene chinathetsa mabasi oletsedwa. Mapaki sanali munthu woyamba kutsutsa basi yopanda mabasi. Anthu ena onga Claudette Colvin anachita zimenezo asanabadwe. Koma mlandu wake unasankhidwa ndi NAACP chifukwa cha mbiri yake yolimba ndi mphamvu ya kutsutsa kovomerezedwa ndi lamulo.

Malcolm X

Malcolm X anapereka masomphenya osiyana, poyambirira akuchirikiza utundu wa Black, kudzilekanitsa ndi anthu azungu monga nduna ya mtundu wa Chisilamu . Chipwirikiti chake chamoto ndi kutsutsana ndi chiwawa chinakhudza anthu ambiri amene anaona kuti kusinthako kunali kochedwa kwambiri. Atachoka ku Mecca mu 1964, Malcolm X anatembenukira ku malo ena ovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kuti anaphedwa mu 1965. Chisinthiko chake chanzeru ndi kugogomezera kunyada kwa Black ndi mphamvu ya chuma zinasonkhezera magulu a pambuyo pake.

Mawonekedwe Ena Ofunika

  • [[FLT: 0] John Lewis: Mtsogoleri wa Komiti ya Ophunzira ya Countact Couding (SNCC), Lewis anali Wokwera Ufulu, wolankhula pa March Washington, ndi wolinganiza wamkulu wa ulendo wa Selma. Pambuyo pake anatumikira monga woyang'anira nyumba za malamulo wa ku Georgia kwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu.
  • Fannie Lou Hamer : [FLT: 1] Fannie Wochirikiza Udzu ndi woyambitsa wa Mississippi Freemocratic Party , Hamer motchuka anachitira umboni pa 1964 Democratic National Convention ponena za chiwawa ndi kutsendereza zimene anayang'anizana nazo kuyesa kuvota. Mawu ake, “Ndikudwala ndi kutopa ndi kudwala, " Ndinakhala mfuu yolimbikitsa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Thur fall: Asanakhale Woweruza woyamba wa Khoti Lapamwamba la ku Africa, Marshall monga loya anatsutsa ndi kupambana Brown ndi . Board of Education mlandu, limodzi ndi zipambano zina zambiri za ufulu wa anthu.
  • Medgar Evers: [[FLT :1] Mlembi wa munda wa NAACP ku Mississippi anaphedwa kunja kwa nyumba yake mu 1963. Kupha kwake kunasonkhezera chisamaliro cha dziko pa ngozi zoyang'anizana ndi ochirikiza ufulu.

Mkupiti Waukulu ndi Zochitika Zaukulu

Kupambana kwa gululo kunachititsidwa kwambiri ndi ndawala zapamwamba, zapamwamba zimene zinakopa anthu a m’dzikolo ndi a m’maiko onse.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)

Atasonkhezeredwa ndi kumangidwa kwa Rosa Park, a msilikali a Fasa Cottdatt anakhala masiku 381, ndi Aafirika akuyenda, kugulitsa magalimoto, kapena kukwera matola mmalo mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mabasi atsankho. Kuyesayesako, kotsogozedwa ndi Montgomery Reformation Association ndi Martin Luther King Jr., kunatulukapo m’chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba lolengeza basi kukhala yopanda boma. Ilo linakhazikitsa Mfumu monga mtsogoleri wa dziko ndi kusonyeza mphamvu ya kachitidwe kopanda chiwawa.

Thupi ndi Freedom Rides (1960-1961)

Ku Greensboro, North Carolina, ophunzira anayi a pakoleji anakhala pansi pa malo osungirako azungu okha chakudya chamasana, akuyambitsa funde la zitsutso ku South. Zochita zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zinayendetsedwa ndi SNCC. Freedom Rides, yolinganizidwa ndi Congress of Racial Exafe (CORE), yoyesedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu lomwe linagamula kuti kuyendayenda kwa basi ya m'dziko ku Alabama. Okwera anaukiridwa mwankhanza; boma linafunikira kutetezera iwo, kugogomezera ntchito ya boma kuchirikiza zoyenera za anthu.

