Ma bajeti a m'derali si mapulogalamu okha komanso zinthu zina za m'mizere. Malo alionse amathandiza kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri.

Kupenda Ndalama za M’deralo

Boma lililonse lakumaloko, kaya ndi mzinda, chigawo, kapena chigawo cha sukulu, limagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi bajeti imene imapanga chaka chimodzi chandalama. Ndalama zimenezi ndi chikalata chalamulo chimene chimalola anthu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndiponso kukhazikitsa zinthu zimene akufuna. Kumvetsa mfundo zake kumathandiza anthu kudziwa zimene amaika patsogolo.

Kuchokera Ndalama

Maboma akupanga ndalama mwa kuphatikiza misonkho, malipiro, kutumiza anthu ku boma, ndipo nthaŵi zina kukongola.

  • Msonkho wonena za ndalama [1]: Ovomerezeka pa chuma ndi malo malinga ndi mtengo wake. Imeneyi ndiyo njira imodzi yaikulu yoperekera ndalama za masukulu ndi mautumiki a boma.
  • Ikhoma msonkho [1]: Kusungidwa pa kugula malonda. Mayeso amasiyana ku mzinda ndi m'chigawo, ndipo ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri zimaikidwiratu kaamba ka ziŵiya zapamwamba kapena chisungiko cha anthu.
  • Ndalama kapena kulipira misonkho ya pa pepala [1]: Magawo ena amakhazikitsa msonkho wachiphamaso pa malipiro opezedwa malinga ndi ulamuliro wake, kuwonjezera pa ndalama zina.
  • Ndalama za kampani ndi ndalama zolipirira : Malolezo, maprogramu a zosangulutsa, ndi mautumiki ena amagwirizanitsa ndalama za kugwiritsira ntchito.
  • State ndi boma zopereka : Kutumiza kwa zikalata kumene kumasungitsa maprogramu apadera onga ngati zoyendera, nyumba, kapena maphunziro.
  • Kudziwitsa ndi kumanga : pa ntchito zazikulu monga kumanga sukulu yatsopano kapena kukonza mlatho, maboma amatulutsa maunyolo obwezeredwa kwa zaka zambiri kudzera m’mitsinje ya msonkho yopatulidwa.

Magwero alionse a ndalama ali ndi zitsenderezo zake za ndale zadziko ndi zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, misonkho ya katundu, njosakhazikika koma njosatchuka kwa eninyumba. Misonkho ya msonkho njofulumira ndipo ingakhale yobwezera, imawononga mabanja olandira zocheperapo. Ndalama yandalama yolinganizika bwino imachepetsa mifuleni yambiri kuti ichepetse upandu ndi kutsimikizira kupereka utumiki kosasintha.

Mbali Zopanda Mapeto

Kumbali ya zowonongedwa, bajeti za kumaloko zimagawidwa kukhala zowonongedwa zogwirira ntchito (mautumiki a tsiku ndi tsiku) ndi zowonongedwa zamalikulu (chuma chanthaŵi yaitali). Zitsanzo zapadera zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuphunzitsa [1]: Chinthu chimodzi chachikulu koposa m'ma bajeti ambiri a kumaloko, malipiro, zipangizo zophunzitsira, zipangizo zokonzera, ndi mautumiki ochirikiza.
  • Ubwino wa ku Thupi [[FL:1]: Apolisi, madipatimenti a moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi kukonzekera tsoka.
  • Malamulo [1]: Misewu, milatho, madzi ndi zinyalala, kunyamulira misewu, ndi njira zapansi.
  • Mapaketi ndi zosangulutsa [1]: kukonza mapaki, malo a anthu, mabwalo a maseŵera, njira, ndi maprogramu a chikhalidwe.
  • [[NT.0] Mautumiki a anthu ndi a anthu : zipatala zaumoyo, mautumiki a zamaganizo, kuchirikiza okalamba ndi mabanja opeza bwino.
  • Boma la General: Uyang’aniro, osankhidwa a maofesi a akuluakulu, mautumiki a zamalamulo, ndalama, ndi chuma cha anthu.

Mwachitsanzo, malo atsopano a m’derali angapezeke m’mapaki ndi m’malo ochitirako zosangalatsa komanso angagwiritsidwe ntchito monga malo ovotera ndiponso malo obisalako anthu pangozi.

Kusintha kwa Ndalama

Kupanga bajeti ya malowo kumatsatira kalendala yodziwika bwino.

