Kuchepetsa Mphamvu: Pamene Boma Likulamulira

Demokrase yamakono imagaŵira mphamvu m'miyalo yambiri ya boma . "m'dziko, chigawo, ndi malo ake" kutsimikizira kuyendetsa bwino, kulabadira, ndi kuyang'anira olamulira. Magawowa, odziŵika monga authoristism, amalinganizidwira kuletsa chinthu chimodzi kukhala champhamvu kwambiri. Komabe, malire pakati pa milingo imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri sadziŵika bwino, kuchititsa kukangana pamene malamulo ndi nkhondo zapatsogolo zichitika. Pamene boma, boma, boma, ndi maboma a kumaloko, zotsatira zake zingagunde m’makhoma khoti, malamulo, ndi madera kwa zaka zambiri. Kumvetsetsa mikangano imeneyi n’kofunika pomvetsa mmene kulamulira ndi mmene malamulo amagwirizanira kulingana kwa mphamvu.

Kulimbana kumeneku kumabuka pamene mlingo wina wa boma ukhulupirira kuti wina waswa ulamuliro wake walamulo kapena walamulo. Nthaŵi zina mkanganowo ndiwo maganizo .A boma lokana lamulo la boma limauwona kukhala wochititsa. Nthaŵi zina umakhala wothandiza .Iwo ndi boma lakumaumirira malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi, chigamulo cha mikangano imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhazikitsa zitsanzo zosuliza zimene zimalongosola malire a mayanjano a boma.

Mmene Boma Limayembekezeredwa Kugwira Ntchito

Asanapende nkhani zenizeni, nkofunika kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka boma. Mu United States, boma la boma lili ndi maulamuliro ondandalikidwa bwino m'Malamulo, monga kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko, kuyendetsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kupeka ndalama. Maboma amasunga mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa ku boma la boma. Kuphatikizapo kulamulira maphunziro, malamulo aupandu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo. Maboma a m’dziko, apangidwa ndi malamulo, ali ndi mphamvuzo zokhazo zoperekedwa ndi boma, mapaki, apolisi a kumaloko, ndi ukhondo.

keke yachingwe imeneyi njosiyana kwambiri ndi . Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, boma la boma lafutukula kufikira kwake kupyolera mwa Commerce Claus, Penal Claus, ndi Demetrice ya 145. Maboma asuntha, akumatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni imasunga malamulo ena kwa iwo okha. Panthaŵiyi, nthaŵi zina apeza kuti agwidwa pakati pa zifuno zotsutsana ndi boma. Chotulukapo chake ndicho dongosolo lamphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri lachiwawa, kumene nkhondo za lamulo zimakhazikitsa malire enieni a ulamuliro.

Lamulo la kumasula ndilo maziko a kuthetsa mikangano yoteroyo. Pansi pa Supremacy Claus wa U.S., lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limakhalapo pamene lisemphana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma. Koma kumasulidwa sikuli kotheratu; malamulo amasunga ufulu wapadera, makamaka m'madera olamulidwa ndi iwo. Makhoti ayenera kaŵirikaŵiri kusankha kaya lamulo la boma linapangidwa kukhala ndi cholinga chakulamulira munda wonse kapena kaya likhale lotuluka chipinda kaamba ka ka ka kachitidwe ka boma.

Kulimbana kwa Boma la Federal ndi United States

Kuchoka ku Arizona kukafika ku United States (202): Kusamuka

Nkhani zochepa zimene zimayambitsa chidani cha boma monga kusamukira kudziko lina. Mu 2010, Arizona anakhazikitsa Service Law Our Enithorcement and Saferences Act (S.B. 1070), yomwe inafuna kuti lamulo la boma liyang'anire malo a anthu amene anaima kapena kumangidwa ngati iwo anali ndi kukayikira koyenera munthuyo kukhala m’dzikolo mosemphana ndi lamulo. Lamulolo linaletsanso kulephera kunyamula zikalata zolembetsa za boma ndi kupangitsa kuti likhale mlandu wa boma kwa osamukira m'dzikolo kuti afune ntchito.

