Mapangano a zamalonda apadziko lonse akatha, ayamba kulowa m'mapangano ovuta tsiku ndi tsiku. Mapangano ameneŵa akatha chifukwa cha kuswedwa kwa pangano, kusagwirizana pa mfundo zolipiridwa, kapena kukangana za ufulu wa anthu amaphunziro, zipanizo zifunikira njira yodalirika yothetsera kusiyana kwawo. Makampani, m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana, amapereka njira imeneyi. Imapanga njira yogwirizana, yogwirizana mwalamulo imene imathandiza kubwezeretsa kukwaniritsidwa ndi kudalirana kwa malonda a mayiko ambiri. Kumvetsa mmene kudalirana kwa anthu kumagwira ntchito m'malonda apadziko lonse n’kofunika pa malonda alionse, akatswiri a zalamulo, kapena opanga malamulo ogwirizana ndi ntchito za m'malamulo.

Kodi Kukanidwa Kwachiŵeniŵeni Nchiyani?

Kugwirizana kwa boma ndiko njira yalamulo imene mbali yachitatu yauchete imachitira. Mofanana ndi khoti kapena khoti la milandu . Kumathetsa mkangano pakati pa zipani zachinsinsi. Mosiyana ndi chilolezo cha upandu, chimene chimasumika pa kulanga kuswa lamulo la boma, kutsimikiza kwa boma kumakhudzidwa ndi kugamula za ufulu wa munthu ndi mathayo ake. Chotulukapo chake ndicho chigamulo chokakamiza chimene chingaphatikizepo mphotho, lamulo la kuchita zinthu zinazake, kapena chilengezo cha ufulu.

Kukula kwa chilolezo cha boma n’kokulira. Kumaphatikiza mikangano ya pangano, kutsutsana kwa zinthu, ndi mikangano ina yopanda upandu. M'bwalo la malonda lapadziko lonse, kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakambirana nkhani monga kulephera kupereka katundu, ndalama zopanda malipiro, zinthu zowonongeka, ndi kuswa mapangano. Njirayi ikhoza kuchitika m'makhoti a dziko (kugawa) kapena m'mabwalo a boma (kukhazikitsa), limodzi ndi malamulo ake a pulogalamu ndi njira zosungitsa.

Mbali yaikulu ya kukhazikitsa lamulo ndizo kukhazikitsa kwake: chipani chilichonse chimapereka umboni ndi mikangano, ndipo woimira (woweruza kapena woweruza) amasankha mogwirizana ndi lamulo logwirizana. Chigamulocho nchogwirizana mwalamulo, ndipo kulephera kuvomereza kungatsogolere ku kukakamiza anthu kuchita zinthu, monga ngati kulanda chuma kapena malamulo a khoti. Zimenezi zimasiyana ndi njira zina zogamulira mlandu monga kuvomerezana, zimene sizimagwirizana ndi kudalira pa pangano laufulu.

Kumvetsa Malonda a Padziko Lonse

Makampani a mayiko osiyanasiyana amayambitsa mikangano ngati anthu amene akuchokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana sagwirizana zoti ntchitoyo ichitike kapena kumasulira pangano la malonda.

  • Kusintha kwa pangano – kulephera kunyamula katundu panthaŵi yake, kugaŵira zinthu zosayenera, kapena kulipiridwa monga momwe anagwirizana.
  • Force majeure akunena kuti [[FT:1] – mikangano yakuti kaya chochitika chosayembekezereka (pandemic, nkhondo, tsoka lachilengedwe) imapereka chifukwa chosagwira ntchito.
  • Zosafuna kusokoneza katundu – kugwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro, zololeka, kapena zovomerezeka m'misika yachilendo.
  • Mapangano ogwirizana amanena kuti – mikangano pakati pa oikizira achilendo ndi maiko olandirirapo za kuchitiridwa kwa mapangano a zandalama.
  • Kutsutsa mfundo za dziko loloŵera dziko

Zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti mayiko agulitsena n’zokwera kwambiri: si ndalama zimene panganolo limapereka komanso kuwonongeka kwa mabizinesi, kuwonongeka kwa mbiri, ndi kusokonezeka kwa ntchito.

