Table of Contents

Maboma a m’madera osiyanasiyana amapanga maziko a ulamuliro wa demokalase m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Mabungwe amenewa amathetsa kusiyana pakati pa nzika ndi boma lawo, amakonza ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndiponso amapanga zosankha zimene zimakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Zisankho zidakali njira yaikulu imene anthu a m’dzikolo amasankhira anthu awo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo awo. Kumvetsa mmene maboma akuyendetsera, mmene masankho amagwirira ntchito, ndi ntchito zimene akuluakulu osankhidwa amachita n’zofunika kuti azichita m’boma ndiponso kuti agwirizane ndi anthu.

Maboma Amitundumitundu Padziko Lonse

United States ili ndi imodzi ya nyumba za ulamuliro zocholoŵana ndi zosiyanasiyana m'dziko yokhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu m’mapangidwe ndi ntchito osati kokha kuchokera ku boma kupita ku dziko, komanso m'maiko. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kumasonyeza lamulo lachikulu lakuti maufumu a boma akumaloko amasiyana kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana ndi maiko, opangidwa ndi miyambo ya mbiri yakale, malamulo, ndi chitaganya.

Mbali Zazikulu za Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma a m’maderawa ndi monga madera amene anthu amawerengedwa, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera, ndipo aliyense ali ndi udindo wosiyanasiyana ndiponso malo ake osiyanasiyana.

Maboma a magawo amafotokozedwa kukhala maboma a cholinga omwe amathandizira malo aakulu amene kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo makampani ambiri ndi zigawo zapadera. Ku United States, magawo amatchulidwa ndi maina osiyanasiyana m'mayiko ena. Ku Louisiana, amatchedwa magawo a tchalitchi ndi ku Alaska, amatchedwa kuti ma borough. Ma quare kwenikweni amatumikira monga zida zoyang'anira boma pamene akuperekanso mautumiki apadera kwa nzika.

Maboma amafotokozedwa kuti ndi mzinda, tauni kapena mudzi umene uli ndi makampani ndiponso boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi ufulu wochuluka kuposa wosankha maulamuliro awo. Maboma amaika maganizo awo pa kuthandiza anthu ambiri ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi kugwirizana kwachindunji ndi anthu okhala m’madera a tsiku ndi tsiku.

Maboma amenewa amalola anthu kuti azisamalira zinthu zina zimene angafunikire, monga njira zoyendera, zosamalira madzi, kapena zoziteteza ku moto.

Anthu Onyamula Ndege ndi Apamwamba a Boma Lakumeneko

Kafukufuku wa bungwe la United Nations Women anapeza kuti pakati pa mayiko 111 okhala ndi boma, 48% ali ndi mizere iŵiri, 34% ali ndi mizere iŵiri, 15% ali ndi mizere itatu, ndipo 3% ali ndi mizere inayi. Kusiyana kumeneku kukusonyeza njira zosiyanasiyana zochepetsera ufulu wa kumaloko ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.

Boma lakumaloko limaphatikizapo bungwe lochotsera ufulu (losankhidwa), kaŵirikaŵiri losankhidwa ndi bungwe lonse, lomwe lili ndi mphamvu yopanga zosankha, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kuvomereza ndi malamulo, pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za nkhani za anthu onse, ndi bungwe loyang'anira, losankhidwa, loikidwa kapena lopanda lamulo, monga komiti ya kazembe kapena meya amene amakonzekera ndi kukwaniritsa zosankha zochitidwa ndi bungwe lochotsera ufulu. Malamulo aŵiri ameneŵa a boma ndi audindo a anthu ambiri amafala padziko lonse lapansi.

Mitundu Yofala ya Boma la Makampani

Mkati mwa gulu la oimira boma, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya boma yabuka, iriyonse ili ndi magawo a ulamuliro ndi thayo losiyana pakati pa akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi oyang’anira aluso.

Mayor-Council

Meya-council wa boma ndi chitsanzo choyambirira cha boma la meya ku United States, kumene meya amatumikira monga mkulu woyang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kuyang'anira boma. Mpangidwe umenewu ungagawidwenso kukhala "meya wamphamvu" ndi "moyner wofooka" wosinthasintha, kudalira pa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa bwanamkubwa wopatsidwa kwa meya.

M’madongosolo amphamvu a meya, meya ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa kulinganiza bajeti, kukhazikitsa madipatimenti, ndi kuyendetsa zigamulo za bungwe. M’madongosolo a meya ofooka, mphamvu za kulamulira zimagaŵiridwa kwambiri pakati pa bungwelo, ndipo meyayo makamaka amatumikira monga mkulu wa mwambo ndi woyang’anira wa bungwelo.

Kakonzedwe ka Woyang’anira Msonkhano

Maboma ali ndi nyumba zazikulu zisanu: Msonkhano- Mayor (wofala kwambiri), Mayor-Council , Commission, Town Town , ndi Oimira Muswaangano wa Dolopo . Mpangidwe wa bungwe la Manejala umasonyeza kuchoka kwapadera kwa dongosolo la kakhalidwe la meya-council mwa kuyambitsa uyang'aniro wa ukatswiri m'boma lakumaloko.