Obama oyang’anira milandu anaimba mlandu, akumanena kuti lamulo loletsa kusamuka ndi thayo la boma ndi kuti S.B. 1070 anatsutsana ndi lamulo la boma. Mlanduwo unafikira Khoti Lapamwamba la United States mu 2012. M'chigamulo 5-3, khoti linagamula zitatu mwa makonzedwe anayi otopetsa, kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma loletsa kusamuka, lolamulira kuti boma liyesetse kukhazikitsa zilango zowonjezereka. Malamulo ofuna kuti kuyang'anira malo ololedwa ndi lamulo analoledwa kuima pankhope yake, ngakhale kuti lingakhalebe lokayikiridwa pambuyo pake. Chigamuchocho chinatsimikiziranso kuti sichingakhazikitse njira zawo zosungira kusamuka kwawo koma chigwirizano ndi akuluakulu a boma. Nkhani imeneyi idakali chitsanzo chabwino cha mmene lamulo la boma lingalimbane ndi malo oikidwa mwalamulo. ([F.: 0])

Sebelius (202): Lamulo la Kusamalira Kosavuta ndi Boma

Affordble Care Act (ACA), yomwe inasainidwa m'lamulo mu 2010, inaimira kusintha kwakukulu kwa boma kwa zaumoyo m'zaka makumi ambiri. Kukula kwa Medicaid kuti aphikire achikulire onse ndi ndalama kufikira 138% ya mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma linali maziko a lamulo. Boma linalonjeza kupereka 100% ya mtengo poyamba, kutsata 90% podzafika 2020. Maboma amene anakana kuwonjezera kuyang'anizana ndi chilango cha ndalama zonse za boma la Medicaid .

Maboma makumi aŵiri ndi asanu ndi limodzi anatsutsa ACA, akumanena kuti kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kunagwirizana ndi kuswa Pempho la Khumi. Mu NFIB v. Sebelius, Bwalo Lapamwamba, linatsutsa kuti boma silingawopseze kuchotsa ndalama zonse zimene zinalipo kale Medicaid kukakamiza kuti awonjezere. Khoti linagamula kuti chilango chotere chinali kukakamiza, osati kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyenerera. Monga chotulukapo, kufutukuka kunakhala kodzifunira, ndipo dziko la Republican linkakana kuchitapo kanthu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinagogomezera malire a mphamvu ya boma kuti awonjezere mapangano a boma m'boma. ([FLL: 0] Kuŵerenga nkhani ya ku Corlbalma pa Chikalata cha Malamulo)

3. Kuvomerezedwa kwa Marijuana kwa Colorado: Kulimbana Koyenera ndi Boma

Mu 2012, ovota Colorado anavomereza kuti Colorado Amendment 64 ikhale yovomerezeka, kuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino, kukhala ndi, ndi kugulitsa chamba kwa anthu achikulire a zaka zoposa 21. Cannabis anatsatiridwa monga Sedyuli Ine kuyang’anira pansi pa lamulo la boma la Substances Act, kupanga kupanga, kugaŵira, ndi kukhala ndi mlandu. Zimenezi zinayambitsa mkangano wa boma: lamulo la boma linalola ntchito imene lamulo la boma linaletsa.

Obama oyang'anira anatengera lamulo la kusagwirizana, lopereka lamulo limene linatsogolera ozembetsa a boma kusumika maganizo pa malonda aakulu mmalo mwa ntchito za boma. Pansi pa kuyang'anira Trump, Attorney Jeff Sessions adachotsa ntchitozo, koma pambuyo pake Nyumba za Malamulo zinaphatikizapo kukonza kwa Rohrahbach-Morrapractive mu zikalata za oweruza, kuletsa Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo cha Chilungamo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosokoneza malamulo a boma a za cha chamankhwala a cha chamba. Kufikira tsiku, boma silinapereke mabizinesi a boma a za kuletsa mayanjano a zosangulutsa, koma pansi pa nkhondo yalamulo idakali yosathetsedwa. Nkhani ya Coloradorado. Mlanto ya Coloradolv. United States mu makhoti sanatulutsebe chigawa cha Sup, kusiya chitsutso. Ilo chisonyezere chiyang'chire chika cha lamulo

4. Mizinda Yosadetsedwa: Maboma Akumaloko Ogonjetsa Kusamuka kwa Maboma

Pamene Arizona v. United States anali ndi malamulo a kusamuka kwa boma, mizinda ya mabwalo imaimira malo apakati ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Zilango zonga San Francisco, New York, Chicago, ndi Los Angeles zakhala ndi malamulo oletsa kugwirizana ndi kusungidwa kwa boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa apolisi akumaloko kufunsa za malo osamukira kapena kutumiza anthu pamaziko a lamulo la kusamukira m'dziko.

