Chiyambi: Mphamvu ya Demokrase Yachindunji

Referendendims ali ngati chimodzi cha ziŵiya zachindunji kwambiri za ulamuliro wa demokrase, kupatsa nzika njira yalamulo yovotera pa mfundo zakutizakuti mmalo mwa kungosankha oimira. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro la kulola anthu kugamula nkhani zazikulu linayamba kumbuyo ku Atene wakale, ma apendulo amakono asintha kukhala chida chovuta kwambiri chimene chimapanga malamulo a anthu padziko lonse. Zimapereka njira yoswa malamulo, kusankha pa mafunso alamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malingaliro a anthu onse pankhani za mkangano. Kumvetsetsa mmene amatchulira ntchito yawo, maluso, ndi zifooko zawo nkofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira sayansi yandale, kutenga mbali m'moyo wa anthu, kapena kupenda njira zimene malingaliro awo amatembenuzira lamulo ku lamulo.

Nkhani ino ikupereka kufufuza kochokera ku mlingo wa kumbuyo, kuchokera ku mbiri yake kufikira ku kufufuza kwa masiku ano kwa zachuma, ndi kupenda mbali yake m'kachitidwe kake ka zinthu. Imalongosolanso kusuliza ndi mavuto amene amabuka pamene voti yosavuta inde-o - o iyenera kutsimikizira mfundo yovuta.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale a Kubwezera

Malo amakono a democracy a Switzerland a m'Nyengo Zapakati, kumene nzika zimasonkhana m'mabwalo a anthu kuti zivote pa malamulo a m'deralo mwa kuonetsa manja. Mchitidwe umenewu, wodziŵika monga Wandsgemeinde . , anayala maziko a dongosolo lapadera la demokrase ya Switzerland. Pofika zaka za zana la 19, Switzerland anali atakhazikitsa chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa andendulo pa mlingo wa boma, akulola Covitation kutsutsa malamulo opimira ku nyumba ya malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Lerolino, Switzerland Copetation imapita ku zofufuza nthaŵi zingapo pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana za chaka chimodzi, kuchokera ku ku kutumiza msonkho.

Ku United States, meterendam inalandira transporttion mkati mwa Nyengo ya Kuwonjezedwa (1890s-1920s) monga njira yoletsera mphamvu za makina andale ndi kupatsa nzika wamba ulamuliro wowonjezereka pa malamulo. Maboma onga Oregon, California, ndi Colorado adatenga njira ndi kachitidwe ka democracy, kutheketsa ovota kukhazikitsa ndi kuvomereza malamulo mwachindunji. Kusintha kumeneku kunafalikira ku maiko ena ambiri ndipo kudakali mbali yofunika ya demokrase ya dziko la America.

United Kingdom, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mbiri yakale yadalira pa ulamuliro wa nyumba ya malamulo, ndi ma apendendi a ntchito yochepa. Nkhani yoyamba ya dziko lonse la UK metapendum inachitika mu 1975 kuti kaya akhalebe m'Magulu a Ulaya. Chiyambire pamenepo, ma apendulo aakulu a devolution, kusinthitsa, ndi Brexit asintha mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko. Nkhani zosiyanasiyana zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti mbali ndi kuchuluka kwa madentimendium zimasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi miyambo ya dziko.

Mmene Ntchito Yokonza Zinthu Imagwirira Ntchito: Mmene Ntchitoyi Inagwirira Ntchito Mwatsatanetsatane

Kuyambitsa Katemera

Alovendamu angayambitsidwe m’njira zingapo. M'mayiko ambiri, boma kapena nyumba ya malamulo ingagamule kukhala ndi mameseji a mendulo pa nkhani yakutiyakuti [1] iyi imatchedwa leactivendidum [. M’njira ina, nzika zingakakamize kuvota mwa kusonkhanitsa chiŵerengero chokwanira cha kusaina pa pepala, njira yodziŵika monga yoyambirira kapena [[FLT:] . [FLT:] kuimira [FLT] Bezentientum . M'nkhani zina, kutchulako kuyenera kulinganiza kwa mitundu ina, monga ngati malamulo ogwirizana agwirizana a gulu la mitundu ina.

Kusakaza ndi Kuchotsa Chidziŵitso

Pamene semina ya mesendium itchedwa, nyengo ya ndawala iyamba. Magulu andale, zipani, ndi mabungwe a anthu amaunika kuti akope ovota. Kampani kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kusatsa malonda, makambitsirano apoyera, ndi kufalitsa nkhani zaunyinji. Kuthandiza ovota kupanga malingaliro odziŵidwa, maiko ambiri amapereka zitsogozo za akuluakulu osankha zimene zimalongosola mwachidule mfundozo ndi motsutsana ndi mfundozo, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo kupenda kosaloŵetsedwa kwa ziyambukiro zothekera. Mwachitsanzo, Switzerland amapanga kabuku katsatanetsatane kapepala ka bungwe lililonse lopereka chilo, kulongosola nkhaniyo m’chinenero chosavuta.