Meya (kapena manijala wa bungwe loyang'anira) ndi mkulu wa bungwelo, wopatsidwa mlandu wa kukwaniritsa malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi bungwelo, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a kumaloko amatsatiridwa, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za makampani, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira nduna zonse zoikidwa ndi antchito m'ntchito zawo zalamulo. M'madongosolo a bungwe la oyang'anira ntchito, bungwe losankhidwa limakhazikitsa malamulo pamene manijala wa mizinda wophunzitsidwa bwino akugwira ntchito zauyang'aniro.

Kukumana kwa Mzinda

Kukumana kwa boma m’tauni kumaonedwa mofala kukhala mtundu weniweni wa demokrase, chifukwa chakuti kumalola osankha onse oyenerera kukhala ndi liwu m’zosankha za malamulo a kumaloko, ngakhale kuti limachitika kokha m’zigawo 5 peresenti za eni mizinda. Mtundu umenewu wa demokrase wachindunji umapezedwa mofala m’magulu aang’ono a New England kumene osankhidwa onse angasonkhane kupanga zosankha mogwirizana.

M’mpangidwe wa msonkhano wa m’tauni woimira, ovota amasankha chiŵerengero chachikulu cha nzika kuwaimira iwo pamisonkhano ya tauni, kumene iwo okha angavotere, ndipo mtundu umenewu wa boma umapezedwa m’mizinda yosakwanira 1 peresenti, pafupifupi m’miyalo yaing’ono, New England. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola mapindu a kukumana kwa tauni pamene kukulamulira anthu ambiri.

Mitundu ya Ukhondo ndi Kusinthasintha

Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kwa kakonzedwe ka boma kumasonyeza kuti mitundu imeneyi ya boma siisiyana kwambiri ndi mmene inalili poyamba, chifukwa cha kachitidwe kofala ka kuphatikiza mbali zina za mapangidwe a mtundu wina kukhala mtundu wamakono, ndipo kusakaniza kumeneku kumachititsidwanso ndi mayankhidwe a kumaloko a kakhalidwe ka anthu, anthu, ndi ndale zadziko, ndi kusintha kofala kochitika pa mitundu iŵiri yofala kwambiri, meya wa malo ndi bungwe la bungwe.

Malamulo a Boma la M’chigawocho

Maboma a m’madera, amene amatumikira madera ambiri kuposa maakasitala, amagwiritsiranso ntchito mabungwe osiyanasiyana kuti alinganize kuimira kwa anthu ndi kuyang’anira kogwira mtima.

Dongosolo la Ntchito

Maboma ena a m'chigawo chofala amaphatikizapo Commission , Council-Administrator system yoyang'anira bungwe la Council , dongosolo la Uyang'aniro ndi Tchatarer . Dongosolo la bungwelo ndilo mtundu wa boma lamwambo ndi lofalikira koposa la zigawo, kumene oimira osankhidwa amatumikira ponse paŵiri ntchito za malamulo ndi zaudindo.

M'dongosolo la mwambo la Commission (mpangidwe wofala kwambiri), ziŵerengero zimadalira pa kalaliki kuti achite ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku zauyang'aniro. Izi zimasiyana ndi madongosolo amakono amene amagwiritsira ntchito oyang'anira aluso kuyang'anira ntchito za m'madera.

Njira Yogwirizanitsa Msonkhano

Bungwe loyang'anira la Council-Administration ndi kumene bungwe losankhidwa limaika woyang’anira ntchito zaudindo kuti apange kakonzedwe ka mphamvu, mofanana ndi bungwe la kampani la oyang’anira ndi CEO m'kampani ya anthu. Njira imeneyi yauyang'anira waluso yakhala yotchuka kwambiri pamene kuŵerengera kwatenga mathayo ovuta kwambiri autumiki.

Dongosolo la Bungwe Lolangiza

Bungwe lotsogolera loikidwa ndi bungwe la Olamulira ndi kumene osankha onse aŵiri bungwelo ndi mkulu wa ntchito. Dongosolo limeneli limapereka mlandu wachindunji wa ponse paŵiri nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma ku osankha, ofanana ndi mpangidwe wamphamvu wa meya ndi council wogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mizinda yambiri.

Dongosolo la Chata

Los Angeles County ili ndi dongosolo la Charter, mtundu wapadera wa boma kumene Board of Supervisers imakhala ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndi maulamuliro ena achiweruzo, limodzi ndi akuluakulu ena osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a madipatimenti, ndipo m'dongosolo la Tchata, boma limapatsa magawo kuŵerengera kulamulira kowonjezereka kwa malo ndi kusintha m'kulinganiza maboma awo. Madanga a mabwinja amakhala ndi ufulu wokulirapo wakudzipangira nyumba zawo za boma poyerekezera ndi kuŵerengera kumene kumagwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo la boma la boma.

Zimene Boma Lakumene Tikukhala Limachita

Kusankha anthu n’kumene kumathandiza kwambiri kuti boma lakwanuko lichite zinthu motsatira demokalase.

Kusankha Nthaŵi ndi Kubwerezabwereza

Malo osankhidwa amachitika nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti atsimikizire kuti nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi asintha mwamtendere ulamuliro. Nthaŵi yapadera imasiyanasiyana mwa kuyang'anira ndi mtundu wa udindo. Maboma ambiri amachititsa masankho pa zaka ziŵiri mpaka zinayi zilizonse, ngakhale kuti malo ena angakhale ndi utali wa nthaŵi yake.