Masainilo Otchuka a Malamulo Olamulira Amitundu Yonse Olimbana ndi Malonda

Malamulo a mapangano, misonkhano, ndi zitsanzo amathandiza kudziŵa kuti ndi khoti liti limene limagwira ntchito, lamulo liti, ndiponso kuti chiweruzo kapena mphoto zingaperekedwe motani kumalire.

Msonkhano wa Mitundu Yogwirizana pa Mapangano a Mitundu Yonse Ogulitsa Zachuma (CISG)

CHISG, yovomerezedwa mu 1980 ndipo tsopano yogwira ntchito m'maiko oposa 90, imakhazikitsa malamulo ofanana a mapangano a malonda a dziko lonse. Imalamulira kupangidwa kwa mapangano, mathayo a ogula ndi ogulitsa, ndi mankhwala oswera. Mwakukhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa, CISG imachepetsa kufunika kwa makhoti kuti adalire malamulo otsutsana a dziko. Mapangano ambiri a malonda amatsutsidwa pansi pa malamulo a CISG, amene amachirikiza kusasinthana ndi kukwaniritsidwa. [[FL:0] Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za CISG kuchokera ku UNICITRAL [1].

Msonkhano wa ku New York Wonena za Kudziŵika ndi Kukakamizidwa kwa Madipo a Kunja

Mwinamwake chiŵiya chofunika koposa m'kutumiza malonda kwa maiko, New York Convention (1958) imafuna makhoti m'maiko oposa 170 osaina kuvomereza ndi kukakamiza maoda achilendo okhala ndi zifukwa zochepera zokanira. Msonkhano umenewu ndi maziko a dongosolo lapadziko lonse la kuchotsa, kutsimikizira kuti mphotho yoperekera mphotho yoperekedwa m'dziko lina ikhoza kuchitidwa m'dziko lina. Popanda ilo, magulu angayang'anizane ndi chiyembekezo chowopsa cha kusungitsa zinthu m'dziko lililonse. [FLT:]

Dziko Lonse Loona za Trade Organization (WTO) Kuwononga Makina

Pamikangano ya maboma pa malamulo a malonda (opereka ndalama, zopinga, zopinga), WTO’s Dispute Secreate Understanding (DSU) imapereka njira yolinganizika. Imaphatikizapo kufunsira, zigamulo, ndi kubwereza. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira imeneyi ndi ya boma kunka ku dziko mmalo mwa chipani cha anthu, malamulo ake kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ziyambukiro zachindunji kwa mabizinesi, makamaka m'magawo onga ngati ulimi, malo okhala ndi luso la zopanga zinthu. [[FLT: 0] Explore a WTO kutsutsana ndi gulu la anthu.

Anasankha Chilamulo ndi Oweruza Olambira Claus

M’mapangano aumwini, mapangano kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosola pasadakhale malamulo a dziko omwe adzalamulira panganolo ndi makhoti kapena mabungwe a boma amene adzasamalira mikangano. Malamulo ameneŵa ngofunika chifukwa chakuti amathetsa kusatsimikizirika kwa malamulo. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amalemekeza mawu oterowo, malinga ngati satsutsana ndi lamulo la anthu. Komabe, mikangano yovuta ingaphatikizepo mafunso a ulamuliro wololerana kapena kutsutsana kwa malamulo, makamaka pamene chuma chikufalikira m’maiko ambiri.

Ntchito ya Kusintha Zinthu pa Malonda

Dziko lonse lakhala njira yovomerezeka yovomerezeka ndi malamulo a boma pa mikangano yambiri ya zamalonda. Potumiza anthu, mabungwe agwirizana kuvomereza kukangana kwawo ndi munthu mmodzi kapena oimira anthu ambiri amene asankhidwa kuti adziwe ntchito yawo, mmalo mwa khoti la dziko. Njirayi imalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma monga ngati a International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), Lourt of International Arbitration (LCIA), kapena Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIC) Centre .

