Chiyambi: Nyumba Zothandiza Kuteteza Zinthu ku India

Chilengedwe cha India ndi chimodzi cha zinthu zanzeru kwambiri (IP) zomwe zinapangidwa ndi malamulo a koloni, kusintha kwapambuyo pake, ndi mapangano apadziko lonse. Monga malo achisanu aakulu a zachuma ndi malo a chidziŵitso, mankhwala, chidziŵitso chamwambo, ndi makampani opanga zinthu, India wapanga malamulo oyenera amene amagwirizanitsa zokhalamo ndi malamulo a boma monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, maphunziro, ndi kusungidwa kwa chikhalidwe. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kupenda kwatsatanetsatane kwa malamulo a IPR, malamulo achibadwa, malamulo a maluso, njira zotetezera, ndi kufunika kwa malamulo a IP ya mabizinesi, opanga zinthu, ndi kuteteza koyenera kwa boma kwa anthu.

Kusinthika kwa Mbiri ndi Kudzipereka kwa Padziko Lonse

Ulamuliro wa IPR wa India wasintha kwambiri kuyambira pa ufulu. Dzikolo linakhala chiŵalo cha bungwe la World Trade Organization (WTO) mu 1995 ndipo linavomereza pangano la Trade-Redected Aspects of Intellitective Rights (TRIPS). Limodzi ndi TRIPS linafuna kuti malamulo aakulu a m'dziko, makamaka ovomerezeka, ndi ovomerezeka. Indiya inagwirizananso ndi pangano la Berne la chitetezo cha Literary ndi Wartic Workstions, Parcial Convention for the Protection of Industive Precials, ndi Parace Convention (PT). Mapangano apadziko lonse awononga malamulo a India ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse pamene akulola kuteteza malo a Zilo ndi kulanda ufulu wa kulowa m'malamulo ena.

Malamulo Otsogolera Oyang’anira Ufulu wa Ntchito

Chigwirizano cha IPR cha ku India chamangidwa pa mpambo wa malamulo omvekera bwino, uliwonse wolamulira gulu losiyana la anthu ophunzira. zigawo zotsatirazi zimaswa malamulo aakulu ndi makonzedwe awo aakulu.

Patens Act, 1970 (monga momwe inawongoleredwa)

Malamulo a ku India opanga zinthu zatsopano, opangidwa mwaluso, amaphatikizapo njira yotulukira, ndipo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito maindasitale. Patens Act, 1970, anasinthidwa kwambiri mu 2005 kuti agwirizane ndi TRIPS, kuyambitsa mphamvu za mankhwala ndi makemikolo. Mbali zofunika kwambiri zimaphatikizapo:

  • Nkhani yokhoza kudziŵika: Chiyambi chilichonse chokhudza chinthu kapena njira imene imakwaniritsa njira zatsopano, njira yotulukira, ndi kusungunuka kwa maindasitale. Komabe, gawo 3 limasiya magulu ena, monga masamu, njira zamalonda, ndi zinthu zopezedwa chabe za moyo kapena zosakhalako.
  • Kukakamiza: Chigawo 84 chimalola boma kupereka laisensi yokakamiza ngati kupangidwa kwachilolezo sikupezeka kwa anthu pamtengo woyenerera, osati wopangidwa ku India, kapena wosagwira ntchito kuti akwaniritse zofuna za anthu. India wagwiritsira ntchito makonzedwe ameneŵa makamaka m'chigawo cha mankhwala (m'jek., laisensi ya Natco Pharma ya mankhwala a kansa a Bayer Nexavar).
  • [[FLT: 0] Chitsutso cha Premor ndi chapambuyo pa kugamula: Magulu atatu angatsutse kulembedwa kwalamulo asanapereke (pasadakhale) kapena mkati mwa chaka chimodzi chofalitsidwa cha chilolezo (kuperekedwa). Kachitidwe kameneka kamatsimikizira kuti kutsimikizirika kwa kutsimikizirika kumatopedwa poyamba.
  • Debu lotetezera: zaka 20 kuchokera pa deti la kupakidwa.

Ofesi ya India ya Paent , yokhala ndi nthambi ku Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, ndi Kolkata, imatumiza mafomu ovomerezeka. Indiya yawona kukwera kosalekeza kwa mapepala, ndi mapempho oposa 900,000 olembedwa mu 2023-24, oyendetsedwa kwakukulukulu ndi zidutswa za m’nyumba za mankhwala, IT, ndi biotechnology media.

Zolemba za m’buku lakale ku India zimateteza mabuku olembedwa, kuphatikizapo mabuku olembedwa, otchuka, oimba, ndi ojambulajambula, komanso mafilimu a kanema komanso nyimbo zojambulidwa. Act ya Copyright, 1957, yasinthidwa kangapo kuti ithetse mavuto a pakompyuta (m’chitsanzo, kukonza zinthu zimene zinayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu pa Intaneti ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti).