Maboma ena amachititsa masankho a m'dzikolo mogwirizana ndi boma kapena masankho a dziko kuti awonjezere wovota, pamene ena amaika maganizo awo paokha kuti asumike maganizo pa nkhani za kumaloko ndi ofuna kusankhidwa. Masankho angachititse kuti mtundu wa anthu uchepetse mphamvu za ndale za mafuko a m'dzikolo koma kaŵirikaŵiri amachepetsa ovotawo kutenga nawo mbali.

Njira ndi Madongosolo Opangira Zinthu

Njira imene mavoti amaikidwa ndi kuŵerengedwa ikhoza kusonkhezera kwambiri zotsatira za ovota ndi zokumana nazo. Mitundu inayi yaikulu ya kuvota . "kuchuluka, kuchuluka, kuimira, ndi kuimira kwapadera ndi mavuto amene amasonkhezera anthu kutenga nawo mbali ndi kuimira.

Kupanga Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana

M’njira ya kuchuluka, wofuna kusankhidwa amene amavota koyamba amapambana mavoti. Imeneyi ndi njira yofala kwambiri yovotera imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha anthu m'mayiko ambiri ku United States. Pansi pa kuvota, wofuna kubatizidwa angapambane ndi mavoti ochepa ngati anthu ambiri akugawana mbali yake.

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuvota kochuluka nkomvekera bwino ndipo nkosavuta kumvetsetsa, nthaŵi zina kungatulutse opambana amene samasonyeza kukonda kwa ovota ambiri, makamaka m’minda yodzaza anthu ndi opita kukabatizidwa ambiri.

Kuchuluka kwa Anthu

Malo ambiri osankhidwa monga mpikisano wa m'boma, monga wa m'makampani opanga mavoti, amalamula kuti munthu alandire mavoti oposa 50% kuti apambane, ndipo ngati palibe amene afika pachipata chimenechi, chisankho chotha. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu kuchokera kwa wosankhidwa.

Njira yothamanga ndiyo imene wosankhayo amalandira mavoti ambiri kuti asankhidwe, kaya m’chosankha chothamanga kapena m’chiŵerengero chomalizira cha mavoti, ndipo nthaŵi zina imeneyi imanenedwa kukhala njira yotsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ayenera kukhala ndi mavoti ochuluka.

Mtundu wa Nsomba Zopangidwa ndi Malo Otchedwa Cankeed

Chosankha chapamwamba chimatheketsa osankha kuika zosankha zawo m’njira yosankha, ndipo ngati palibe wosankha wosankhidwa wochuluka wa osankhidwa, wosankhidwa wosachirikizidwa amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaikidwadi kufikira wofunsira mmodzi atasunga unyinji. Njira imeneyi yakhala yotchuka m’zaka zaposachedwapa monga njira yotsimikizira kuchirikiza ambiri pamene akupeŵa mtengo ndi kucholoŵana kwa masankho osiyanasiyana.

Kuvota kwapamwamba kumalola ovota kufotokoza bwino zimene amakonda ndipo kungachepetse kuchirikiza chipambano, popeza kuti oyembekezerawo ali ndi chisonkhezero cha kuchonderera kwa otsutsa awo kupeza mavoti achiŵiri.

Njira Zina Zopangira Katundu

Pakali pano, ku Fargo, North Dakota ndi St Louis, Missouri, atavota angavote opita ku makampani ambiri monga momwe akufunira, ndipo wofuna kubatizidwayo angalandire chivomerezo kuchokera kwa ovota ambiri.

Dongosolo lapamwamba la 2 lagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa masankho a msonkhano ndi malo a boma ku Washington ndi California ndipo limagwiritsiridwanso ntchito kaamba ka chisankho ku nyumba ya malamulo ya boma ya Nebraska, Alaska pakali pano amagwiritsira ntchito kusiyana kwapamwamba kwa 4 kaamba ka maofesi a mabungwe ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndipo maprimi apamwamba amagwiritsiridwanso ntchito kaamba ka masankho a kumalo ena ndi apadera kuzungulira United States.

Pertisan v. Zosankha za Partisan

Chisankho cha kumaloko chingakhale chogwirizana, ndi oyembekezera kuikidwa pa mapepala a partistia, kapena osakhala partisan, kumene oyembekezera kulowa pa pepala lopanda chipani. Chisankho cha Non-partisan nchofala ku maofesi a m'boma, makomiti a sukulu, ndi malo ena a m'chigawo, zozikidwa pa chiphunzitso chakuti nkhani za kumaloko zimaposa ndale zadziko za zipani.

Komabe, ngakhale pa masankho osakhala a mbali ya boma, zipani zandale zikhozabe kuchita mbali yake mwa kuvomereza, kuchirikiza projekiti, ndi kulimbikitsa zoyesayesa za ovota.