Kuzenga mlandu kumapereka mapindu angapo kuposa kutsutsidwa m’makhoti a dziko:

  • Uchete: [ Palibe chipani chimene chimakakamizidwa kuvomereza m'khoti lapanyumba la munthu wina, chimene chingawonedwe kukhala chokondera.
  • Kudziwiratu: kumvetsera ndi mphotho za kugawa ndizo zachinsinsi, kutetezera chidziŵitso cha malonda.
  • Kupokerezeka: Chifukwa cha Msonkhano wa New York, mphotho za arbitral nzosavuta kusungitsa m'mitundu yonse kuposa ziweruzo za khoti.
  • Exploct : Madansi angasankhe opanga maindasitale apadera kapena chidziŵitso cha lamulo chokhudzana ndi mkanganowo.
  • Kukhoza: Procedture zingagwirizane ndi zosoŵa za nkhaniyo, kuphatikizapo chinenero, malo, ndi nthaŵi.

Mosasamala kanthu za mapindu ameneŵa, kutumiza kumaiko ena sikupanda zopinga. Kungakhale kokwera mtengo, makamaka m’zochitika zovuta ndi opangitsa ambiri ndi kutulukira kwakukulu. Palinso malo ochepa ofunsira, amene amatanthauza kulephera kumaliza. Komabe, pa mikangano yapamwamba ya zamalonda, kuloŵerera kumakhala chosankha chachikulu. [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzira za mautumiki a Arbitration .

Kutsutsa m’Makhoti a Dziko: Njira Yogwirizana

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuvomerezana kuli kotchuka, m'makhoti adziko kumachitabe mbali yaikulu, makamaka m'mikangano imene malamulo oletsa kulowa m'dziko kulibe kapena kulibe, kapena kumene chipani chimodzi chimafuna njira zofanana ndi za magetsi. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi makhoti apadera a zamalonda . Mofanana ndi Khoti la Zamalonda ku England ndi Wales, kapena Singapore International Cummercial Court . Imene imachita mikangano yokhudzana ndi malire ndi luso. Mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo United Arabia ndi Saudi Arabia, akhazikitsanso makhoti amalonda odzipereka kuti akope malonda a mayiko.

Chitokoso chachikulu cha kuweruza ndicho kusungitsa. Chiweruzo cha khoti kuchokera ku dziko lina sichiyenera kuchitidwa mwachibadwa m'dziko lina; chiyenera kuvomerezedwa kupyolera mwa njira za kumaloko. Msonkhano wa Hague Judge (209) ukufuna kuwongolera kufalitsidwa kwa ziweruzo za khoti, koma kulandiridwa kwakeko kuli kochepetsedwabe poyerekezera ndi Msonkhano wa New York wa kupereka mphotho. Monga chotulukapo, magulu kaŵirikaŵiri amalingalira kusungidwa kwa chiweruzo posankha kumene kungachitike.

Kuwononga Malonda a Padziko Lonse Kunachititsa

Kupezeka kwa mgwirizano wothandiza wa anthu kumakhudza kwambiri khalidwe la mabizinesi a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

  • Kutsimikizirika: Malamulo omveka bwino, otsimikizirika amachepetsa kusatsimikizirika kumene kungachepetse mapangano a m'mphepete mwa malire. Makampani akadziŵa kuti pangano lidzakakamiza ndi kuti pamakhala kusatenga mbali m’mikangano, amakhala ofunitsitsa kuloŵa m'mapangano ndi kuyendetsa ndalama.
  • Risk minigition: Kukhalapo kwa dongosolo la kuimitsa kulola mamembala kukhazikitsa maupandu mowonjezereka bwino kwambiri / mwachitsanzo, mwa kugwirizana pa ziganizo za kutumiza kapena zivulazo zowonongedwa zimene zikuyembekezera zimene bwalo kapena bwalo lamilandu likagamula.
  • Khulupirirani m'dongosolo: Chinsinsi chodalirana chimayambitsa chidaliro pakati pa ogulitsana. Mbiri ya kuvomerezana kwabwino ndi kwa panthaŵi yake kumalimbikitsa malonda ndi mayiko ena amene angaonedwe kukhala oopsa.
  • Cost : Kukhoza kupezanso ndalama zalamulo ndi chiwongola dzanja kupyolera m'chilolezo kumachititsanso khalidwe la malonda. Mabizinesi amathandiza kubwezeretsa ndalama posankha ngati afuna kapena atetezera.

