Kuzindikira Ufulu wa Pachiŵeniŵeni

Maufulu a nzika ndizo malo otetezera a magulu a democracy . Zilolezo zimene zimatetezera anthu ku kuloŵerera kwa boma kopambanitsa ndi kutsimikizira kutengamo mbali m’moyo wapoyera popanda mantha. M'mbiri, ufulu umenewu waikidwa m'zikalata zonga ngati Bill of Rights ya ku United States, European Convention on Human Rights , ndi Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Zimaphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, ufulu wa kumasuka ku malo achinsinsi, ufulu wa msonkhano, ndi njira zoyenerera pansi pa lamulo. Komabe, zaka za makono zasintha kwambiri mmene ufulu umenewu uliri, zikusokonezedwera, ndiponso kuteteza. Zida zotheketsa kulankhulana ndi kupezeka kwa padziko lonse lapansi pano kuchititsa maluso, kufufuza, kufufuza milandu, ndi kulamulira.

M'nyengo ya masunttura asanafike, nthaŵi zambiri zinthu zachinsinsi zinali zinthu zakuthupi . Chitseko chotsekedwa, envulopu yotsekedwa. Ufulu wa kulankhula unali kukakamizidwa ndi malo oonetsera ndi kuchepa kwa malo oulutsira mawu. Lerolino, kufunsa, kufunafuna, ndi malo kumene kuli kutulutsa chidziŵitso chimene chingasonkhanitsidwe, kupendedwa, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza popanda chilolezo chatanthauzo. Chifukwa chake, ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu amanena kuti malamulo a chikhalidwe sakwanira kulongosola mmene moyo wa makompyuta. Kuzindikira masinthidwe ameneŵa n’kofunika kwa nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi akatswiri a za tekinoloji mofanana.

Chiyambukiro cha Zipangizo pa Useri

Kubisika kwa munthu panyengo ya foni sikuyembekezeranso kukhala yekha; kuli kopikisana. Kuchuluka kwa makompyuta, foni, magetsi, ndi Intaneti ya Zinthu za munthu mwini zasintha kukhala katundu. Kufufuza kwa 2019 Pew Research Center kunapeza kuti 81% ya Amereka amaona kuti sangathe kulamulira makampani a zachinsinsi amene akuwapeza. Kusefukira kumeneku kumachokera ku zinthu zambiri, zotsalira:

  • Kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chachiwawa ndi makampani – Tech Bitmage, makampani otsatsa malonda, ndi kututa tsatanetsatane wa ogwiritsira ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kuvumbula mowonetsera.
  • Programu za boma zoyang'anira , kuyambira pa polisi ya NSA mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito maseŵero a m'maselo (Scream), imagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana.
  • Kuwopsa kwa kusokonezeka kwa zinthu - Kuswa kwa Chidziŵitso kuvumbula chidziŵitso champhamvu, kuyambira pa zolembedwa zaumoyo kufikira ku maakaunti a zachuma, zimene zimakhudza mamiliyoni chaka chilichonse.
  • Malamulo a chidziŵitso osakwanira otetezera - maiko ambiri alibe malamulo achinsinsi okwanira, akumasiya nzika zili pangozi ya kudyeredwa masuku pamutu.

Chiyambukiro chowonjezera ndicho chitaganya chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala chachinsinsi chongofuna osati chachisawawa, chofunikira kukhala tcheru ndi kusamala nthaŵi zonse kuti chisungidwe.

Njira Zina Zosungira Zinthu Zolembedwa: Mafuta Atsopano

Makampani monga Facebook (tsopano Meta), Google, ndi Amazon agwirizana ndi mautumiki ambiri . Kufufuza mbiri, malo, kugula, kugwirizana kwa anthu. Kutumiza zinthu zimenezi kumawonjezera kutsatsa malonda, kuvomereza, ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa maatomu a maatomu.