Pa wiredi

Bungwe la mzinda lingasankhidwe kaya pa chigawo chimodzi kapena kuchokera ku zigawo ziŵirizo, kapena kusanganiza ziŵirizo. Pa masankho aakulu amafuna opita kuzungulira mzinda kapena chigawo chonse, pamene zisankho zozikidwa pa chigawo zimagawa chigawo kukhala madera a malo, ndipo dera lililonse limasankha woimira wake.

Pa masankho aakulu angalimbikitse oyembekezera kulingalira za zikondwerero zonse za ulamuliro mmalo mwa kuyang'ana ku malo ena. Komabe, iwo angapangitsenso kukhala kovuta kwambiri kwa anthu ochepa m'madera osiyanasiyana kusankha oimira awo. Masankho achigawo amapereka chithunzi cha malo enieni koma angalimbikitse kuyang'anira ulamuliro ndi kuchepetsa chisamaliro ku nkhani za padziko lonse.

Mathayo a Akuluakulu a Maboma a M’deralo

Kumvetsa udindo wapadera wa anthu osiyanasiyana osankhidwa n’kofunika kwambiri kwa anthu amene amavota kuti asankhe zochita mwanzeru ndiponso kwa akuluakulu a boma amene amalamulira moyenera.

Ntchito za Malamulo

Bungwelo liri ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi malamulo, mogwirizana ndi lamulo la boma, kulamulira nkhani za kumalo ndi m’boma, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi zigamulo. ulamuliro wa malamulo umenewu umapanga thayo lalikulu la mabungwe osankhidwa ndi mabungwe ndi mabungwe.

Mabungwe a malamulo a kumaloko ali ndi ulamuliro wa bajeti, kugwiritsira ntchito malo ndi kumanga, misonkho ya kumaloko, miyezo ya utumiki, ndi malamulo a ntchito. Bungwelo limaloledwa kukhazikitsa malamulo olamulira njira zake, kuphatikizapo misonkhano yapoyera ndi mayeso. Malamulo a malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza kutsimikizira kuti kuonekera bwino ndi kutengamo mbali kwapoyera popanga zosankha za kumaloko.

Ntchito za akuluakulu a boma

Meya / Manijala akuyang'anira ntchito ndi kuombera antchito onse oikidwa ndi antchito, potsatira malamulo okhudza ntchito ya boma. Akuluakulu a boma ali ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la malamulo ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za boma za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kulekanitsa ntchito zalamulo ndi zaudindo nkofunika kaamba ka kulamulira kogwira mtima. Mosasinthanitsa ndi kulekana kwa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu, bungwelo silinaloledwe kusokoneza kuyang’anira kwa mzinda kapena boma la tauni, ndipo ziŵalo za bungwelo sizingapereke malangizo kwa akulu a mabungwe kapena antchito ena a makampani.

Malo Odziŵika Kwambiri

Maboma a m’derali ali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana osankhidwa, ndipo aliyense ali ndi udindo wake:

  • Amembala a bungwe la Council kapena Auldmen: Atumikira monga bungwe la malamulo la maakampani a boma, kupanga malamulo, kuvomereza ma bajeti, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kaamba ka chitaganya.
  • Amiyambo Olamulira kapena Olamulira Opambana: Ntchito monga bungwe lolamulira la magawo, kuyang'anira mautumiki a m'chigawo, kuvomereza ma bajeti, ndi kupanga zosankha za malamulo za madera omwe sanaloŵetsedwepo ndi mautumiki a m'madera osiyanasiyana.
  • Mayrs : Atumikira monga mkulu wa madongosolo a meya- council, kapena monga mkulu wa mwambo ndi mkulu wa bungwe m'madongosolo a bungwe loyang'anira. Mathayo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi mtundu wa boma.
  • Mamembala a Board Board : Amalamulira madera a sukulu zakumaloko, kukhazikitsa malamulo a maphunziro, kuvomereza ma bajeti, olemba ntchito, ndi kuyang'anira kuperekedwa kwa mautumiki a maphunziro a boma.
  • Ziŵalo za Board District : Openhest a mautumiki apadera monga ngati madera a madzi, zigawo za moto, zigawo za laibulale, kapena maulamuliro a za apamtunda, kusumika maganizo pa kupereka utumiki wokha m'madera odziŵika bwino a dziko.
  • A Clerks, Treasurers, ndi Ena Ofesi ya Mizera: Asamalira ntchito zauyang'aniro zonga masankho, zolembera za katundu, zopereka za msonkho, ndi madongosolo alamulo, kupereka macheke ndi ziyeso mkati mwa boma la boma.

Mautumiki Operekedwa ndi Maboma Akumaloko

Zimene akuluakulu a boma amasankha kuchita zimakhudza kwambiri ntchito zofunika zimene anthu a m’deralo amadalira tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mautumiki a Makampani a Makampani a Core

Maboma a m’deralo ngolinganizidwa pa mlingo wa chitaganya ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ntchito zazikulu ziŵiri: kukwaniritsa ndi kuthetsa mavuto a chilengedwe cha kumaloko ndi kupereka mautumiki ofunika kwambiri monga madzi, ukhondo, misewu, moto, apolisi, ndi nzika.

