Kodi Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pawokha Nchiyani?

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha ndi chikalata chimene chinadula mwalamulo maunansi andale pakati pa maiko khumi ndi atatu a America ndi Great Britain. Chilolezo chovomerezedwa ndi Second Continental Congress pa July 4, 1776, chinalengeza kubadwa kwa mtundu watsopano wozikidwa pa malamulo a ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa munthu mwini. Ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri chiyambo chotchuka cha mfundo za ku America, Chikalatacho chinatumikiranso chifuno chothandiza: Kufotokozera dziko lapansi / ndi kwa anthu amene angagwirizane monga Falansa .

Chotengedwa makamaka ndi Thomas Jefferson, ndi mfundo za komiti yomwe inaphatikizapo John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, ndi Robert Livingston, chikalatacho chinali chochititsa mkangano waukulu. Jefferson adalemba kwa anzeru ounikiridwa monga John Locke, amene ziphunzitso zake pa zoyenera zachibadwa ndi pangano la kakhalidwe zinapereka maziko a nzeru za anthu. Mphamvu ya Chilengezo siikhala m'mizere yake yotsegulira yotchuka yokha komanso m’ndandanda wake watsatanetsatane wa milandu yotsutsana ndi Mfumu George III, imene inayambitsa nkhani yosintha zinthu yomwe inasintha zinthu kwambiri kuposa maufumuwo.

Masiku ano, mpukutu woyambirira wa zikopawu umapezeka m’nyumba ya National Archives ku Washington, D.C., ndipo umatetezedwa ndi magalasi osatha kuwomberana ndi zipolopolo ndiponso umayang’aniridwa kuti usamawononge chilengedwe.

Mbiri Yakale: N’chifukwa Chiyani Anadziimira paokha?

Kuti munthu amvetse Chikalatacho, choyamba ayenera kumvetsetsa kusagwirizana kumene kunakhalapo pa zaka zoposa khumi. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya France ndi India (1754-1763), Briteni anali ndi ngongole yaikulu ndipo anayamba kutumiza msonkho watsopano pa maiko a m’dzikolo popanda kuwapereka ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mayeso onga Stamp Act (1765), Townshend Acts (1767), ndi Tea Act (1773) anatsutsa kwambiri. Ofufuzawo anagwirizana kumbuyo kwa mawu akuti “Palibe msonkho popanda kuimira.

Zochitika zazikulu zinakulitsa mkanganowo:

  • Boston Massacre (1770): Asilikali a Britain anaombera m'gulu la anthu, kupha anthu asanu oukira atsamunda, amene anagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi anthu otchuka monga chipangizo champhamvu choulutsira nkhani.
  • Boston Tea Party (1773): Potsutsa lamulo la Tea, otsatsa madolopo anataya zomakhoma 342 za tii ku Boston Harbor. Briteni anayankha ndi Coercive Acts (Machitidwe Ololera ku America), amene anatseka doko, kuchotsa Massachusetts a boma lokha, ndi magulu ankhondo okhala m’nyumba za anthu.
  • Nkhondo za Lexington ndi Concorda (April 1775): Nkhondo ya zida inayamba pamene magulu ankhondo a Briteni anayesa kulanda zida zankhondo za atsamunda. “nkhondoyo inamva dziko lonse” inali chiyambi cha Nkhondo ya Chisinthiko.
  • Common Senso (ya jan. 1776): [[FLT ] Thomas Paine] Tche adatsutsa monyengerera kaamba ka kudziimira kotheratu, kuchotsa malingaliro a anthu ku kuyanjananso ndi kupatukana.

Pofika m’ngululu ya 1776, malingaliro a m'Continental Congress anali atasintha kwambiri. Pa June 7, Richard Henry Lee wa ku Virginia anayambitsa chigamulo chopempha ufulu. Komiti inaikidwa kulemba chikalata, ndipo Jefferson anaikidwa pa June 28. Pambuyo pa masiku okambirana ndi kukonzanso chigawo chimodzi mwa zinayi cha malemba oyambirira, kuphatikizapo chigawo chotsutsa malonda a akapolo.

Malingaliro Aakulu a Chilengezocho

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha chazikidwa pa mfundo za filosofi zimene zasonkhezera maganizo a ndale zadziko a ku America kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri.