  • Kufufuza ndi kujambula [1] – Mabungwe a Ad ndi zolemba za nyuzi zimapanga zizindikiro za anthu amene sanagwirizane nawo mwachindunji.
  • Zitsanzo zapadera zisemphana [1] -''''''''''''''' - Kusokonezeka kwa Equifax mu 2017, kuvumbula manambala a chitetezo cha anthu ndi mfundo zaumwini za anthu 147 miliyoni. Zochitika ngati zimenezi sizikungochitika zokha.
  • Zochititsa kusadziwika kwa dzina [ --Dieuding data yosadziŵika kaŵirikaŵiri ingatchulidwenso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopimira mtanda, monga momwe zasonyezedwera m'maphunziro a “kusintha kwa mawu akuyenda.

Ogwiritsira ntchito mobwerezabwereza sazindikira ukulu ndi zifuno za kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso. Kufufuza 2020 kochitidwa ndi Norway Consumer Council kunavumbula kuti ma aplogalamu otchuka onga Tik Tok ndi Facebook anapatsira aŵanyansi kwa anthu achitatu popanda chilolezo. Magulu a Advocacy onga Electronic Foundation ( FFF ) kwa nthaŵi yaitali aitanira kaamba ka chitetezo chachinsinsi champhamvu, kuphatikizapo kutsegulira kwamapeto kwa kulembedwa kwa mawu ndi malire a chidziŵitso.

Kudalirana kwa Boma: Chisungiko Chimathetsa Ufulu

Boma lakhala likuyang’anira kwambiri kuyambira pamene nkhondo 9 / 11 zinachitidwa, ndipo maprogramu ovomerezeka ndi chitetezo cha dzikolo koma osulizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha kuchenjera. Chikalata cha USA PATRIOT, chomwe chinaperekedwa mu 2001, chinapatsidwa mphamvu zazikulu za boma la United States kuti ziyang'ane za kulankhulana, kusonkhanitsa zolembedwa za malonda, ndi kachitidwe ka makompyuta. Zovumbula zotsatirapo mwa kuulutsa khwekhwekhwe mu 2013 zinavumbula kuchuluka kwa NSA , kuphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa makompyuta a meta ndi intaneti ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America ndi alendo omwe.

Zoopsa za ufulu wa anthu n’zakuti:

  • Kutsutsa zoyenera zachinsinsi – Misa ya kuyang’anira kukulepheretsa chitetezo cha Lamulo lachinayi loletsa kufufuza kosayenera. Makhoti alimbana ndi ngati kusonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri kumakhala kufunafuna.
  • Kusintha kwa mawu aufulu ] – Pamene anthu adziŵa kulankhulana kwawo kungayang'anizidwe, iwo angadzichepetse, kuchepetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa nkhani yapoyera.
  • N’zofunika kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu [[FT:1] - Zida za Uganda zokonzedwa kuti zithetse upandu zingakonzedwenso kuti zikhale zandale, monga momwe FBI ikuonera m'kaundula wa Black Lives Confects ndi kulanda kwa Chilungamo mashedi a foni a a olemba nkhani.

Mkhalidwe wa padziko lonse, mkhalidwewo umasiyana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ulimi wa Zachuma ndi Maupandu Atsopano

M'bukhu lake lapansipansi Nyengo ya Surveilal Capitantialism , Shoshana Zuboff akunena kuti makampani a tekinoloji apanga lingaliro latsopano la zachuma limene limasamalira zokumana nazo za munthu monga zopanda masinthidwe a makhalidwe. Dongosolo limeneli silimangochotsa kokha zachinsinsi komanso limasintha khalidwe mwa kugwiritsa ntchito maajensi oneneratu. Mwachitsanzo, kutsatsa malonda a ndale zadziko ndi zopindulitsa zaumwini kungasonkhetse khalidwe la munthu m’njira zimene zimawopseza ntchito ya democracy. Chipanduko cha Cambridge Analytica, kumene chidziŵitso cha mamiliyoni a ogwiritsira ntchito Face chinapezedwa molakwika chifukwa cha kujambula kwa ndalensi, chinasonyeza maupandu aakulu a kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso chosaletsedwa.