Mkupiti wa Birmingham (1963)

Motsogozedwa ndi King ndi SCLC, Birmingham anakhala malo apakati a kachitidwe kachindunji. Owonerera, kuphatikizapo ana a sukulu, anayang'anizana ndi kuponderezedwa kwachiwawa kwa apolisi . "mapaipi amoto, agalu a apolisi, ndi kumangidwa . Mafanowo anadabwitsa dziko ndi kukakamiza Pulezidenti Kennedy kupereka lamulo lachikwanekwane la ufulu wa anthu.

March ku Washington (1963)

Pa August 28, 1963, March pa Washington ya Jobs and Freedom inali chisonyezero chachikulu koposa m'mbiri ya United States panthaŵiyo, ndi otengamo mbali oposa 250,000. Ilo linathera mu “Ndili ndi Mawu a Roto” ndi kuika chitsenderezo chachikulu cha makhalidwe pa Congress kupyola Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chisungiko.

Selma Kupita ku Montgomery Marchs (1965)

Ochita zionetsero ku Selma, Alabama, anagwira ntchito yolembetsa ovota koma anayang'anizana ndi chopinga chamwambo. Ulendo wochokera ku Selma kunka ku Montgomery, likulu la boma, unachitidwa chiwawa pa March 7 .Boody Sande . Pamene asilikali a boma anaukira ozenga mwamtendere. Televiced pampaged chilikizo la Court Act . Pambuyo pa kutetezedwa kwa boma, ulendo wachipambano unafika ku Montgomemery pa March 25.

Mavuto Amene Anayang’anizana Nawo Mkati mwa Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Ngakhale kuti gululi linakwanitsa kuchita zambiri m’mbiri, linakumana ndi mavuto aakulu — kunja ndi mkati mwa dziko — amene anachepetsa mphamvu yake yapanthaŵi yomweyo ndipo anabala zipsera zosatha.

Kubwezera Kwachiwawa ndi Kutsenderezedwa ndi Boma

Ku South konse, ochirikiza ufulu anayang'anizana ndi chiwawa chankhalwe kuchokera kwa apolisi, Ku Klux Klan, ndi azungu opereka umboni. Kuphana kwa ziŵerengero monga Medgar Evers, kuphulitsa bomba kwa tchalitchi kwa mu 1963 Birmingham komwe kunapha atsikana anayi, ndi kuphedwa kwa antchito omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, ndi Michael Schwerner ku Mississippine mu 1964 Free Summer inali zitsanzo zowopsa. Mabungwe a lamulo osungitsa lamulo, kuphatikizapo FBI pansi pa J. Edgar Hoover, adaukira kuyang'anira, Contension, ndi kusokoneza magulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kupyolera ku COINTLLPro, mabungwe osonzetsa ngati SCCCCCC, SNCC, ndi Black Party.

Kugaŵanika kwa Anthu Osiyana pa Maluso ndi Kalingaliridwe ka Zinthu

Pamene gululo linkapita patsogolo, panabuka mikangano pakati pa magulu ochirikiza kusamvera boma ndi aja amene anali kuyanja nkhondo. Kukwera kwa Black Power, kotchulidwa ndi Stokely Carmichael (pambuyo pake Kwame Ture) ndi ena, kunatsutsa kuti kusamenyana sikunali kokwanira ndi kutsenderezana kwa dongosolo ndipo kunaitanira kaamba ka kudzipha kwa Black ndi kunyada. SNCCC ndi CORE anatembenukira ku Mphamvu ya Black, pamene SCL adamamatira ku chitsanzo chosavulaza chiphatikizo. Mabungwe ameneŵa nthaŵi zina analetsa ntchito yogwirizana ndi kulekana ndi azungu ena.

Kukana Malamulo ndi Malire a Malamulo

Mamembala a Congress a ku Southern analimbana ndi chitsutso chokhudza ufulu wa anthu, pogwiritsa ntchito mapangano a Region ndi nyumba ya malamulo kuti achedwe kuvota. Ngakhale atakhazikitsa malamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito kotsatira kawirikawiri kunali kochedwa kapena koletsedwa. Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu anali ofooka poyamba, ndipo Council Rights Act inalimbana ndi mavuto, kuphatikizapo lamulo la Khoti Lapamwamba la 2013 mu Shelby County v. Raker [1] Malamulo ofunika kwambiri oletsa kugamula, omwe anabweretsa chigamulo cha malamulo a voti ndi ziletso zina.