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuwonekera kwa chitetezo: Copyright imabisa mawu a malingaliro, osati malingaliro okha. Chitetezero chimafutukula ku maprogramu a kompyuta, masewero otengera zinthu, ndipo ngakhale mitundu ina ya kuulutsa.
  • Ufulu wa 'malamulo: [1] Chigawo 57 [51] Chigawo] chimapatsa olemba ufulu wa kunena kuti analembedwa ndi kutseka kapena kunenera kuti awononga ntchito zawo zopotozedwa, kudula, kapena kusintha kwa ntchito yawo imene imaipitsa ulemu wawo kapena mbiri yawo.
  • Makonzedwe osamalira zinthu: India amalola kugwiritsiridwa ntchito koyenera kaamba ka zifuno zonga ngati phunziro laumwini, kufufuza, kusuliza, kupenda, ndi kusimba nkhani. Lamulo silimandandalika malire enieni, kusiya kumasulira kumakhoti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kulembetsa: [[FLT: 1] Kulembetsa kwa mfumu kuli kwaufulu koma kumapereka umboni wa prima facie wa kukhala mwini pa mikangano. Ofesi ya Copyright , pansi pa Ministry of Commerce and Industry, imayang'anira kulembetsa.
  • Term: Nthaŵi zambiri moyo wa wolemba ndi zaka 60 pambuyo pa imfa. Kwa osadziŵika mabukhu, zithunzithunzi, mafilimu ojambula zithunzithunzi, ndi nyimbo, liwulo ndi zaka 60 kuchokera ku chaka cha kufalitsidwa.

Makampani a ku India a filimu ndi nyimbo amadalira kwambiri malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zikalata zovomerezeka.

Lamulo la Zamalonda, 1999

Lamulo la Trademark ku India limateteza zikwangwani zapadera zotha kusiyanitsa malonda kapena ntchito za malonda amodzi ndi a ena. The Trade Marks Act, 1999, inalowa m'malo mwa lamulo la 1958 la Chilamulo ndi kuwonjezera chitetezo cha ntchito, zizindikiro za gulu, ndi zizindikiro zodziŵika bwino.

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . ntchito imaphatikizapo kusanthula, kulembetsa, ndi kulembetsa. Kutenga miyezi 12-18 ngati sipakhala chitsutso.
  • Zizindikiro zodziŵika bwino: TMR imasunga mpambo wa zizindikiro zodziŵika zimene zimatetezeredwa ngakhale popanda kulembetsa. Chizindikiro chodziŵika bwino sichingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi mbali zachitatu mogwirizana ndi kuchotsa katundu kapena mautumiki ngati kugwiritsira ntchito kungapereke kugwirizana ndipo mwinamwake kuchititsa chisokonezo.
  • Kusintha ndi kutha: Mwini chizindikiro cholembetsedwa angaimbe mlandu chifukwa cha kupotoza. Zizindikiro zosalembetsedwa zingatetezedwe kupyolera mwa mankhwala a lamulo wamba a kutha, zimene zimafuna umboni wa kuyanjidwa, kupotoza, ndi kuwonongeka.
  • [[M'ADERA:0] Zaka 10, zomayambikanso.

India waona kuwonjezeka kwa mapepala a chizindikiro, ndi mafunsishoni oposa 5500,000 mu 2023-24, kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa kusadziŵa kwa mSMME ndi kutseguka kwa ma projekiti. TMR yagwiritsira ntchito kujambula ndi kutsegulira kwa pa madoko kuchepetsa kupendeka.

Lamulo la Malo Oona za Zinthu ndi Kuteteza Zinthu, 1999

Geographicicicicsications (GI) imatchula zinthu kuti zinachokera ku dera lina kumene khalidwe, mbiri, kapena khalidwe lina linachokera ku malo ake.

  • Kulembetsa: Ogwiritsira ntchito okha ololedwa a malo ofotokozera. Kulembetsako kumakhala zaka 10 ndipo kungayambitsidwenso.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Kukakamiza: Kulimbana ndi Gidi yolembetsedwa kuli kokhoza kuchitidwa monga cholakwa chachiŵeniŵeni. Lamulolo limaperekanso mankhwala aupandu kuphatikizapo kulanda katundu ndi kumangidwa m'zochitika zina.

Malamulo Ena Ofunika a IP

Kuwonjezera pa malamulo apakati, India ali ndi malamulo okhudza mafakitale, mafashoni a makampani, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera. The Designs Act, 2000, imateteza kuoneka kwa chinthu (chithunzi, njira, njira, ndi zina zoyendera, kwa zaka 10 zokhala zaka 5. Chitetezo cha Planting Varieous ndi ufulu wachisungiko, 2001 chimakhazikitsa njira ya generies ya oweta mbewu ndi alimi, yogwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko lonse la India pa Plantsces Resources. Zinsinsinsi za malonda sizikutchulidwa ndi lamulo lachindulo koma zimatetezedwa ndi malamulo, mapangano achinsinsi, ndi chiphunzitso chapamwamba cha kutaya chidaliro.