Kusintha kwa tekinoloji kumawonjezera nkhaŵa zimenezi. Madongosolo a zinthu monga ma bimetric . Kuzindikira kwa madenti, kusanthula zidindo, kupima zidindo , ndi kupenda makampani . San Francisco ndi mizinda ina yambiri yaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa boma kuwona nkhope chifukwa cha kulondola ndi kuopsa kwa zinthu zachinsinsi. Panthaŵi ino, madongosolo auchigawenga a AI audenti a boma monga China amatheketsa anthu ambiri kuyang'anira anthu ambiri kudzera m'maluso a makampani a makampani otengera ngongole ndi amakono, kukweza a a a a a a m'makampani a zamakono apadziko lonse lapansi otero.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Makompyuta

Ufulu wa kulankhula ndi ufulu wa democracy, komabe intaneti yavuta kuigwiritsa ntchito. Mapulaneti ayamba kukhala malo atsopano a anthu onse, koma ndi aokha ndipo amalamulidwa ndi ntchito. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa First Amendment (kapena chitetezo chofanana) ndi ufulu wa pulatifomu kuwonjezera zinthu. Chotsatirapo nkukhala malo ovuta kwambiri amene ufulu wa kulankhula umapangidwa ndi malamulo, malamulo a za kampani, malamulo a malamulo, ndi malamulo a pulogalamu.

Lankhulani Khalidwe la Ukwati ndi Vuto Lalikatikati

Makampani a za makompyuta monga Twitter (tsopano X), Facebook, ndi YouTube ali oyenera kuletsa kuvutitsidwa, kunyansidwa, kuuzidwa zinthu zabodza, ndi ntchito zosaloledwa ndi lamulo. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingapangitse malo abwino, zimawonjezeranso milandu ya kusanthula zinthu. Makamaka ngati nkhani zolembedwa ndi mawu otsutsana ndi boma zachotsedwa. Nkhani zofunika zikuphatikizapo:

  • Kusamala ndi kusanthula kwapadera – ma Platform amadalira pa madongosolo ongochitika ndi openda anthu kuti asungitse malamulo, koma zolakwa nzofala. Kuchotsedwa kwa mawu andale zadziko kapena kalankhulidwe kaluso kumasuliza mochenjera.
  • Kusintha kwa mawu otsika – Studies zimasonyeza kuti maarogoli a kulinganizika kaŵirikaŵiri amayambukira akazi, anthu a mitundu, ndi LGBTQ+ ogwiritsira ntchito, kuchepetsa zophatikizidwamo zawo kaamba ka mawu ogwirizana ndi kugonana kapena fuko.
  • Malamulo ofotokozera mawu a chidani ndi mawu aufulu + [[FT:1] – Muyezo pakati pa mawu onyansa komanso otetezeredwa ndi kusonkhezera chiwawa sumamveka. Malamulo a kusintha zinthu amasiyana padziko lonse; zimene siziloledwa ku Germany pansi pa malamulo a chidani zikhoza kuloledwa ku United States.

Kuchotsapo zithunzithunzi za anthu [1] Wonga yemwe kale anali Pulezidenti Donald Trump pambuyo pa chipwirikiti cha January 6 Capitol [1] adabutsa mkangano wamphamvu ponena za mphamvu ya makampani a tekinoloji ya kuletsa kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko. Ena amatsutsa kuti makampani ameneŵa ali oseŵera achinsinsi ndipo angakhazikitse malamulo awo; ena amatsutsa kuti kutchuka kwawo kumawapangitsa kukhala ogwirizana ndi oyendetsa malonda a anthu onse ndipo motero amamangidwa ndi mathayo aufulu a kulankhula.

Masainishoni a Malamulo: Chigawo 230, Mpando Woyamba wa Malamulo, ndi M’tsogolo

Mu United States, Chikopa [[FLT:] Chachikulu cha Acts Decapency ndi maziko a Ubwino wa pa Intaneti. Chimapereka chitetezo ku mapulatifomu oikidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ndipo chimawalola kukhala ndi zokwanira mu “chikhulupiriro chabwino” popanda kuonedwa monga ofalitsa. Chikopa chalamulo chimenechi chathandiza kukula kwa Internet yamakono, koma chayang'anizananso ndi kusuliza kochitidwa kuti mapulatifomu athane ndi kuthawa mlandu wa zophatikizidwa. Repeal kapena kusintha chigawo cha 230 kwaperekedwa ndi onse aŵiri a Republican (amene amatsutsa mapulatifomu otsutsa a anthu) ndi Democractive (akufuna kuchita nkhondo kwambiri).