  1. Kukonzekera [1]: Madipatimenti a boma amatumiza zopempha zawo zozikidwa pa mapulani a ntchito ndi ndalama zoyembekezeredwa. Dipatimenti ya zachuma imasonkhanitsa zimenezi kukhala ndandanda ya zolembalemba.
  2. Kumvetsera kwa madzulo kuti kukhale malo a anthu oyenera kulembedwa. Okhala m'dziko amapemphedwa kupendanso mapulaniwo, kufunsa mafunso, ndi kupereka chivomerezo. Misonkhano imeneyi imachitidwa madzulo kuti apeze malo ogona a mabanja ogwira ntchito.
  3. Kusintha ndi chivomerezo [1]: Bungwe losankhidwa kapena makambitsirano a bungwe ndi mavoti pa bajeti yomaliza. Maboma ambiri amafuna bajeti yolinganizika . "Kusunga ndalama kuyenera kukhala ndi ndalama zofanana.
  4. Kupereka : M'chaka chonse cha madesiki, madipatimenti amapanga bajeti monga momwe yavomerezeka. Zochitika zosayembekezereka zingayambitse kusintha kwa pakati pa chaka.
  5. ndi kupereka lipoti : Chaka chandalama , kupenda kwaumwini kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mololedwa ndi molondola. Malipoti ameneŵa ndi zikalata za anthu onse.

Kudziwa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuti zizigwira ntchito pa nthawi yoyenera.

Mmene Ndalama Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito M’dera Limeneli Zimathandizira Kuti Anthu Aphunzire

Maphunziro ndi mbali yooneka kwambiri ndiponso yokhudza ndalama zimene anthu akugwiritsa ntchito. Ku United States, pafupifupi theka la ndalama zonse zimene boma limawononga zimapita ku sukulu za K-12, zomwe zimalipiriridwa kwambiri ndi misonkho ya katundu.

Kupereka Ndalama za Sukulu: Kuchepetsa Manambala

Ndalama zowonongedwa ndi ndalama zimasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku chigawo ndi chigawo, kaŵirikaŵiri zimaonetsa chuma. Malo achuma angawonjezere ndalama mwa kuchepetsa msonkho chifukwa chakuti chuma chawo nchapamwamba. Maboma osauka ayenera kupereka msonkho wapamwamba kapena kudalira pa chithandizo cha boma kuti atseke mpata. Kusiyana kumeneku kumachititsa kuti pakhale maphunziro osalingana.

Mbali zikuluzikulu zimene zimakhudzidwa ndi ndalama zoyendetsera sukulu ndi izi:

  • Mapilo a Phunzi ndi mapindu [1]: Kubwezera kogwirizana kumakopa ndi kusunga aphunzitsi aluso. Magawo okhala ndi ndalama zothirira angataye aphunzitsi ku zigawo zapafupi kapena ntchito zina.
  • Kachipangizo ka [1]: Mabukhu, tekinoloji, zipangizo za opaleshoni, ndi zojambula zonse zimadalira pa ndalama. Makalasi otsegulidwa pansi angasoŵe zinthu zofunikira.
  • Kusintha ndi kukonza zinthu : Nyumba zasukulu zaukalamba zimafuna kuikizira nthaŵi zonse. Kuwonongeka kwa nyumba kumayambitsa mavuto monga madenga othira, kuchepa kwa HVAC, ndi kusoŵa chitetezo.
  • Ophunzira amathandiza mautumiki a ntchito : Aphungu, manesi, akatswiri a zamaganizo, ndi maprogramu apadera a maphunziro kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo oyamba kuyang'anizana ndi kudula pamene bajeti iikidwa zolimba.
  • Zochita zapasukulu [[FL:1]: Maseŵero, gulu, mabwalo a maseŵero, ndi makalabu amapindulitsa moyo wa ophunzira koma kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikizidwa ndi ndalama kapena makolo kulipira ndalama m'zigawo zobisidwa.

Kupenda mozama mmene njira zandalama zimagwirira ntchito, Conferenceal of State Legislatures [1] imapereka kusweka kwa boma ndi dziko. Kuwonjezerapo, Suctivity Research Center imapatsa mapu ofotokozerana oyerekezera papepala lililonse lowonongedwa m’madera onse.

Mabajeti a Sukulu ndi Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri M’deralo

Anthu amene amapita kumisonkhano ya bungwe losankha mapulogalamu a sukulu ndi mavoti a mavoti a sukulu angalimbikitse kuti pakhale mapulogalamu enaake.

Kuthandiza Anthu Kupanga Mabuku a Bajeti

Ma bajeti a m’derali si mapepala a technocrates okha ayi, ndi zosankha za ndale zimene zimatsutsana.

