Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Kukonza Malamulo Koyamba

Chikalata chotchedwa First Amendment ku Malamulo a ku United States chimaimira kuti chikalata choletsa boma la America ndi kuzunza anthu a chipembedzo mu ulamuliro wa Britain mu 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, lemba lake lachidule limateteza ufulu waukulu usanu: chipembedzo, kulankhula, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi kuchonderera. Ufulu umenewu sunali chabe kulakalaka; unali kuyankha mwachindunji kwa zaka mazana ambiri za boma zofufuza ndi kuzunza chipembedzo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain. Lerolino, Coption Reformation idakalibe chikalata chamoyo, chotembenuzidwa ndi makhoti ndi anthu ndi kukangana mopitirizabe ndi anthu m’nyengo ya kusintha kwa sayansi, mapulatifomu a za mayanjano, ndi malingaliro otsutsa za chidani ndi nkhani zosokonekera.

Kuzindikira ufulu wa anthu pansi pa First Amendment kumafuna zambiri osati kungoŵerenga mlingo wapamwamba. Kumafuna kuyamikira za nkhondo za m'mbiri zimene zinaumba ufulu umenewu, zigamulo zachiweruzo zimene zinalongosola malire awo, ndi malongosoledwe amakono amene amayesedwa. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wapamwamba, mizu yawo ya mbiri yakale, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo m'chitaganya chamakono — kuyambira pa yunivesite polankhula mpaka pa malamulo a pa Intaneti. Pa malemba onse a kukonzanso ndi kumasulira kwalamulo, [[FLT: 0] Centitution Anutitution [[FLT: 1]] imatumikira monga chothandizira chofunika.

Maufulu Asanu: Mavesi Akuya Koposa ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Kwamakono

Pamene kuli kwakuti ziganizo zisanu za First Amendment kaŵirikaŵiri zimalingaliridwa kukhala chitsimikiziro chimodzi chokha cha ufulu woonekera, chirichonse chiri ndi ziphunzitso zalamulo zosiyana ndi kufunika kwa mbiri yakale.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo

First Amendment ili ndi ziganizo ziŵiri za chipembedzo: Kukhazikitsa Claus (“Konrefe sadzapanga lamulo lililonse lokhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo”) ndi Free Execle Claus (kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwaufulu”). Chigamulo cha Claus chimamanga khoma pakati pa boma ndi chipembedzo, kuletsa boma kukhazikitsa kapena kupereka ndalama za mabungwe achipembedzo. . Free Specie Claus amateteza ufulu wa anthu aliyense wa kugwiritsa ntchito zikhulupiriro zawo popanda kuloŵerera m’boma, potsatira malamulo a kulephera kwa anthu onse. Nkhani zonga [FL: 0.] Emploment Relition v. Smith [FLFF:1] [FL.5]) .[FFF.[5]

Ufulu wa Kulankhula

Ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wotchulidwa kwambiri pa ufulu wa maderudenti asanu. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti chitetezo chimafika osati ku mawu okha olankhulidwa komanso ku ntchito zophiphiritsira, zopereka, kutsatsa malonda, ndi mawu a pa Intaneti. Komabe, si kulankhula konse kumene kumatetezeredwa. Kutetezedwa kwa First Amerekation kumaphatikizapo kusonkhezera zochita zosayeruzika, ziwopsezo zowona, kuipitsa, ndi ana ogonana. Otchuka “kuyesa ngozi ndi ilipo" kuchokera ku Scheck v. United States [FLT:] (19)) pambuyo pake anawongowongopekedwa ndi kachitidwe kotsutsana ndi lamulo landale. [[FLT:] Branburg v. [FT]

Ufulu wa Manyuzipepala

Ufulu wa nyuzi umatsimikizira kuti zoulutsira nkhani zikhoza kugwira ntchito popanda kuletsa kapena kusanthula. Ngakhale kuti Kusintha kwa First sikumapatsa atolankhani maudindo apadera kuposa aja a nzika wamba, osindikiza akugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri povumbula kusadziletsa kwa boma. Nkhani yotchuka New York Times Co. v. United States [1971], Pentago Papers, imatsimikizira kuti boma lisenza mtolo wolemera kulungamitsa asanaletsedwe. Posachedwapa, kukwera kwa magazini a digicism ndi a nzika za nzika kwadzudzulansi kwabutsa za amene akuyenerera kukhala “manyuzipepala . . ndi zimene zitetezero zimagwira ntchito kwa olemba nkhani za nyuzipepala ndi ofalitsa nkhani.