Boma la boma, makamaka pansi pa ulamuliro wa Trump, linafuna kulanga mizinda yopatulika mwa kukana ndalama zina. Mu 2017, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo inalengeza kuti kugonjera Chigawo 1373 cha lamulo la boma . Imene imaletsa ziletso za kukambirana za kusamuka. Chinali chiyeneretso cha kulandira Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Leact Grants. Mizinda yambiri inamangidwa, ndipo makhoti ambiri anagwirizana ndi mizinda, kuweruza kuti boma silingagwirizanitse mikhalidwe imeneyi popanda ulamuliro womveka. Mu City of Chicago v. Missions (2088), chigawo chachisanu ndi , chinachirikiza lamulo lotsutsa mikhalidwe ya DO J. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza malire a mphamvu za boma pa malamulo a boma a boma ndi kufunika kwa Kern Amendment mu kuteteza dziko lakwanu.

Kukangana Pakati pa Boma ndi Maboma Akomweko

Nkhondo za dziko la Federal zimakhudza nkhani zambiri, koma nkhondo ya dzikolo imakhalanso ndi zotsatirapo. Chifukwa chakuti maboma a m'dzikolo ndi zolengedwa za boma, alibe ulamuliro wachibadwa. Komabe mizinda yambiri ndi masamu amakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa panyumba woperekedwa ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo, kulola kuti iwo apereke malamulo pa nkhani za kumaloko. Pamene maboma akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kachitidwe ka kumaloko. Makamaka pa nkhani monga malipiro ochepa, kuletsa mfuti, kapena malamulo a malo okhala.

1. Kutha kwa Malamulo Ang’onoang’ono a M’deralo

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa maboma a m'dziko kuti akhazikitse malipiro awo apamwamba kuposa a boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016, Missouri inapatula malamulo otsegulira mizinda kuti ipeze malipiro ochepa. Mzinda wa St. Louis unali utavomereza kale malipiro ocheperapo $10, koma lamulo la boma linaukakamiza kubwezera ku mlingo wa boma wa $7.70. Khoti Lapamwamba la Missouri linachirikiza lamulo la boma la kulanditsa mu 2018, kutsimikizira kuti boma linali ndi ulamuliro woletsa malamulo a dzikolo.

2. Kulamulira mfuti ndi Kutha Kuthawa M’dziko

Ochirikiza ufulu wa mfuti akhazikitsa mwachipambano malamulo a boma amene amaletsa maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo a mfuti mokhwima kuposa lamulo la boma. California ndi New York ali ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu wa kumaloko, koma maboma ambiri . kuphatikizapo Texas, Florida, ndi Colorado . Ku Colorado, lamulo la boma limaletsa mizinda monga Denver kuletsa mfuti m’nyumba za anthu kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya magazini ku malire a boma. Mu 2021, mzinda wa Louisville, Kentucky unapereka lamulo loletsa kuukira zida zankhondo, koma lamulo la boma lapatulapo chipatso linatha chaka chimodzicho kuchotsa. Nkhondo imeneyi ikugogomezera kusokonezeka maganizo pakati pa chigamulo cha demokrase ndi chikhumbo cha boma launist.

3. Kulamulira kwa Boma

Maboma a Texas kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa zitetezero za malo okhala zimene zimapitirira zofunika za boma, zonga ngati kuletsa mapulasitiki amodzi, kutsekereza mapulasitiki, kapena miyezo yoletsa kutulutsa mpweya wokhwima. Boma la Texas lakhala likuchotsa ziletso za kumaloko mobwerezabwereza, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la Texas mu 2018 logamula kuti lamulo la boma limathetsa malamulo a mzinda amene amayesa kuletsa kutseka mapulasitiki. Mofananamo, mu 2019, Ohio anakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa midzi yakumaloko kuletsa kuletsa zikwama zapulasitiki. Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale pamene opatutsa malo okhalako akugwirizana ndi boma akupereka malamulo a boma angawachotse malamulowo pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zothamangitsa.