Kuwala ndi Malo Oloŵeramo

Kujambula mu setilandimu kumatsatira njira zofanana ndi masankho anthaŵi zonse: nzika zimaponya chisankho pa step yofufuza kapena ndi makalata. Chotulukapo chake kaŵirikaŵiri chimagamulidwa ndi mavoti ambiri opotoka, ngakhale kuti ma a deconsoments amafunikira ochulukirapo kaŵiri . Ziŵiri zonsezi zivoti zambiri zotchuka ndi unyinji wa magawo kapena madera (monga mu Australian Commun personations ndi system ). Kutembenuka kungasiyane mokulira, ndipo kuchepa kwa kugawanako kungadzutse mafunso ponena za kuyenera kwa zotsatirapo.

Mitundu ya Maselo: Kupenda Mosamalitsa

Kumvetsetsa magulu osiyanasiyana a ma terendendum kumathandiza kumveketsa bwino cholinga chawo ndi kulemera kwawo kwa lamulo.

Malo osungirako zipinda.

.Binding revensums mwalamulo kukakamiza boma kukhazikitsa zotsatirapo zake. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Switzerland covota avomereza kukonzanso kwa lamulo, boma liyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito. Advisory ashenderums [imatchedwanso] "'aseatreatersending [masending] [1] [imodzi] "''''anatchedwanso kuti arendation rendendiums [1]'s imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa anthu koma siinyamula udindo walamulo. . . . . . . . , kujambula koyambirira kwa bungwe la zandale zandale za dziko la UK 2011, linalo linaloza kuvomereza kuti ligwirizane ndi kukhazikitsa chipani cha ndale.

Malamulo Osintha Zinthu

Khonsatiyoniantendams imasintha malamulo apamwamba a dziko. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna zilolezo zapamwamba (monga ngati kutchuka) ndipo ali ndi cholinga chotetezera malamulo ofunika kwambiri kwa zinsinsi zandale. Mwachitsanzo, kuŵerengera kwa mu Ireland 2018 kuti abwezere madendexum kuti abwezerenso malamulo a Elevenia adafunikira anthu ambiri osavuta, koma kukonzako kukufuna kuti pakhale steomajent . [FTLT:] Lignatenti ikufotokoza mapuligalamu ndi mafunso achibadwa kapena malamulo, monga kuvomereza lamulo la msonkho kapena ntchito yaikulu.

Mapale Osankha

Malamulo ena amalamula kuti pakhale kuimira kwa zigamulo zina, monga kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma latsopano kapena kugwirizana ndi gulu la mitundu yonse. Izi ndi addentiums . Mosiyana, kulolera kumachitidwa kokha pamene ayambitsa chikalata kapena chigamulo cha boma. M'maumboni ambiri a U.S., kulola nzika za boma kuimitsa lamulo loperekedwa ndi chigamulo kufikira pamene voti yaposeredwa.

Ntchito Yobweza Malamulo

Mapangano a boma angakhudze kwambiri malamulo m’njira zingapo. Nthawi zambiri amathetsa mapangano pa nkhani zimene oimira osankhidwa amagawidwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mayeso a ukwati wa anthu a ku Ireland a chaka cha 2015 ndi 2015 chifukwa chakuti boma lalephera kupeza kugwirizana, ndipo chivoti chotchuka chimene chinaperekedwa moyenerera kuti malamulo asinthe. Mofananamo, ku California, njira yoyambirira yachititsa malamulo monga Pogalamukitsa 13 (188) kuchepetsa misonkho, imene inasinthanso malo a boma kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Referendoms amatumikiranso monga machenjezo a mphamvu yalamulo. Pamene boma likhazikitsa lamulo losadziŵika, nzika ya nzika ikhoza kukakamiza kubwerera kumbuyo. Njira imeneyi yagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Switzerland kugwetsa malamulo onse kuyambira pa lamulo la kopulumukira kufikira ku kuswa msonkho wa kampani. Ku Colombia, 2016 serendium pa mtendere wokhudza gulu la opanduka FARC, ngakhale kuti poyamba linakanidwa, potsirizira pake inachititsa pangano lokonzedwanso, kusonyeza mmene ma arendendum angagwiritsire ntchito yokambirana ndi kulolera molakwa.