Ufulu Wachibadwa ndi Kulingana

Mawu otchuka kwambiri akuti: “Timawona kuti choonadi chimenechi nchowonekera, kuti anthu onse analengedwa olingana, kuti Mlengi wawo wawapatsa Ufulu wakutiwakuti wosasinthika, kuti pakati pa izi pali Moyo, Ufulu ndi kulondola Chimwemwe.” Mawu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti ufulu sumachokera ku boma kapena lamulo la anthu, koma ku chilengedwe kapena Mulungu.

Cholinga cha Boma

Chikalatacho chimanena kuti boma lilipo kokha kuti litetezere ufulu umenewu. Ufulu wake umachokera ku “kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa". . Ndi lingaliro loopsa m'nyengo ya ufumu wa monarchy. Pamene boma liwononga cholinga chimenecho, anthu ali ndi ufulu , ntchito . "Kusintha kapena kuchotsa ndi kukhazikitsa latsopano.

Ufulu wa Kusintha Zinthu

Ngakhale kuti Chikalatacho sichilimbikitsa kupanduka mopanda nzeru, chimakhazikitsa njira ya makhalidwe yosinthira zinthu: kokha pamene kuloŵerera kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa nkhanza ndi kulanda zinthu kupangitsa kuti kuponderezana kusakhale kopeŵeka.

Kudzilamulira ndi Ulamuliro Wotchuka

Chikalatacho chimachirikizanso lingaliro lakuti ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko umachokera kwa anthu, osati kuchokera kwa mfumu. Ichi chinali chitokoso chachindunji ku kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu. Osainawo anali kuika pangozi miyoyo yawo yonse, chuma chawo, ndi ulemu wopatulika pogwiritsira ntchito lamulo limeneli.

Zigawo Zazikulu za Chikalatacho

Chikalatacho chili ndi mbali zisanu zosiyanasiyana, chilichonse chimagwira ntchito yofuna yankho lachindunji kapena yalamulo.

Chiyambi

Chiyambi chayambiriro chikhazikitsa malo, kulongosola kufunika kwa maiko andale zadzikowo “kuthetsa magulu andale omwe anawagwirizanitsa iwo ku Briteni. Ilo limatsimikizira“ ulemu wokulira ku malingaliro a mtundu wa anthu” kumafuna iwo kulongosola zochititsa za kupatukana. Izi ndizo njira ya ku kuvomerezedwa kwa mitundu yonse . Maufumuwo anafuna kuwonedwa monga oseŵera oyenera, osati opanduka mopambanitsa.

2. Chilengezo cha Ufulu Woyenera

Chigawo chimenechi chili ndi maziko a nzeru za anthu: choonadi chodziwikiratu, ufulu wosalandirika, ndi chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa anthu. Chimatsimikizira kuti anthu onse ali ofanana m’lingaliro lakuti palibe munthu amene amabadwa ndi ufulu wachibadwa wolamulira ena. Boma ndi lopangidwa ndi anthu, osati Mulungu.

3. Ndandanda ya Malamulo

Chigawo chachitali kwambiri (chokhala ndi madandaulo 27) chimandandalitsa “kuvulala kobwerezabwereza ndi kulanda anthu zinthu” kochitidwa ndi Mfumu George III. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

  • Kupereka misonkho popanda chilolezo
  • Okana mlandu wa ajuli
  • Kusonkhanitsa asilikali okhala ndi zida pakati pawo panthaŵi yamtendere
  • Kuimitsa nyumba za malamulo a atsamunda
  • Potchula “Uchinyama Wachimwenye Wopanda Chisoni”
  • Ankamenyana nawo ndipo ankalemba ntchito m’mayiko ena

Zidandaulozozo zinalinganizidwa kusonyeza kuti mfumuyo inaswa pangano la kakhalidwe, mwakutero kumasula atsamunda ku mathayo awo a kukhulupirika.

4. Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pa Wokha

Umboniwo utaperekedwa, chikalatacho chimalengeza mwalamulo kuti “Maudindo a United Colonies ameneŵa ndi, ndipo a Kuyenera ayenera kukhala a Free ndi Independent States . Chilengezocho chimanena kuti kugwirizana konse kwa ndale zadziko ndi Britain kwathetsedwa ndi kuti maboma atsopano ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira ya kuyambitsa nkhondo, kupanga mtendere, kupanga mapangano, ndi kuchita zinthu zina zonse zimene maboma odziimira okha angachite.

5. Zimene Analemba

Chikalatacho chimatha ndi kusaina kwa nthumwi 56. Chikalata cha John Hancock nchotchuka kwambiri. Mwa kusaina, amunawo anaukira Mfumu, chilango cha imfa. Ambiri anavutika: ena anataikiridwa katundu wawo, angapo anagwidwa, ndipo ena oŵerengeka anafa m’kusungidwa kwa Briteni.