Kupyola pa ziyambukiro za munthu payekha, kugwirizana kwa boma kumathandizira kukhazikika kwa dongosolo lamalonda lapadziko lonse. Pamene mikangano ithetsedwa kupyolera m'njira zolinganizidwa zalamulo, ngozi ya kubwezera kapena kachitidwe kamodzi kokha imachepetsedwa. Izi nzofunika kwambiri m'maunansi a malonda pamene oseŵera a boma akuphatikizidwa, popeza kuti mikangano yosathetsedwa ikhoza kukula kukhala mikangano ya malonda.

Mavuto a Kuletsa Chiŵeniŵeni

Ngakhale kuti anthu amapindula kwambiri, mayiko amene amagwirizana pa zamalonda a padziko lonse amakumana ndi mavuto amene angafooketse ntchito yake.

Kuvuta Kumvetsa

Pamene mkangano uphatikiza zipani, chuma, ndi zochitika m'maiko ambiri, kugamula kuti ndi bwalo liti limene liri ndi ulamuliro lovuta kwambiri. Zochitika zofanana m'maulamuliro osiyanasiyana zimatsogolera ku zigamulo zosasintha ndi chuma chowononga. Lamulo la losakhala logwirizana ndi makhoti oletsa zinthu ndi malamulo oletsa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira nkhani zimenezi, koma limawonjezera mizere ya nkhondo za m'matumbo asanafike pa kuyenerera kwa mlanduwo.

Kusiyana kwa Miyambo ya Malamulo ndi Miyezo

Maiko amatsatira lamulo wamba, lamulo, kapena miyambo ina yalamulo imene imasiyana m'njira imene imamasulira mapangano, kupenda umboni, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zowawa. Zimene zimapanga pangano lovomerezeka kapena kuswa malamulo zingasiyane kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo wamba amakakamiza anthu kuyembekezera zinthu zambiri zimene ziwononga, pamene malamulo ena a boma amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zosayembekezereka. Kusiyana kumeneku kungapangitse kusaweruzidwa, makamaka ngati magulu sanasankhe lamulo lolamulira.

Mtengo ndi Kuchedwa

Kuletsa anthu padziko lonse n’kokwera mtengo. Malipiro alamulo, mboni zaluso, ndalama zomasulira, ndi nthaŵi ya akuluakulu a zamalonda angapeze madola mamiliyoni ambiri pa milandu yovuta. Ngakhale kutumiza boma, kumene kumaonedwa kukhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa kutchula, kungatenge zaka zambiri kuchokera ku ku kukonza mpaka kumaliza. Kukwera mtengo kochepaku kungalepheretse makampani aang'ono ndi otchuka kuti asatsatire mfundo zomveka, ndipo kumawalepheretsa kuweruza mwachilungamo.

Zovuta

Ngakhale atalandira chiweruzo chabwino kapena mphoto, chipani chiyenerabe kuchisungitsa kutsutsana ndi chuma cha wokongolayo, chimene chingakhale m'dziko lina. Pamene kuli kwakuti Msonkhano wa New York umatheketsa kusungidwa kwa mphotho za arbitral, maziko akukana . Monga lamulo la anthu kuwonjezera pa kumasulira kosiyana. Kwa khoti, kusungitsa lamulo kuli kovuta kwambiri, ndi mapangano ambiri a mapangano a mapangano kapena kusagwirizana kulikonse.

Zopinga za Chinenero ndi Chikhalidwe

Kuchedwa kwa ntchito yomasulira ndi kusagwirizana kungakhudzenso kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe m’njira zolankhulirana ndi zamalonda.