Malamulo Olembetsa ndi Kukakamiza

Njira Zolembera

Kwa magulu ambiri a IP (makampani, zizindikiro, mapulani, GIS), kulembetsa kumapereka ufulu wamphamvu kwambiri wokakamiza.

  • Kukwaniritsa fomu yofunsira ndi ofesi yofunika (m' lekuatiso, Office , Trade Marks Registry) ndi zikalata ndi ndalama zofunikira.
  • Kufufuza kwa Formal [[FLT :1] - ofesi imafufuza mogwirizana ndi zofunika zalamulo ndi zisonyezero zapansi (novelt, kusiyanitsa, ndi zina.)
  • Kutsutsa ndi chitsutso [[FLT: 1] – pambuyo povomerezedwa, kutsatsa kumafalitsidwa. Zigawo zachitatu ziri ndi nyengo yoikika (m.g., miyezi 4 ya zizindikiro) yotsutsa.
  • Kulembetsa ndi kupatsa pepala la pepala - – ngati chitsutso chilichonse sichikuchitika kapena chitsutso chalephera, ufulu wa IP umalembetsedwa ndipo chikalata cha pepala la pepala la pepala la pepala la ku IP chaperekedwa.

India walinganiza njira zimenezi mopita patsogolo. IP IP portal imalola pa Intaneti kujambula, kujambula malo, ndi kulipirira. Boma likufuna kuchepetsa nthaŵi yotaya kupyolera m'mabenchi apadera ndi oyeza owonjezereka.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makina Mokakamiza

Kukakamiza IPR ku India kumachitika kupyolera m’mankhwala a boma, aupandu, ndi a boma.

Kuthetsa Mikangano Ina

Mkangano wa IP ku India umathetsedwanso kwambiri mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuweruza. Makhoti amalimbikitsa anthu kuti afufuze, makamaka pa mfundo zowalemba, chizindikiro, ndi kukonza. Chigawo cha Ansembe Aakulu a Delhi chili ndi malo olankhulira amene athetsa milandu yapamwamba. Malamulo oletsa kuvomerezana ndi malamulo a m'mapangano ayamba kukhala oyenerera, ngakhale kuti kuvomereza mikangano ya kuyenerera kumakhala kopereŵera chifukwa chakuti kulembetsa kwa IP kumakhudza anthu onse.

Kufunika kwa Kamangidwe ka IPR ka Robust kaamba ka Chigwirizano cha Chuma cha India

Chitetezero champhamvu cha IP sichili chabe chofunika cha lamulo pa TRIPS; chiri dalaivala wa kukula kwa chuma, kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu, ndi kuikizira ndalama zachilendo. Kwa India, mapindu ake amaphatikizapo:

  • Kusintha kwabwino ndi R&D: Makampani okhazikitsidwa amaika ndalama mu R&D pamene adziŵa kuti zopanga zawo zikhoza kupangidwa ndi kutsatiridwa. Mwachitsanzo, chigawo cha India, chimawononga ndalama zambiri pa zinthu za mtundu uliwonse ndi zamoyo, mwapang'ono chifukwa cha boma lamphamvu.
  • Kukopa malonda a kampani yachilendo (FDI): Makampani a mitundu yambiri amalingalira chinjirizo la IPR asanakhazikitse ntchito. Kuwongolera kwa IP kwa India kosonyezedwa mu US Chamber’s IP Index (kumene India anakwera kuchokera pa 44 mu 2016 kufika 33rd mu 2024)
  • Kutetezera chidziŵitso chamwambo ndi mwambo: Zikalata za GI zimatetezera zinthu zonga Kashmirsafroni, Kanchipuram silika, ndi mpunga wa Basmati ku kuphonya.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kupereka ndalama ndi ntchito: mafakitale opanga IP ku India amathandizira kwambiri GDP. Makampani opanga zilolezo okha (filimu, nyimbo, kufalitsa, pulogalamu) amalemba 2% ya GDP ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri.

Mavuto Ndiponso Njira Zikubwera

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino, njira ya IPR ya ku India ikukumana ndi mavuto ambiri:

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosasintha

Chigwirizano cha nzeru za dziko la India n’chochuluka, nchogwirizana ndi miyezo ya dziko lonse. Malo a malamulo amapereka maziko olimba kwa olenga, okonza zinthu, ndi mabizinesi kuteteza chuma chawo chosadziŵika. Komabe, mphamvu yeniyeni ya dongosololi siidalira m'malamulo okha komanso pogwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthuzo. Kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akukhala ndi mphamvu, ndiponso kuzindikira kofala. Pamene dziko la India lili ndi maziko a zachuma, kusintha zinthu m'malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a za pulogalamu ya IP, zipiti, ndi makampani a magetsi adzakhala ovuta kwambiri. Shakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . makampani, kuyambikanika, maluso, kapena makampani osiyanasiyana, kapena a alimi, amapanga, amathandizira ndi njira ya IP kuti athere bwino. Kumvetsa zimenezi ndiko njira yoyamba ya kukwaniritsa phindu la luntha za dziko lonse la Indi.