Kuyenera Kusonkhana

Kuyenera kwa kusonkhana mwamtendere ndiko maziko a chitsutso chapoyera ndi zionetsero. Kuyenera kumeneku sikumatetezera kokha maulendo olinganizidwa ndi zikondwerero komanso misonkhano yochitika mwachibadwa, malinga ngati zikhalabe zopanda chiwawa. Maboma angaike nthaŵi, malo, ndi ziletso zamakhalidwe, koma sangasiyanitse mwachisawawa malinga ndi malingaliro otchulidwa. Chipwirikiti cha Black Live Matter cha 2020 ndi cha January 6, 201 Capitol chayesa malire a ufulu wa msonkhano, ndi makhoti akusiyanitsa mosamalitsa pakati pa mawu otetezeredwa ndi otsutsana ndi malamulo.

Kuyenera kwa Kupempha

Kuyenera kwa kupempha boma kuti lithetse zidandaulozo kumathandiza anthu kudandaula ku nthambi iliyonse ya boma, monga akuluakulu a boma, a boma, kapena achiweruzo. Kuyenera kumeneku kumaphatikizapo kukopa, kuweruza milandu, ndi kusaina. Nthaŵi zambiri kumaonedwa kukhala kopanda mkangano pa ufulu asanu, koma nkofunikabe kuti akuluakulu aike mlandu. Pa zaka za makompyuta, mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti monga Chisinthiko awonjezera kufikitsa ufulu umenewu, ngakhale kuti makhoti sanatsimikizire kuti ufulu wa boma wafika pati.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera ku Chidziŵitso Kukhala Kuŵalitsidwa

First Amendment sinatuluke mum'pale. Akatswiri ake opanga mapulani anasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri ofufuza za kuwala amene anatsutsa kuti kulingalira kwa munthu ndi kufufuza kwaufulu zinali zofunika ku chitaganya cholungama. John Locke’s Letting Toleration [1689]) adapanga nkhani yaikulu ya kulolera chipembedzo ndi kupatukana kwa tchalitchi ndi kugaŵidwa kwa tchalitchi. Zolemba za Voltaire pa kulankhula kwaufulu ndi za wanthanthira nzeru yachifalansa yotsutsana ndi American kololist. Oyambitsawo anaona kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Briteni kwa malamulo a chigaŵenga kwa chisulizo kwa otsutsa, limodzinso ndi zokumana nazo za matchalitchi zimene zinachirikiza ziphunzitso zambiri.

Mkati mwa mikangano yochititsa kuŵerengera kwa 1787-1788, Anti-Federalist inafuna lamulo la ufulu wotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense kwa boma latsopano. James Madison poyamba anatsutsa lamulo la ufulu, poopa kuti chikatanthauza kuti boma la boma linali ndi maulamuliro amene sanatchulidwe. Komabe, poyambirira, iye anakhazikitsa malamulo amene anakhala Bill of Rights, kuphatikizapo Commission. Nyumba ya Oimira ufulu yovomerezedwa ndi 177; Nyumba ya malamulo inachepetsedwa kukhala khumi ndi aŵiri, ndipo khumi anavomerezedwa ndi maboma mu 1791. Malamulo oyamba anali ogwirizana ndi boma la boma lolamulira, koma kupyolera kumbuyo kwa Geneadecimalgement, Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri chitetezo ku boma lake ndi boma lodziŵika bwino lomwe linkadziŵika.

Kumasulira Koipa kwa Khoti Lalikulu

Tanthauzo la Lamulo Loyamba la Mpando Wakuti Azipukutira mlandu la Khoti Lalikulu la Pamwamba lapitiriza kukhazikitsa malamulo a ku America.

Brandenburg Ohio (1969)

Mu Brandenburg , Bwalo linagonjetsa lamulo la ku Ohio laupandu ndipo linachita kachitidwe ka kuukira kwa lamulo pambuyo pakuti mtsogoleri wa Ku Klux Klan anaimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha kunena mawu aufuko pa msonkhano. Khotilo linakhazikitsa “mchitidwe wosayeruzika” woyesa: mawu angaletsedwe kokha ngati auzidwa kusonkhezera kapena kupanga kachitidwe ka kusamvera ndipo nkothekera kupanga kachitidwe koteroko. Muyezo umenewu umapatsa chitetezo chachikulu kwa ngakhale kwa kalankhulidwe kaudani, malinga ngati chigamulo chotsimikizirika cha lamulo [[FLT:] Scheck ya [FLD:] ndi kuyesa kwapalero.

Johnson (1989)

Pachigamulo cha mu 1984, Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti kutentha mbendera ndiko mawu ophiphiritsa otetezedwa ndi Lamulo Loyamba. Gregory Lee Johnson anaimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chotentha mbendera ya ku America panthaŵi ya chitsutso pa 1984 Republican National Convention. Jasitice William Brennan analemba kuti “ngati pali lamulo la maziko loletsa kuletsa kuletsa malamulo Oyamba Owonjezera, n’loti boma silingaletseretu kalankhulidwe ka mfundoyo chifukwa chakuti chitaganya chikuona lingalirolo kukhala lonyansa kapena losavomerezeka.