Komabe, malamulo a ma mesendium sagwirizana nthaŵi zonse ndi malingaliro a akatswiri kapena kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Brexit 2016, pamene 51.9% ya UK copeta anasankha kuchoka ku European Union, kuyambitsa zaka za kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko ndi kusatsimikizirika kwa chuma. Chitsanzochi chikusonyeza ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi maupandu a demokrase yachindunji: kuvota kokha pa nkhani yovuta kwambiri kungakhazikitse dziko pa njira yatsopano ndi zotulukapo zimene ziri zovuta kuzineneratu.

Kufufuza kwa Mapale Odziŵika

Gulu la Breut Referendem (2016)

Chikalata cha UK cholozera anthu a EU chidakali chimodzi mwa njira zoyendera demokrase mwachindunji m'mbiri yamakono. Mkupitiwu unali ndi mikangano yaikulu yokhudza kusamuka, ulamuliro, ndi ziyambukiro zachuma. Chotulukapo chochepa chovumbula magaŵano aakulu a chikhalidwe ndi malo m'dziko. Ngakhale kuti mamentiendendu anali advisory, boma linayamba kugwiritsa ntchito Brexit, kutsogolera ku ku kuleka, kusankha kwanthaŵi yaitali, ndi kukambirana kwanthaŵi yaitali pa za malonda ndi maunansi. Zotsatira za kutumiza za makampani zabutsa zabutsa zabutsanso mkangano wa kaya ngati zocholoŵa m'kanthaka, mavoti a anthu ambiriwo ayenera kugamulidwa ndi voti wamba.

Kudziimira pawokha kwa ku Scotland (2014)

Mu September 2014, Scotland anavota 55% mpaka 45% kuti asakhale ndi ufulu ku United Kingdom. Mapanganowo anali odziwika chifukwa cha kutchuka kwake (pafupifupi .6%) ndi kusumika maganizo ake pankhani za kudziwika, kudalirana kwa chuma, ndi kulowa m'gulu la EU. Mkupitiwu unaphatikizapo chipangano chomaliza cha UK cha atsogoleri a gululo kuti apatse Scotland maulamuliro ena opatulidwa ngati asankha “No.” Lonjezo limeneli, ngakhale kuti silikugwirizana ndi lamulo, limasonyeza mmene masinthidwe a boma angasinthire popanda chivoti cholondola. Chotsatiracho sichinathetse chikayikireni kuuziratu lamulo; malo a Scotland adakalibe nkhani ya ndale yandale, makamaka mu Frtix.

Maukwati Ofanana Ogonana ndi Amuna Ofanana: Ireland ndi Kupitirira

Chikwati chofanana ndi cha 2015 chinachitidwa ndi 62% ya ovota omwe anagwirizana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka kuti alole kulingana kwa ukwati. Mkupitiwu unali wodziŵika chifukwa cha mizu yake ya udzu, mawu abwino, kuonetsa nkhani za munthu mwini mmalo mwa kugwetsa matope. Zotsatira zake zinali zogwirizana ndi kutsogolera ku maukwati oyambirira odziŵika mwalamulo ku Ireland. Momwemo, mu 2013, Croatia inasunga kufotokoza mafotokozedwe a malamulo a ukwati amene anachititsa kuletsedwa kwa ukwati wa anthu osagwirizana. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza mmene kugwiritsa ntchito mapanganowo kungachitire patsogolo ndi kuchepetsa ufulu waung'ono, malinga ndi mfundo za kakhalidwe ndi ndale.

Malamulo a Chile (2016-2022)

Chile chimapereka chitsanzo chaposachedwapa cha mmene ma aresendium angayendetsere masinthidwe a malo. Mu 2020, ovota a Chile anavomerezedwa mokulira (78%) njira yopanga malamulo atsopano kulowa mmalo mwa Pinochet-era Charmet. Kutsatira kwa appendisum mu 2022 pa malemba atsopano olingaliridwawo anakanidwa ndi mphepete waukulu, kuvumbula kusakhutira ndi zolembedwa. Anthu akhala otomeredwa, ndipo msonkhano watsopano wa malamulo unasankhidwa kupanga chifuno chosiyana. Njira imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene matanthauzo a madongosolo angaperekere masinthidwe otchuka pamene akuwunikira kulimba kwa pangano.