Njira Zoloŵetsedwamo

Mwamwayi, pali njira zambiri zoperekera mawu anu:

  • Ndalama zoikizidwa zomvetsera ndi misonkhano yapoyera : msonkhano wa mzinda ndi misonkhano ya bungwe la sukulu imaphatikizapo nyengo ya ndemanga yapoyera. Pendani kalenda ya boma lanu ndipo mufike wokonzekera kulankhula kapena kutumiza umboni wolembedwa.
  • nzika ya Sex iknate komiti yauphunzitsi [1]: Maboma ambiri amaika mabungwe a antchito odzifunira kupenda bajeti yolingaliridwa ndi kupanga zivomerezo. Makomiti ameneŵa amapereka njira yolinganizidwira ku freeti yatsatanetsatane.
  • Paricipate mu bajeti yogaŵanitsa [1]: Mizinda ina yasankha bajeti yolinganiza ndalama, kumene nzikazo zimasankha mwachindunji mmene zingaperekere mbali ya ndalama za boma. Chitsanzo chimenechi chagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachipambano m'malo onga Chicago, New York, ndi Vallejo California.
  • Kugwirizana ndi wailesi ndi manyuzi akwanuko [1]: Tsatirani manyuzipepala a kwanuko ndi maakaunti a makampani a zandalama a boma kaamba ka zilengezo za bajeti. Matauni ambiri tsopano amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mapepala a Intaneti.
  • Kambitsirano kwa akuluakulu anu osankhidwa : Imelo yachidule kapena foni kwa chiŵalo cha bungwe kapena bungwe la sukulu lokhulupirira angayambukire kaimidwe kawo pa zinthu zina.

Kaamba ka chotsogolera chatsatanetsatane pa kuulutsa kogwira mtima, International City/Colideray Management Association (ICMA) [1] Amapereka njira khumi zothandiza kaamba ka pangano la chipangano.

Kuzindikira Msonkho: Kumene Ndalama Zanu Zimapita

Kumvetsa mmene anthu amagwirira ntchito kumathandiza kuti akuluakulu a boma aone ngati akuyenera kulipira ndalama za msonkho.

Misonkho ya Panyumba

Misonkho ya katundu imaperekedwa malinga ndi mtengo wa malo ndi malo. Mtengo (kaŵirikaŵiri umasonyezedwa monga liwero la kampani [1] Ndalama zokwana $1,000 pa mtengo wa mtengo wa kuŵerengera) ndi woperekedwa ndi boma lakwawo. Ambuye a nyumba, eni nyumba, ndi mabizinesi onse. Chifukwa chakuti chuma chimakwera pa nthaŵi, nyumba ya msonkho imeneyi imakula mwachisawawa, komanso ikhozanso kuchititsa katundu kwa anthu okhala pa ndalama zoikika. Maboma ambiri amapereka kuchotsako kwa okalamba, anthaŵi yaitali, ndi olandira nyumba zapamwamba.

Kugulitsa Misonkho

Makampani amalonda amagula misonkho pa malonda a katundu ndi mautumiki ena. Masikisi amasiyanasiyana kwambiri; mizinda ina imawonjezera msonkho wawo wogulitsa pa mlingo wa boma. Misonkho ya msonkho imabwezedwanso. Mabanja olandira ndalama zochepa amawononga ndalama zambiri pa zinthu zokhometsa msonkho. Komabe, amatchuka chifukwa chakuti amalipira pa ndalama zochepa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa pa zolinga zapadera monga za kayendedwe kapena chitetezo cha anthu.

Ndalama Zopezedwa ndi Kulipira Misonkho

Mosiyana ndi misonkho ya katundu, ndalama zimenezi zingatenge ndalama kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m’mizinda koma amene amakhala kwina.

Kuti mumvetse bwino nyumba za msonkho zakumaloko, Trax Foundation imafalitsa malipoti a chaka ndi chaka a misonkho yakumaloko m’mizinda yonse ya U.S.

Kuwononga Ndalama Zomanga Nyumba ndi Malikulu: Kumanga kaamba ka Mtsogolo

Kuwononga ndalama zambiri ndi mbali ya bajeti imene imapanga ndi kusunga mafupa a anthu. Zimenezi ndi ndalama zimene anthu amaika zaka zambiri m’makampani. Ngati ndalama za boma zawonongeka, nthawi zambiri ndalama zimene amapanga zimachepetsedwa.