Kupereka ntchito kwa nzika zawo kuli maziko a ntchito za boma, kuphatikizapo mautumiki anthaŵi zonse monga kumwa madzi akumwa ndi kutaya madzi, kutaya zopereka ndi kutaya zinyalala, kutetezera ndi kutetezera moto, zoyendera ndi misewu, zosangulutsa ndi zosangulutsa, zochitika zamwambo ndi zamaseŵera, maphunziro ndi sukulu za anthu onse, ndi mautumiki a anthu osoŵa.

Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

Apolisi ndi anthu ozimitsa moto amayang’anira ntchito zotsutsa boma.

Mautumiki a zachipatala adzidzidzi, kukonzekera tsoka, ndi kuyang’anira zamwadzidzidzi zimagweranso pansi pa kupenda kwa boma m’zigawo zambiri za kumaloko. Akuluakulu a boma osonyezedwa ayenera kulinganiza zofunika za chisungiko cha anthu ndi kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kulinganiza kwa bajeti ndi ziyembekezo za mlingo wa utumiki wa m’chitaganya.

Malamulo ndi Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu

Maboma a m’derali ali ndi udindo womanga ndi kukonza zinthu zofunika monga makwalala, milatho, madzi, zimbudzi, ndi makampani oyendetsa madzi osefukira.

Akuluakulu a boma amapanga zosankha zolakwika zokhudza kukonza zinthu monga kukonza zinthu zamakono, kukonzanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama.

Kulinganiza ndi Zoning

Dziko limagwiritsa ntchito malamulo a malo ndi kulinganiza bwino mmene anthu akupitira patsogolo. Akuluakulu osankhidwa amavomereza kusintha kwa malo, mapulogalamu a m’madera osiyanasiyana, ndi mapangano opanga malamulo amene amatsimikizira mmene anthu amakulira ndi kusintha kwa zinthu.

Zosankha zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi kuyenera kwa katundu, chikhalidwe cha anthu, chitetezo cha malo okhala, kutukuka kwa chuma, ndi kuchuluka kwa nyumba. Kulinganiza ndi kumanga nyumba zimaimira limodzi la maulamuliro ofunika kwambiri ochitidwa ndi maboma a kumaloko.

Mapaki ndi Zosangulutsa

Maboma a m’derali amapeza malo ochitirako masewera, amakonza mapulogalamu komanso zinthu zina zothandiza kuti anthu akhale ndi thanzi labwino.

Akuluakulu a boma amasankha ndalama zothandizira pa mapaki ndi pa zosangalatsa, kulinganiza ntchito zofunika kwambiri zimenezi ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri. Kupeza mwayi wosangalala kungathandize kwambiri anthu kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso katundu wabwino.

Maphunziro

Ngakhale kuti maphunziro amathandiza m’njira zosiyanasiyana, anthu ambiri amasankha mamembala a sukulu amene amayang’anira madera a sukulu a m’dera lawo.

Maphunziro kwenikweni ali mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zimene boma limawononga m'madera ambiri. Chisankho cha bungwe la sukulu, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri sichili ndi malo ambiri, chimakhudza kwambiri maphunziro ndi chuma cha anthu.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chuma

Maboma amathandiza kwambiri kuti chuma chikhale chotukuka chifukwa cha malonda ndiponso chifukwa cha khama la antchito, ntchito yokonza malo, kukonza zinthu za m’mafakitale, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera chuma.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Malo Okambirana

Maboma amakono amaphatikizapo kugwirira ntchito pamodzi m’zigawo zonse za dzikolo kuti athetse mavuto a m’maderawo ndi kukwaniritsa mlingo wa chuma.

Mapangano a Utumiki Wogwirizana

Mautumiki obwerezabwereza ochitidwa ndi ogwirizana / opingasa kwambiri amaphatikizapo pafupifupi mpangidwe wonse wa mautumiki akumaloko: ndende / nyumba zokhalamo zimbudzi, kutaya zonyansa, kusanthula msonkho, kuletsa nyama, kutaya madzi, kutaya zinyalala zolimba, apolisi / kutaya ziŵiya zamoto, kukonza mitu ya zaukhondo, malaibulale, kutsekereza moto, kuzima kwa mankhwala, kuyendetsa nyama ndi malo odzionetsera, ndi kuika zizindikiro za pamsewu / kusungidwa kwa ziŵiya za m’misewu.

Makonzedwe ogwirizana ameneŵa amalola maulamuliro aang’ono kukhoza kugaŵira mautumiki moyenerera, pamene kuli kwakuti amatheketsa maulamuliro aakulu kufikira chuma chapamwamba.

Mabungwe Olinganiza Madera

Mabungwe a boma la United States kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga "mabungwe a maboma", "mabungwe a m’chigawo cha metropolitan", kapena "kusintha maboma" kumene kumakhala monga mabungwe a m'madera ndipo monga malo ochitirako nkhanu pankhani zofunika m’madera, koma kaŵirikaŵiri si odalirika malinga ndi mamembala awo.

Mabungwe a m’madera amenewa amathandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano pa nkhani monga za kayendedwe, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, ndiponso kutukuka kwa chuma kumene kumadutsa malire a mizinda ndi zigawo, ngakhale kuti iwo alibe malamulo enieni.