Nzika za United v. FEC (2010)

Mu Citagens United, Bwalo linagamula kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za makampani za mafashoni andale sizingachepetsedwe pansi pa First Amendment . Chigamulocho chinagwedeza mbali zina za McCain-Fenold Act ndipo chinatsogolera ku kukwera kwa ma PCC ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ndalama zowonongedwa pa ndawala. Otsutsa amanena kuti lamulolo limayerekezera ndalama ndi kulankhula ndi demokrase, pamene ochirikiza kuchirikiza lamulolo monga chitetezo cha mawu andale. Nkhaniyi idakali imodzi ya zigamu za mbiri yamakono yotsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa ndawala ya ndawala ya za ndale ikupitirizabe.

Matal v. Tam (2017)

Mlanduwu unaphatikizapo kukana dzina lakuti “Slant” la gulu la thanki la Washington American rock, chifukwa chakuti linanyoza. Khoti Lalikulu linagwirizana kuti lamulo la Lanham Act loletsa kunyoza zinthu zonyoza linaswa Lamulo Loyamba. Chigamulocho chinachotsa“ lamulo lopatula” la chilolezo cha boma, kutsegula khomo la gulu la Washington Redskins kuti asunge chizindikiro chawo ngakhale kuti anthu anatsutsa. Chigamulocho chinagogomezera kuti boma silingachotsere tsankhu lotsutsana ndi maganizo ozikidwa pa mfundo yachigamulo, ngakhale pamene mawuwo ali onyoza.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula m’Nyengo Yamakono

Makompyuta a pa Intaneti ndi a zaumoyo asintha kwambiri kalankhulidwe ka anthu. Mapepala monga Facebook, Twitter, ndi YouTube amatumikira monga malo atsopano kumene anthu mabiliyoni amalankhulirana tsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe mapulatifomu amenewa ndi mabungwe a anthu okha, osati otsatsa malonda a boma, kutanthauza kuti Kukonzanso Malamulo kwa Choyamba sikuwakakamiza kuti azilankhula mawu onse.

Chigawo 230 ndi Kutha Kwake

Chigawo 230 cha Chikalata cha Kulankhulana Chikuthandiza kuti anthu asakhale ndi vuto la pa Intaneti, zomwe zikuwachititsa kukhala okhutira popanda kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga ofalitsa. Malamulo ameneŵa athandiza kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa manyuzi a zaumoyo komanso ayambitsa mikangano ya zachinyengo, mawu oda, ndi kusanthula. Malingaliro osintha zinthu abuka kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri za ndale, ndi kutsutsana kokulirapo kwa olemba ntchitoyo ndi ena oopa kuti malamulowo angawabweretsere momasuka.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Pophunzitsa Zochita za Anthu Onse

Pamene akuluakulu a boma agwiritsira ntchito wailesi yakanema kulankhulana ndi anthu, mafunso akubuka ponena za ngati maakaunti awo ali “mabwalo a anthu” kumene First Amendment imaletsa kutsekereza ogwiritsira ntchito. Commerce Institute . Trump , Second Tribe Transport adalamulira kuti panthaŵiyo President Trump sakanatha kuletsa otsutsa mlandu wake chifukwa chakuti unali wa onse. Khoti Lapamwamba linakana mlanduwo monga moot pambuyo pa Trump kuchoka ku ofesi, koma makhoti aang'ono akupitiriza kuyang'anizana ndi nkhani zofananazo ponena za akuluakulu a boma ndi manyuzipepala a za boma ndi manyuzipepala a za anthu.

Mabuku Ofotokoza Zinthu Molakwika, ndi Owonjezera

Kukwera kwa malupanga ozama ndi makampani otsutsa mwadala zayesa malire a First Amendment . Pamene kuli kwakuti ndemanga zonama kaŵirikaŵiri sizimatetezeredwa, Bwalo Lamilandu lakhala lokayikitsa kulola ziletso zokulira pa kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko kapena kwa anthu. United States v. Alvarez . Alvarez . [FLL:1] , Khoti linakantha Stolen Vallo Act, zimene zinatsutsa kulemekezeka kwa asilikali chifukwa chakuti kunali kofala kwambiri. Komabe, malamulo otsutsa chisankho kapena kuloŵerera kwachilendo angapulumuke ngati adangopendedwa pang'onong'ono. Kuli kogwirizana pakati pa kumenyana kochotsa ndi kuteteza chitsutso chachikulu cha lamulo.