Malo Opangira Zinthu Aakulu

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa magetsi [1]: msewu umakhalakonso, kukonza mlatho, zizindikiro za pamsewu, madongosolo a zaulendo, mabasi a njinga, ndi njira zapamtunda. Makampani a zoyendera otetezedwa bwino amathandiza ntchito zachuma ndi kuchepetsa nthaŵi za kukwera.
  • . . . . . . . . mafakitale, madamu, mapaipi, ndi kuyendetsa madzi a mkuntho. Madzi aukalamba ali nkhaŵa yomakula m'dziko lonselo, ndi mapaipi amtovu ndi zimbudzi zophatikizana zotayitsa madzi amaika pangozi thanzi la anthu.
  • Maseŵera ndi zosangulutsa [1]: Malo oseŵera, mabwalo a maseŵera, minda ya mudzi, njira, ndi malo otseguka. Zimenezi zimawongolera thanzi la maganizo ndi lakuthupi ndi kukopa mabanja ndi mabizinesi.
  • Nyumba zapansipansi [1]: Nyumba za mzinda, malaibulale, malo ozimira moto, malo a apolisi, ndi malo a anthu. Nyumba zimenezi ziyenera kukhala zofikirika, zosathandiza mphamvu, ndi zotetezeka.
  • [[FLT: 0] maziko a zasayansi [1]: Mabungwe a zakuba, malo odziŵiramo zinthu, ndi Wi-Fi akuonedwa mowonjezereka kukhala zinthu zofunika. Matauni ena akuika ndalama m'makampani a m'makampani kuti atsekereze makompyuta.

Lipoti lochokera ku American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) [1] Magiredi a dziko a maziko ndi kugogomezera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoikidwiratu zofunikira. Ma bajeti a malowo ayenera kuika patsogolo ntchito zimene zimapereka kubwezeredwa kwapamwamba koposa m'chisungiko, kukula kwa chuma, ndi ubwino wa moyo.

Zotsatira Zakale za Kuwononga Ndalama kwa M’deralo

Kusankha bajeti iliyonse kumakhudza zinthu zambiri kuposa chaka chimodzi chokha.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zachuma ndi Ntchito

Kupanga ndalama zamaphunziro, za mafakitale, ndi zachitetezo za anthu kumapangitsa malo amene amakopa mabizinesi ndi antchito aluso. Makampani afunafuna anthu okhala ndi sukulu zabwino, zoyendera zodalirika, ndi moyo wabwino. Boma lotchuka kwambiri m'dzikolo lingapereke zisonkhezero monga kulipira msonkho kapena kuwongolera njira yolola kupita patsogolo. Koma, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ndi masukulu otchuka kumakulitsa kuvuta kukopa malonda.

Kufika Paukapolo ndi Kubwereka Ndalama

Maboma akhazikitsa maukwati . Kuŵerengera kwa makampani onga Moody’s and S&P . Kutchuka kumatheketsa anthu kubwereka ndalama pa chiwongola dzanja chotsika, kusungitsa madola mamiliyoni ambiri pa ntchito zamalikulu. Kuyendetsa bwino ndalama za bajeti, kukwera ngongole, kapena ndalama za penshoni zocheperapo, kuchepetsa kukwera mtengo kwa okhoma misonkho.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu

Zigamulo za bajeti zimadzutsanso mafunso a makhalidwe abwino a tsogolo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene zaperekedwa pobwereka ndalama kumasintha mtengo wa anthu a m’tsogolo. Komanso, kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za masiku onse monga sukulu ndi zinthu zina zosinthasintha zinthu zamakono. Ndalama zamakono zimayendera limodzi ndi zimene maŵa akufunika.

Kumaliza: Mbali Yanu m’Kugwiritsira Ntchito Moyenera Ndalama za M’malowo

Malamulo a zaumisiri a m'deralo si mapepala ongoyerekezera ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Munthu aliyense amakhala ndi vuto lokhudza mmene ndalama zimayendetsera ndi mmene zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mwa kuphunzira zinthu zofunika za ndalama, ndalama zowonongedwa, ndi kayendedwe ka bajeti, mungathe kuchita bwino ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi kuchirikiza ntchito zimene anthu amafunikira. Ngati ndinu mphunzitsi pogwiritsa ntchito maphunzirowa m’kalasi, wophunzira kulemba pepala lofufuzira, kapena kholo lokhudza ndalama zoyendetsera sukulu, zida zothandizira kusintha zinthu. Pitani msonkhano, werengani mayeso a ndalama, funsani mafunso, ndi voti m'masankhoti. Kugawa ndi kumene kuli maziko a demokrase ya demokrase ndi chitaganya choyenda bwino.