Kulimbitsa ndi Kugwirizanitsa

Chiŵerengero chochepa cha magawo a mzinda chagwirizanitsa ntchito zambiri za boma za kumaloko kukhala mbali imodzi: Miami-Dade County, Florida; Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee; San Francisco City ndi County, California; Philadelphia City ndi County, Pennsylvania; ndipo, posachedwapa, Louisville-Jefferson County, Kentucky.

Mabungwe ameneŵa ngovuta kuwakwaniritsa ngakhale kuti angatsogolere ku mautumiki ambiri chifukwa chakuti amatsutsana ndi ndale zadziko ndi kuwopseza akuluakulu a boma, ndipo motero sangakhale okhoza kuchitidwapo kanthu m’zandale kuposa kusintha kwa madera ndi nyumba.

Unansi Pakati pa Boma Lakumaloko ndi Boma

Kuzindikira mmene malamulo amagwirizanirana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma a boma n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse malire a boma.

Kulamulira kwa Dillon

Mosiyana ndi kugwirizana kwa boma la United States ndi maboma (amene ali ndi mphamvu), maboma a boma alibe mphamvu yoposa imene maboma awo awapatsa, ndipo chiphunzitso chalamulo chimenechi, chotchedwa Dillon’s Launce, chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Woweruza John Forrest Dillon mu 1872.

Pansi pa Ulamuliro wa Dillon, maboma akumeneko ali zolengedwa za boma ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma, kwenikweni zochokera ku mphamvu zachilolezo, kapena zofunika kulengeza zifuno. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimaletsa kwambiri ufulu wa kumalo m’maiko ambiri.

Ulamuliro wa Panyumba

Pamene mzinda ufika 5,000 m’chitaganya, ungapereke pempho la chikalata la kupanga “tchata cha tauni" ndi kugwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa panyumba ndipo ungasankhe mtundu wakewake wa boma, pamene kuli kwakuti mwanjira ina mzindawo umagwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo lachisawawa ndi mphamvu zovomerezedwa ndi Boma zokhazo.

Malamulo a boma amapatsa maboma ufulu waukulu wochita zinthu popanda chilolezo cha boma.

Boma Limayesa Anthu ndi Kuwayesa

Nthaŵi zambiri maboma amalamula maboma akomweko, kuwalamula kuchita ntchito zina kapena kukwaniritsa miyezo yakutiyakuti, nthaŵi zina popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira.

Kulimbana pakati pa kulamulira kwa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu wina kukupitirizabe m’maunansi a boma, ndi mikangano yokhudza kulinganiza kwabwino pakati pa kulingana kwa boma lonse ndi kusintha kwa malo.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali pa Ntchito ya Ntchito ya Mtengo ndi Ntchito Yopanga Mtengo

Demokrase ya kumaloko yogwira mtima imadalira pa nzika zodziŵa ndi kuchita nawo zisankho ndi kuyendetsa zinthu.

Mavuto Okhudza Kusankha Kwawo

Zopanga za Voter m'masankho a kumaloko zimalephera kwambiri kutengamo mbali m'masankho a boma ndi a dzikolo. Mfundo zambiri zimathandizira kuchepetsa kufulumira kwa ofalitsa nkhani kuphatikizapo kusatsata nkhani zambiri, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, kutopa ndi voti, ndi kuchepetsa kusamala kwa anthu nkhani za m'dzikomo ndi oyembekezera kubatizidwa.

Chisankho cha panjinga, chochitidwa mosiyana ndi boma ndi mpikisano wa dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri chimawona kutsika kwapadera, nthaŵi zina m'madigiti amodzi kaamba ka chisankho chapadera cha chigawo. Izi zimadzutsa mafunso ponena za kuimira kwa nduna zosankhidwa ndi zigawo zazing'ono za chisankho choyenerera.

Kuloŵa M’chigwirizano Kowonjezereka

Njira zosiyanasiyana zingalimbikitse anthu kuvomerezana ndi boma kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu a maphunziro a ovota, ofufuza, ofalitsa nkhani za m’manyuzipepala, olemba mavoti, ovota mwamsanga ndiponso ovota, ndiponso kukhazikitsa masiku a masankho ochepetsa kutopa kwa ovota.

Zida zogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti komanso zipangizo zina zotumizira mauthenga zimapereka mwayi kwa maboma kuti azilankhulana ndi anthu ndiponso kuti anthu azilankhulana ndi akuluakulu a boma amene asankhidwa.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali Pagulu Kuposa Kukondwera

Kugwirizana kwa boma kogwira mtima sikumaphatikizapo kuvota kokha, kukhala ndi phande m’mabungwe ndi makomiti a opereka chilolezo, kulankhulana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, kuloŵetsedwa m’mayanjano a m’dera, ndi pangano m’zolinganiza za chitaganya.

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa njira zodziŵira nkhani za anthu kuphatikizapo makomiti a nzika, njira zoperekera bajeti, ndi mabungwe a chitaganya.

Mavuto Amene Boma Limakumana Nawo

M’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino, maboma a m’mayiko akulimbana ndi mavuto ambiri amene akuyesetsa kuti aone ngati zinthu zimene anthu amatsatira zimakhudza ulamuliro wawo ndi zimene akufunika kuchita.