Mikhalidwe Yomaloŵana m’Kuthetsa Maupandu kwa Malonda

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mayiko amene ayamba kupikisana pankhani zamalonda, anthu ayamba kusintha chifukwa cha luso la zopangapanga ndiponso kusintha kwa zinthu zamalonda.

Kulimbana pa Intaneti (ODR)

Pa mikangano yamtengo wotsika, makamaka imene imayambika ndi malonda a asomkhare, kuimirana kwamwambo kaŵirikaŵiri kumachedwa kwambiri ndi kokwera mtengo. ODR imalola mapulatifomu kuthetseratu mikangano pa Intaneti, pogwiritsa ntchito kukambirana kwa auto, kutumiza, ndi kugwirizanitsa. Mabungwe onga International Center for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) ndi akatswiri a ODR akuwonjezera mautumiki ameneŵa. ODR imalonjeza masinthidwe, ndalama zotsika, ndi kupezeka kwambiri, ngakhale kuti mafunso okhudza njira ndi malamulo a kulembera adakalipo.

Zokopa ndi Zotsekereza Zanzeru

Mapangano ochenjera . . . Fakitale yabwino ingatulutse dala mapangano oyenera operekera chitsimikizo, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kukangana. Ngati makangano abuka, ma blockchain angapereke umboni wotetezera. Mabungwe ena a arbital akuyambitsa malamulo oletsa mikangano yochokera ku dongosolo la zachuma ndi kutumiza mabotolo a tchein.

Kugwirizana ndi Kugwirizana kwa Malamulo Padziko Lonse

Zoyesayesa za kugwirizanitsa malamulo a zaumulungu ndi apamwamba zikupitirizabe. Msonkhano wa Hague pa malamulo a pa Holy International Law umagwira ntchito pa misonkhano kuwongolera kutsata malire a malire a malire, kuphatikizapo Msonkhano wa Ziweruzo wa 2019. UNCITRAL ikupanga zipangizo zopangira malonda amagetsi ndi chigamulo cha kusagwirizana. Mapangano a malonda a m'dziko ndi a m'madera akuphatikizapo kwambiri makonzedwe a kuzindikirana za chiweruzo ndi njira zogwirizanitsa.

Kukwera kwa Ndalama za Magawo Achitatu

Makampani achitatu opereka ndalama (TPF) amalola gulu losiyana ndi mkanganowo kulipirira ndalama za chipani chalamulo posinthanitsa ndi mphotho iliyonse kapena malo ochitira zinthu. TPF ikufalikira kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kupangitsa maphwando okhala ndi mfundo zomveka koma zopereŵera kuti apeze njira zolozera kutsata. Komabe, TPF imakulitsa nkhaŵa za makhalidwe abwino pankhani ya kutsutsana ndi chikondwerero, kulamulira zosankha za kuvomereza, ndi zofunika zodziwitsa.

Kumaliza

Chipangano chachiŵeniŵeni ndicho maziko a kutsutsana pa malonda a mitundu yonse. Mwa kukhazikitsa njira yogwirizana yothetsera mikangano, imakhazikitsa kudalirana ndi kuneneratu kumene kumapangitsa malonda apadziko lonse kukhala otheka. Kuyambira pa Convention ya New York kufikira pakukula kwa mayiko ndi ODR, maziko a zamalonda ogwirizana ndi malonda akupitirizabe kusanduka. Komabe mavuto amene amapitirizabe. Kulimbana ndi kukwera kwa chuma, mtengo wapamwamba, kusungitsa malonda, ndi kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe kumafunikira chisamaliro chanthaŵi zonse kwa opanga malamulo, oyendetsa ntchito zalamulo, ndi amalonda omwe. Pamene malonda apadziko lonse akukula m'maunyinjika ndi kucholoŵa m'zopanga, makampani ndi njira za malamulo adziko adzakhalabebe ziŵiya zofunika kuti asungebe kukhazikika kwa chuma ndi ku malire. Kudziŵa kwawo sikuli koyenera kwa lamulo koma kuyang'anirana kwa aliyense woloŵa ntchito ya zamalonda.