Kunja kwa U.S., chitetezo chaufulu cha kuyankhula chimasiyana kwambiri. Chikalata cha Nhlangano wa Mediterranean Digital Services Act [DSA], chogwira mtima mu 2024, chimakhazikitsa malamulo aakulu pa mapulatifomu aakulu kwambiri kuti aonetse ngozi za maluso a nkhani zapoyera ndi zoyenera kulinganiza. Kufunikira kuonekera bwino kwa zofunikira ndi malamulo ovomerezeka. Panthaŵiyi, mayiko onga India ndi Brazil akhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira maboma kuchotsa zophatikizidwa zowopsa, kuchititsa nkhaŵa ponena za boma kukhala ochenjera.

Kusintha koyambirira kukukhalabe chisonkhezero champhamvu padziko lonse, makamaka m'nkhani. Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. lalankhulapo nkhani za pa Intaneti pamilandu yonga Packingham v. North Carolina [2017], imene inawononga lamulo loletsa opalamula kugonana ndi otchuka, kuwalengeza kuti “akulukulu. [papitapo], [[FLT:] NetCice v. Pax inalingalira lamulo la Texas pulogalamu yoletsa malamulo ozikidwa pa kawonedwe kake, ndipo inaletsedwa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa.

Kusokonekera kwa Mawu, Kulankhula Mosemphana ndi Malingaliro, ndi Kusamvana kwa Kulankhula

Kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga . Ngakhale zinenero zonama zamwamwadzidzidzi kapena kutsutsa dala mawu osokoneza. Pa nthawi ya mliri wa kulankhula wa CHOVAD-19, mapulatifomu anayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo cha kuchotsa mawu olakwika a thanzi amene angatsogolere ku kuwonongeka kwenikweni kwa dziko. Mofananamo, masankho ogwirizana ndi masankho awononga chidaliro cha democracy. Vuto ndi kutetezera kulankhulana pamene akuchotsa ziŵanda zovulaza. Kufikira pa kuletsa kugwirizana ndi machenjezo ndi machenjezo achizindikiro a kuchotsa zonse zochirikiza chiwawa kapena chidani. Otsutsa ena akuchenjeza kuti kusamala kukhoza kuletsa mkangano woyenerera, pamene kuli kwakuti pansi pa kuletsa mabodza owopsa kupambana.

Ena amalingalira za kuonekera kwa algoriths monga malo apakati: kufuna mapulatifomu kuvumbula mmene madongosolo awo ovomereza amakulitsira zolembedwa ndi kulola ogwiritsira ntchito kusanthula maatom ozikidwa pa pangano. Zimenezi zingachepetse kufalikira kwa mavairasi a zolembedwa zokopa kapena zabodza popanda kusanthula mwachindunji.

Kusamala Zinthu Zosakhudzana ndi Munthu Amene Ali Wokhayekha Ndiponso Kulankhula Mwaufulu

Unansi pakati pa kukhala kwachinsinsi ndi kulankhula kwaufulu suli wobisika, koma chidani chimabuka. Mwachitsanzo, kulembedwa mawu olembedwa molunjika kumatetezera kubisa mawu a kulankhulana koma kungateteze ku kulankhula kosaloledwa kapena kugwirizanitsa kwaupandu.

Kulemba Zolakwika: Chikopa kapena Lupanga?

Malamulo osungitsa ntchito zolembedwa (E2EE) amatsimikizira kuti wotumiza ndi wolandira ndi wolandira ndi yekha amaŵerenga mawu. Ndi chida chothandiza kwambiri kutetezera magwero a atolankhani, oulutsa khweru, osonkhezera, ndi nzika wamba za dziko kuti aone. Komabe, mabungwe osungitsa malamulo akutsutsa kuti E2E amaletsa kufufuza kwa uchigaŵenga, kudyerera ana, ndi maupandu ena aakulu. Kuyesayesa kwa FBI kukakamiza Appley kuti atsere ku San Bernardo flaser’s Phone mu 2016, kumene akatswiri a za sayansi ndi ochirikiza zachinsinsi atsutsa kuti kupeputsa mawu olembedwa kwa olembedwa molakwika kungachititse kudyeredwa ndi opanga malonda onse, osati akuluakulu a boma oyenerera. Kutsutsanako kukupitirizabe “kufufuza kwa kumbuyo kwa San Berna kapena“ kubwerera kwa demote, kumene akatswiri anena kuti kusungidwa kwakukulu kwa chitetezo.