Mavuto a Panthaŵi Ino ndi Mafunso Osathetsedwa

Pamene anthu akusintha, Oyambitsa Lamulo Loyamba la M’chikhalidwe cha Anthu ayamba kukumana ndi ziyeso zatsopano zimene okonza malowa sakanayembekezera.

Danani ndi Kulolera Zokha

United States ndi wotetezeredwa ndi mademokrase a Kumadzulo kaamba ka kutetezera kwake kwakukulu kwa kulankhula kwa udani. Pamene kuli kwakuti Canada, Germany, ndi United Kingdom amayambitsa mawu osokoneza amene amasonkhezera udani pa magulu otetezeredwa, Bwalo Lapamwamba lakhala likutsutsa nthaŵi zonse kuti kuipidwa, kugawidwa, ndipo ngakhale kulankhulidwa kwa fuko lina kumatetezeredwa pansi pa Kukonza Koyamba pokhapokha ngati kulowa m’magulu ochepera a kusonkhezera, ziwopsezo zenizeni, kapena kuvutitsidwa. Malamulo a m'kampulugalamu adzu adzulidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi kutsutsana pakati pa anthu otsutsanamizika ndi otsutsa. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti kuyesa kufotokoza ndi kulangana mosapeŵeka kutsutsa malingaliro osatchuka. Malamulo a m'kampulugalamu amenyedwa mobwerezabwereza, ndi kutsutsana kwa ufulu pakati pa mabwalo aunda aunda a .

Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse ndi Ophulitsa

Kulimbana pakati pa chisungiko cha dziko ndi ufulu wa nyuzi kuli kwakale monga dziko. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, boma lalondola mwamphamvu zodontha ndi zoulutsa pansi pa Espionage Act, kuphatikizapo zochitika zonga United States v. Chelsea Manning ndi [FLT] United States] United States v. Edward Snow ndi ena atsutsa kuti apeze chidziŵitso chodziŵika kaŵirikaŵiri chimatetezedwa pamene sakulephera kutuluka koyamba, koma malo alamulo akukhala osatsimikizikabe. Chiwopsezo chachi chachi. [New York Times .] ndi ziwonjezero zina za kuyang'anira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, pamene kuli kofunikira kusungidwa kwa boma. Chilungamo chachi kwa lamulo lachikulu cha lamulo la lamulo lachigamulo, kapena kulibe kuti chilengeze chilengezo cha chika cha chigamu chachikulu cha chigamu.

Kampani ya Ndalama ndi Kalankhulidwe Kazandale

Ndalama zidakali nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri ndi mfundo ya Kusintha kwa Malamulo. Popeza Citizens United, Khoti lapitiriza kukulitsa ufulu wa makampani ndi maukwati kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa ndale zadziko. Mccheon v. FALC [2014] [Akasupe] (2014, Khoti linatsendereza malire a zopereka, linachotsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za ndawala. Otsutsa mfundo za kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mosaletseka m’dziko ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ziphuphu kovomerezedwe ka ufulu. Ogwirizana amaonetsetsa kuti anthu asiye kutsutsa malamulo a boma.

Kumaliza: Kusintha Koyamba kwa Lamulo Kumakhala Lotsimikizirika Kukhala Lomwe Lili ndi Moyo

Chikalata chotchedwa First Amendment chidakalibe maziko a ufulu wa anthu a ku America, koma tanthauzo lake silisintha. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano — kuyambira pa makina osindikizira mpaka pa Intaneti, kuyambira pa makampani a tauni mpaka kuzama. Luntha la kukonzanso sikuli kukhazikitsa njira yokhazikitsira mayankho koma pokhazikitsa maziko a nkhani zokhala ndi nkhani zokambirana ndi kumasulira kwa milandu. Nzika zimene zimamvetsa nkhani za m’mbiri, milandu ya mapepala, ndi mikangano yamakono zikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ufulu wawo ndi kuteteza ufulu wa ena, ngakhale pamene apeza kuti mawuwo ndi olakwika.

Pamene United States afufuza nyengo ya ndale zadziko zogawanika, kupeputsa kwa malamulo, ndi kutsutsa kwa dziko lonse, Malamulo Oyamba adzapitirizabe kuyesedwa. Makhoti adzasankha malire alamulo, koma otetezera ufulu wa kulankhula ndiwo anthu. chitaganya chimene chimasunga ufulu chiyenera kukhala chofunitsitsa kulekerera kusamva bwino ndi kusagwirizana, kuzindikira kuti mankhwala a kulankhula koipa ndiwo kulankhula kowonjezereka, osati kutsutsa.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, Project ya First Amendment ya imapereka tsatanetsatane wa malingaliro a Khoti Lalikulu, pamene kuli kwakuti opereka malipoti Komiti ya Freedom of the Press [[FLT:] imatsatira zochitika zalamulo zoyambukira atolankhani ndi zoyenera za nyuzinyuzi.