Maselo Opinimbira

Maboma ambiri akuyang'anira zinthu movutikira kwambiri chifukwa cha ndalama zimene boma limalipira, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama zimene boma limakhoma komanso chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama zimene limalipira, malamulo amene boma limakhazikitsa, kukwera kwa mitengo ya antchito ndi ntchito, ndiponso kukonza malo osungirako zinthu.

Mliri wa Chovid - 19 unawonjezera mavuto a maboma ambiri chifukwa cha ndalama zimene ankagwiritsa ntchito ndiponso kuchepetsa ndalama zimene ankagwiritsa ntchito.

Kusintha kwa Moyo Wathu

Kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kuphatikizapo okalamba, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi kusintha kwa mabanja kumafunikira maboma akumaloko kusintha njira zochitira zinthu ndi kuyendetsa zinthu.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kukhazikika

Maboma a m’maderawa amafunika kukonza zipangizo zamakono kuti zithandize anthu kunyamula katundu wawo komanso kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino.

Kugawa makompyuta kumakhudza kutumiza katundu ndiponso kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera ntchito, chifukwa chakuti anthu onse a m’deralo satha kugwiritsa ntchito malo osiyanasiyana pa Intaneti ndiponso kufotokoza zinthu zofanana.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kumanga nyumba kumafuna ndalama zambiri ndiponso kukonza zinthu kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kumakhala kopitirira mphamvu ya munthu aliyense.

Kusawonongeka kwa Nyumba

Anthu ambiri amakumana ndi mavuto a zachuma amene maboma a m’maderawo ayenera kukonza zinthu monga kukonza malo omanga, kukonza nyumba zotchipa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a zachuma.

Makhalidwe Abwino Kwambiri Olamulira Malo

Kufufuza ndi zokumana nazo zasonyeza machitachita angapo amene amathandizira kugwira ntchito kogwira mtima kwa boma la kumaloko ndi kuŵerengera mlandu wa demokrase.

Kuona Zinthu Moyenera ndi Kutseguka kwa Boma

Mabungwe a boma osonyeza kukongola amapangitsa anthu kudalirana ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Zochita zabwino kwambiri zimaphatikizapo zolembedwa za anthu onse, zopezeka ndi kulembedwa ndi kulembedwa kwa misonkhano ya onse, kulankhulana komveka ndi kwa panthaŵi yake kwa zosankha za boma, kuvumbula chidziŵitso, ndi mawebusaiti aubwenzi waudindo wa boma.

Kulinganiza Zinthu Mwanzeru

Kulinganiza zinthu kwanthaŵi yaitali kumathandiza maboma a m’deralo kuika zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kulinganiza bwino zinthu, ndi kulinganiza bwino zinthu zoyendera anthu.

Kupima Ntchito

Kupima kwa njira yoperekera ntchito kumathandiza kuti anthu apange masamu oyenera kuyankha mlandu. Makina osindikizira mabuku athandiza anthu kuona ngati boma lingakwanitse komanso ngati akuluakulu osankhidwa apeza malo amene angawongolere.

Kuyang’anira Kwaluso

Akuluakulu a boma amene anaphunzitsidwa bwino ntchito zawo amayesetsa kukonza malamulo a boma komanso kuonetsetsa kuti anthu adzakhale ndi moyo woyenerera. Mabungwe a akatswiri oyendetsa ntchito amaphunzitsa, amachitira zinthu limodzi bwino, ndiponso amaonetsetsa kuti akuluakulu a boma akukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Kulamulira Kothandiza Kwambiri

Kugwirizana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana olimbana ndi mavuto ndi kupanga zosankha kungatulutse zotulukapo zabwino ndi kuchirikiza kwambiri chitaganya.

Tsogolo la Malo Amene Boma Limasankha ndi Kulamulira

Maboma a kumeneko ndiponso zinthu zina zimene zimapanga masankho zikupitirizabe kusintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu ndiponso mavuto amene akubuka.

Kusintha Koyenera

Kupitirizabe kuyesa njira zina zovota, kuphatikizapo kuvota kosankhidwa ndi chivoti, kungasinthe mmene masankho amagwirira ntchito. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa wovota kuwonjezera chikhutiro, kuchepetsa ndawala yosakaniza, ndi kutsimikizira kuti akuluakulu osankhidwa ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu.

Zoyesayesa za kuwonjezera wovota mwa kuvota kowonjezereka, kuvota koyamba, ndi kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzimodzizo zikupitirizabe kusintha. tekinoloji ikhoza kutheketsa mavoti atsopano, ngakhale kuti nkhaŵa za chisungiko ndi kupezeka kwa munthu zimafuna kulingaliridwa mosamalitsa.

Kukonzanso Malo

Madera ena akufufuza njira zatsopano zoyendetsera zinthu zimene zimasonyeza bwino zinthu zimene anthu a m’derali amafunikira, kuphatikizapo njira zoyendetsera ntchito, kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa boma, ndiponso mitundu ina ya boma imene imasinthasintha.

Democracy ya pa Directal

Zipangizo zamakono zikhoza kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya demokalase kudzera pa Intaneti, maholo a matauni, mapulatifomu oikamo ndalama, ndiponso njira zopezera zinthu za boma zoyendera.