Kusalingana Kwachuma Kopitirizabe

Zipambano za lamulo sizinathere kutsata chilungamo cha zachuma. Magulu a ku Africa adapitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi ulova wochuluka, umphaŵi, tsankho la nyumba, ndi kuchepa kwa kulowa ku likulu. Gululo linasumika maganizo pa ufulu wa anthu / / kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu, kuchotsa malo ogona, , kukana kulinganiza bwino zachuma. Martin Luther King Jr. adazindikira mpata umenewu m’zaka zake zapambuyo pake, kuyambitsa Chipani cha Anthu cha Anthu mu 1968 kufuna ufulu wa zachuma, koma kupha kwake kunachepetsa kuyesayesako.

Choloŵa cha Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linasiya choloŵa chosiyana chimene chikupitirizabe kuumba chitaganya cha America ndi kulimbana kwa padziko lonse kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe.

  • Malamulo a lamulo: Malamulo ndi zigamulo za khoti za nyengoyo zidakali maziko. Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe, Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi Chikalata cha Fair Hostion Act cha 1968 chimapereka zida zalamulo zothetsera tsankho, ngakhale kuti zimafunikira kudzitetezera kosalekeza.
  • Kusonkhezera kwa Magulu Otsatira: Njira za gululo [1] Kachitidwe kachindunji, kulinganiza kwa chitaganya, kutsutsa, ndi kutsutsa kwa anthu ambiri, zasinthidwa ndi akaziakazi, LGBTQ, malo okhala, ndi magulu a ufulu wa anthu osamukira ku maiko ena. Black Live Matter , yokhazikitsidwa mu 2013, imasonyeza poyera za ufulu wachibadwidwe pamene ikulankhula za chiwawa ndi tsankho la apolisi m’nkhani yatsopano.
  • Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana : Nkhondo yolimbana ndi ufuko ikupitiriza. Nkhani zonga kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kupotoledwa, kuikidwa kwa nyumba, ndi mipata ya chuma imagogomezera ntchito yosatha. Choloŵa cha gululi chimatikumbutsa kuti kupita patsogolo sikuli kwa mzera kapena kotsimikizirika.
  • Kuphunzitsa ndi Historical Awareness: Bungwe la Chivomezi lakhala mbali ya mbiri yakale ya America, ngakhale kuti mikangano ikupitiriza ponena za mmene imaphunzitsidwira . Ingakhale monga nkhani yopambana kapena monga nkhondo yosatha. Kuchezera malo akale monga National Civil Rights Museum ku Memphis kapena Legacy Museum ku Montgomery kumapereka chidziŵitso chozama.

Kumaliza

Chivomezi cha Chilungamo cha Ufulu wa Anthu cha m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 chinatha kukhazikitsa demokrase ya ku America, kutulutsa masinthidwe alamulo amene anawononga kumanga Jim Crow liv ndi kufutukula frace mpaka mamiliyoni. Komabe si kuti gululo linali nkhani yongoyerekezera ya chipambano; linali nkhondo yovuta, yopweteka kwambiri yolimbana ndi mphamvu yokhazikika, chitsutso chachiwawa, ndi kusagwirizana kwapakati. Zochita zake zinali zovuta kwambiri mwa kupereka nsembe ndi kukonza anthu osaŵerengeka, ambiri a iwo akukhalabe osagwirizana. Zovutazo zinayang'anizana ndi , kusagwirizana kwa zachuma, kutsutsa kwamakono. Kupenda za Chilungamo cha Chilungamo m'ka cha Chiyanjo m’kuyake mokulira sikuli kofunika kokha kulemekeza mbiri yake koma kunyamula mbiri yake yatsopano ndi chidziŵitso ndi kulinganizanso kwa makhalidwe abwino kupitiriza ntchito yomanga chitaganya.