Malamulo monga ngati kukhazikitsanso malamulo a EU ndipo analinganiza malamulo a United States monga EARN IAct afuna kuika malamulo pa pulatifomu kuti aone zinthu zoletsedwa, nthaŵi zina mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolemba. Zotsatira za nkhondo zimenezi zidzakhudza tsogolo la zinthu zachinsinsi ndi kulankhula mwaufulu.

Kudziwidwa ndi Anthu Ndiponso Kudziŵerengera Mlandu

Kubisa dzina la pa Intaneti kwathandiza anthu amene akukhala m’maboma opondereza kapena amene amachitiridwa manyazi. Kuchititsa oimba foni kuvumbula tchimo popanda kuopa kubwezera. Komabe kusadziwika kumathandizanso kuti anthu azivutitsidwa, kugwedezeka, ndi kugwirizanitsa makampani. Ena amatsutsa kuti kulembetsa dzina lenileni kuchepetsa nkhanza, koma umboni umasonyeza kuti kukhoza kuletsanso magulu ovutika ndi kuchepetsa malingaliro a anthu. Vuto ndilo kupanga madongosolo amene amalola kuti anthu akhale ndi khalidwe loipa popereka mlandu wa khalidwe lovulaza, popereka chizindikiro cholimba cha zochita zina (m.g., kutumiza ziwopsezo) pamene akusungabe kutchuka kwa anthu ambiri.

Mapulani onga Reddit ndi Twitter amalola ogwiritsira ntchito kusankha dzina la dzina lachimuna, pamene kuli kwakuti ena onga Facebook afunikira maina enieni m'mbiri. Lamulo lenileni la dzina lakhala likuyang'anizana ndi kuchotsa anthu opanda madiam, monga ngati anthu othaŵa kuthaŵa m'banja kapena omenyedwa ndi othaŵa. Kulimbana pakati pa kutsimikizira ndi kusagwirizana kumakhalabe nkhani yaikulu ya ufulu wa anthu.

Kulimbikitsa Ufulu Wogwiritsa Ntchito Mafoni: Njira Yabwino

Kuteteza ufulu wa anthu pa nthawi ya makompyuta kumafuna kuchita zinthu mogwirizana m'malo osiyanasiyana. Anthu angatsatire njira zotetezera zinthu zawo zachinsinsi / kugwiritsira ntchito ma foni, ma apps olembedwa mobisa monga Signal, ndi mapulogalamu otsegulira zinthu otsekera njira. Komabe, kusintha kwa dongosolo n’kofunika kuti ufulu umenewu ulemekezedwe. Malamulo ofunika ndi:

Zinthu zimene anthu amachita pa Intaneti si zachilendo; luso lamakono lopanga zinthu, zinthu zenizeni, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mlingo wa masamu, zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Nyengo ya makono yabweretsa mipata yapadera ya kugwirizana, kupanga maluso, ndi kukhoza kwa chidziŵitso. Komabe yapanganso ziwiya zokhala ndi machenjezo, kuyang'anira, ndi kulamulira. Maufulu a anthu . "kulankhula ndi ufulu wa kulankhula koyambirira pakati pawo" sizikusungidwa dala; zimafuna chitetezo cha dala kupyolera mwa lamulo, luso la zopangapangapanga, ndi pangano la anthu. Monga nzika, tiyenera kufunsa mlandu wa mayeso ku maboma onse aŵiri ndi mabungwe. Monga akatswiri a za sayansi, tiyenera kumanga ndi ufulu woyesa kulephera. Monga opanga malamulo, tiyenera kusinthira njira za kusintha popanda kutaya malamulo amakhalidwe. Ndi kuyesayesa kwa gulu lokha. Tingatsimikizire kuti mtsogolo mwa makompyuta ndi ulemu weniweni kwa onse.