Kulinganiza ndi Kukondera

Kuthandiza anthu kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, kugwiritsa ntchito makina oonera zinthu, kukonza zinthu, ndiponso kutumiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana m’dzikolo.

Zinthu Zothandiza Kuphunzira Zambiri Zokhudza Boma Lakumene Tikukhala

Nzika zimafuna kudziŵa zambiri zokhudza boma la kumaloko ndi kuloŵerera kwambiri m’zochita zawo, ndipo zimapeza ndalama zambiri.

Magulu a Akatswiri

Magulu onga National League of Cities , International City/Coverty Management Association, National Association of Counies, ndi mabungwe a boma akupereka kufufuza, maphunziro, ndi chidziŵitso chonena za boma lakumaloko. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amafalitsa malipoti, kufufuza nkhani, ndi njira zabwino zotsogolera anthu.

Mawebusaiti a Boma ndi Zolembedwa Zake

Mawebusaiti a boma a m’derali amapatsa anthu mapulogalamu ndi mphindi zochitira misonkhano, bajeti, malamulo, mapulani ofotokoza zinthu zonse, ndiponso mapulogalamu odziŵitsa akuluakulu osankhidwa. Maboma ambiri tsopano akubwera kapena kuonera vidiyo ya misonkhano ya onse, ndipo zimenezi zimalola nzika zake kuyang’anira boma likugwira ntchito.

Mabungwe Ofufuza ndi Ophunzitsa

Malo ofufuzira ndi malo ofufuzira amafufuza boma lakumaloko ndi kufalitsa zopezedwa pa madongosolo oyendetsa zinthu, opanga masankho, ndi malamulo a anthu.

Zoulutsira Nkhani za M’malowo

Ngakhale kuti anthu akuvutika ndi nkhani za m’manyuzipepala, manyuzipepala, mawailesi a pa TV, ndi makompyuta, akupitiriza kufalitsa nkhani m’boma.

Mabungwe a Anthu

Mabungwewa amathandiza anthu kuti adziwe zimene boma limachita komanso zimene angachite kuti agwirizane ndi anthu amene akukhala m’deralo.

Kumaliza: Kumvetsa Boma Lakumene Tikukhala N’kofunika

Mabungwe a boma lakumaloko ndi masankho ndiwo maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy m’midzi ya padziko lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti mitundu yapadera imasiyanasiyana m’madera osiyanasiyana, malamulo ofunika kwambiri a kuimira, kuŵerengera, ndi kupereka utumiki amasinthasintha. Zisankho zimapereka njira yaikulu imene nzika zimasankhira atsogoleri awo ndi kusonkhezera njira ya chitaganya chawo.

Kumvetsa mmene maboma a m’maderawo akugwirira ntchito ya masankho, ndiponso udindo umene akuluakulu amasankha kumathandiza anthu kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.

Pamene maboma akulimbana ndi mavuto ophatikizapo kulephera kwa anthu, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, kusokonezeka kwa zaumisiri, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, nzika zodziŵa ndi zogwirizana ndi kugawiridwa zikukhala zofunika kwambiri. Mwakumvetsetsa madongosolo a boma akumaloko ndi kutengamo mbali m’masankho, nzika zingathandize anthu olabadira, ogwira mtima, ndi oyenererana.

Mabungwe onsewa amathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wosankha zochita.

Kaya mwa kuvota pa chisankho, kupezeka pamisonkhano yapoyera, kutumikira pa mabungwe a olengeza, kapena kungodziŵa nkhani za kumaloko, nzika iliyonse ili ndi mwaŵi wa kutengamo mbali m'kulamulira kwa kumaloko. Kuchita zimenezi kumalimbitsa demokrase, kumawongolera ntchito ya boma, ndi kumangirira anthu olimba. Kumvetsetsa nyumba za boma za kumaloko mwa masankho sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro koma maziko othandiza kaamba ka pangano la nzika ndi chitaganya.

Kwa awo ofuna kudziŵa zambiri ponena za boma lawo, malo oyamba abwino kwambiri ndi webusaiti ya boma yakumaloko, imene imapereka chidziŵitso ponena za akuluakulu osankhidwa, maprogramu a msonkhano, ndi mmene angaloŵetsedwere. Kupita ku bungwe la mzinda kapena msonkhano wa bungwe lachigawo kumapereka chidziŵitso chaumwini ponena za mmene boma lakumaloko limagwirira ntchito ndi nkhani zoyang'anizana ndi chitaganya. Kukalimira kusankha akuluakulu a boma ndi mafunso kapena nkhaŵa kumathandizira kukulitsa mayanjano ndi kusonyeza kupezeka kwa boma lakomweko.

Monga mlingo wa boma lapafupi ndi anthu, boma la kumaloko limapereka mwaŵi wachindunji wauyang'aniro ndi kukhala ndi phande. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene mabungwe ameneŵa amalinganizidwira ndi mmene masankho amalinganizidwira, nzika zingagwirizanitse mokhutiritsa ndi boma lawo ndi kuthandizira chipambano cha anthu awo. Kugwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi ndi kuyesayesa kwa kumvetsetsa boma kumapindulitsa kwambiri m’mautumiki abwino, kulamulira kowonjezereka kwa anthu omvera, ndi mabungwe amphamvu a democracy.