Makina Othetsera Mikangano ya Boma

Pakachitika kusagwirizana m’boma, njira yothetsera vutoli imachitika mwa njira zitatu izi:

  • [[FLT: 0] .Makhoti a judicial Review: amamasulira Konsichushoni, malamulo, ndi lamulo logamula za ulamuliro. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. ndilo lomaliza pa mikangano ya boma. Zosankha zonga [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez . [FLT] [95] [95] ndi [FL:] Kusindikizaz v. United States (1997) yakhalanso ndi malire pa mphamvu ya boma, pamene [FLT:] Goza. Raich .[FLT] [FF:] [5] (200]) (200])
  • Action : Congress angamveketse kapena kuchotsa zochita za boma kupyolera m'lamulo latsopano, monga ngati REAL ID Act, imene imakhazikitsa miyezo ya boma kaamba ka chizindikiritso cha boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, makhomagepi a boma angabwezetse kumbuyo mwa kukhazikitsa zigamulo, milandu, kapena malamulo amene amayesa malire a boma.
  • Ilitcial Negotiation and Administrative Emproctment: Kaŵirikaŵiri, mikangano imalamuliridwa mwa kukambitsirana, kutsutsa, kapena kusungitsa. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ingasankhe kusapereka mlandu wa zochita zina, kapena maboma angafune oletsa zifuno za boma m'madera onga ngati zaumoyo ndi ubwino.

Kulimbana ndi Boma

Zotsatira za mikangano imeneyi sizimangopitirira pa mkangano walamulo wa nthaŵi yomweyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Khoti Lalikulu: zigamulo za khoti lapamwamba m'milanduwu zimaumba kugaŵidwa kwa mphamvu kwa mibadwo. Arizona v. United States inalongosola malire a kusungitsa kulowa m'dziko, pamene [[FLT:]NFIB v. Selius [1] SeLT [[F:5] analongosolanso ukulu wa mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito kwa boma. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikutsogolera kutsata kwa mtsogolo ndi kupanga mafomu.
  • Frogication : [1] Pamene maboma kapena madera aloledwa kuyendera njira yawoyawo, lamulo limakhala losagwirizana m'dziko lonselo. Izi zingayambitse ma iniciencie, monga ngati mabizinesi akuyenda pa malamulo osiyanasiyana, komanso amalolanso kuyesa njira za malamulo .
  • Kukhulupirira ndi Kusintha: Nkhondo zobwerezabwereza zingathetse chidaliro mu boma ngati nzika ziwona kutsekeka kapena kusakhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, kusatsimikizirika kwa lamulo pa chamba kwachititsa kusokonezeka pakati pa ogula, mabizinesi, ndi malamulo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, chigamulo chomveka cha mkangano chingabwezeretse chikhulupiriro m’mphamvu ya dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu.
  • Kulimbana kwa Boma: [[FLT: 1] kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna ziŵiya zalamulo ndi zauyang’aniro. Kupereka ndalama, kugonjera, ndi kufunika kwa kugwirizanitsa zinthu kungasokoneze bajeti pa mlingo uliwonse.

Kusintha kwa Maunansi a Boma

Zitsanzo zimene zafotokozedwa siziri zochitika zokha; izo ziri mbali ya njira yopitirizabe ya kukambitsirana ndi kusinthika. Pamene nkhani zatsopano zibuka . Zonga ngati kubisika kwa madata, kusintha kwa nyengo, kukhazikitsa luntha, ndi kuyankha kwa miliri yosapeŵeka. Mliri wa Chovid-19 unagogomezera ponse paŵiri kugwirizana ndi kupsinjika maganizo, ndi maboma ena omwe amatsutsa zitsogozo za boma ndi ena omwe amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo a boma.

Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika, kuzindikira mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika. Kupenda upanishi si njira yamaphunziro; kumakhudza mwachindunji mmene malamulo amachitidwira, mmene ufulu wa anthu umatetezedwera, ndi mmene ntchito zapoyera zimachitidwira. Nkhani zenizeni zonga zimene zafotokozedwazo zimapereka maphunziro otsimikizirika ponena za mavuto a kulamulira dziko lalikulu, lokhala ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana. Zikutikumbutsa kuti kulinganizika kwa mphamvu sikumakhazikika kwachikhalire.

Kumaliza

Pamene milingo ya nkhondo ya boma, mitengoyo imakhala yaikulu. Kaya nkhani ndi yosamuka, zosamalira zaumoyo, malamulo a mankhwala, kapena malamulo a kumaloko, nkhondo zimenezi zimasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu kokhala m’madongosolo a boma. Zigamulozo . "Kudzera m'zigamulo za khoti, kulolera, kapena kuumiriza kugamulapo moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa anthu. Mwa kuphunzira nkhani zenizeni monga [[FLT: 0]] Arizona v. United States, [FLT], [FLT:] FB v. Sebelus , [FLT], [FLT] , Melodo] ya malamulo alamulo a m'malamulo, ndi nkhondo, kutulukira m'zikhalidwe lothandiza kutulukira m'malamulo, ku malamulo atsopano a dziko la America.