Mapindu ndi Kusuliza kwa Kubwezera

Mapindu a Kukhala ndi Mbali Yachindunji m’Mbali

Ochirikiza ma democracy anena kuti amakulitsa kuyenera kwa demokrase mwa kuloŵetsamo nzika mwachindunji m'zosankha zimene zimakhudza miyoyo yawo. Kubwezera kungawonjezere pangano la boma, kuphunzitsa anthu pa nkhani zovuta, ndi kuchititsa maboma kukhala ndi mlandu pakati pa masankho. Amapereka lamulo lomveka bwino lomwe loletsa kugawana. M'madera amene anthu amakhulupirira kwambiri, makampani angayambitse kugwirizana ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa anthu.

Kusuliza Kokulira: Kucholoŵana, Kupotoza, ndi Ufulu Waung’ono

Osuliza amatchula ku zopinga zingapo zazikulu. Choyamba, kulowa mmalo mwa malamulo osinthasintha ndi kusankha zinthu ziŵiri (ye/no) kungathetse nkhani. Ofufuza angapemphedwe kuvomereza kapena kukana lamulo lamitundu yambiri, popanda njira yosinthira tsatanetsatane wake. Chachiŵiri, ma apempejala ali osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mkupiti wokopa wosocheretsa, wokopa, ndi ngakhale kuchotsako. Kukwera kwa manyuzi a zachikhalidwe kwawonjezera ngozi zimenezi, monga momwe zimawonera m'kampeni ya Breki imene imanena za kuvomereza ndi kuchirikiza Utumiki wa Zaumoyo wa National Service pambuyo pake inasulidwira.

Chachitatu, ma assendum angaopseze ufulu wa anthu ochepa pamene mavoti aakulu akuletsa chitetezo. California Proposition 8, imene inaletsa ukwati wa kugonana, ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake anagwetsedwa ndi makhoti, anasonyeza mmene demokrase ingagwiritsidwire ntchito kuukira magulu osavuta. Chomalizira, wovota wochepa angafooketse kuimira zotsatira. Chosankha chokhudza aliyense chingapangidwe ndi kachigawo kochepa chabe ka osankhidwawo.

Makhalidwe Abwino Kwambiri Pochita Maseŵera Obwezera

Kuti achepetse ngozi zimenezi, asayansi andale ndi mabungwe a demokrase akhazikitsa zitsogozo zoyenerera ndi zogwira mtima zopezera mayeso:

  • Mosanthula, manenedwe osaloŵerera: Funso liyenera kukhala losavuta ndi kupeŵa kupotoza. Makomiti a Independent osanthula kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa mafunso ndi magulu oonekera.
  • Ndawala za chidziŵitso cha anthu: Mavota ayenera kulandira zolembera zolinganizika, zosungidwa zolongosola lingalirolo ndi zotsatirapo zake. “Manoti a ku Switzerland a kukonza zinthu” ali chitsanzo.
  • Malipiro a ndawala yowonekera: Malire pa zopereka ndi kuvumbulidwa kwa ndalama zothandizira kuletsa zikondwerero zachuma kulamulira mlengalenga.
  • Kuchotsa nyengo ndi zinthu zina zopanda ufulu: Maboma ena amafuna nyengo yochepera pakati pa kuyendetsa sigineji ndi voti, ndipo angaphatikizepo misonkhano ya nzika ku dala kuvoti.
  • Kusintha kwakukulu koŵirikiza kaamba ka masinthidwe aakulu: Kuvomereza ponse paŵiri madera otchuka ndi unyinji wa magawo kapena magawo kungatetezere ku nkhalwe ya unyinji.

Zowonjezereka pa ndandanda yapamwamba, onani International Republican Institute’s Guides on Intativects ndi Referendendims . . . Swissmus infolation pa democracy yachindunji [ imapereka chidziŵitso cha mmene dongosolo la Switzerland limachitira ndi mavuto ameneŵa. Ndipo pa lingaliro la maphunziro, [[FLT:] BROG] kusanthula masuzumizidwe a democracy pa mademocracy ndi democracy imayesa malonda-offracy.

Kumaliza: Kulandiranso Kwabwino Kosatha

Referendendim si njira yothetsera demokrase kapena chida choopsa chimene tiyenera kupeweratu. Zidazo ndi mphamvu zimene, ngati zigwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru ndiponso motetezeka, zingawonjezere kugawana kwa nzika, kukonza malobolo andale, ndi kukhazikitsa kuyenerera pa zosankha zofunika. Mfungulo ya mapangidwe ake: mafunso ooneka bwino, ndawala zooneka bwino, ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Pamene anthu akulimbana ndi malamulo a za nyengo oyenerera kusintha malamulo, kudzakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yololera anthu kukonza malamulo amene akukhala nawo. Kumvetsa bwino malamulo ake ndi malire ake nkofunika kwa aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti, otomera, otomera, ndiwo a Nzika athanzi a boma lathanzi.