Chiyambukiro Chamwamsanga cha Chikalatacho

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha sichinapambane nkhondoyo, koma chinapangitsa nkhondoyo kukhala ndi cholinga chabwino cha makhalidwe ndi ndale. Chinasintha chipanduko cha atsamunda kukhala nkhondo ya malamulo achilengedwe chonse. Chikalatacho chinaŵerengedwa mokweza m'mabwalo a anthu, kusindikizidwa m’manyuzipepala, ndi kutumizidwa ku Ulaya. Chinathandiza kukhutiritsa France kuloŵa nkhondo monga mtsogoleri wa Amereka .A magwero a chipambano cha ku Yorktown mu 1781.

Panyumba, Chikalatacho chinagwirizanitsa maiko onsewo ndi cholinga chimodzi. Tsopano kolamuliridwa iriyonse inayembekezeredwa kupanga malamulo akeake, ndipo maboma atsopano anayamba kuyesa malamulo a republic. Chilengezocho chinasonkhezeranso magulu ena osintha zinthu, kuyambira pa Kusintha kwa Chifrenchi (mu 17789) kufikira pa kulimbana kwa ufulu wa ku Latin America m’zaka za zana la 19.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za mmene Chikalatacho chinalandidwira kunja, onani National Archives ya tanthauzo la chikalatacho.

Lonjezo Lopanda Chilango: Kusalingana ndi Malire Ake

Chikalatachi chinkanena kuti “anthu onse analengedwa olingana. Koma olemba ake sanagwiritse ntchito mfundoyi padziko lonse. Ukapolo unali walamulo m’madera onse khumi ndi atatu, ndipo ambiri olemba zikalata . Kuphatikizapo Thomas Jefferson . Mapepala oyambirira anali ndi mawu otsutsa malonda a akapolo, koma anachotsedwa chifukwa cha kuumirira kwa nthumwi za ku South Carolina ndi Georgia. Chikalatachi chinali ndi kutsutsana kumene kukavutitsa mtunduwo kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Akazi, Eni America, ndi anthu opanda katundu anachotsedwanso pa ufulu wonse umene chikalatacho chinalengeza. Komabe chinenero cha kulingana chinakhala chosatheka kukhala nacho. Otsatira ufulu wa anthu monga Frederick Douglas anagwiritsira ntchito Chikalata cha Chikalata cha kutsutsana ndi kuphana. Makalata onga Elizabeth Cady Stanton anatsanzira chikalata cha 1848 cha Gredicts pa zolemba za Jefferson, akumati “amu ndi akazi onse anapangidwa ofanana. [1] Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha m'zaka za zana la 20 chinagwiritsanso ntchito zonena za pangano la chikalata cha chikalata cha ufulu wofuna chilungamo.

Lerolino akatswiri akupitirizabe kukangana kaya Chikalatacho chinali ndi cholinga cha ufulu wapadziko lonse kapena chifukwa chodziimira paokha. Komabe, mawu ake achititsa nkhondo zosaŵerengeka za ufulu padziko lonse. Laibulale ya Congress imapereka chithunzi chabwino kwambiri cha chisonkhezero cha dziko lonse cha Chikalatachi.

Kupirira Choloŵa m’America Wamakono

Chisonkhezero cha Malamulo ndi Zandale

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha sindicho chikalata chovomerezeka mwalamulo, ndipo malamulo ake ngogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Amereka. Lingaliro la ufulu wosalandirika pansi pa Bukhu la Ufulu Waufulu. Lingaliro la kugonjera ndilo maziko a demokrase yoimira demokrase. Oweruza Apamwamba a khoti la United States nthaŵi zina amatchula Chikalatacho m’malingaliro awo, makamaka pa mafunso a ufulu ndi kulingana.

Chizindikiro cha Chikhalidwe

Pa July Wachinayi uliwonse, anthu a ku America amakumbukira Chikalatachi ndi maflacts, masewero, ndi maŵerengedwe a malemba. Chikalatacho chimaoneka pa ndalama, m'sukulu, ndi m’nkhani za ndale zadziko. Chili ponse paŵiri chuma chopatulika cha dziko ndi malemba amoyo amene nzika zimafuna kutsutsa chisalungamo. Pamene Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. anaima pamasitepe a Chikumbutso cha Lincoln mu 1963, anagwira mawu Chikalatacho kuti: “Ndili ndi loto kuti tsiku lina dziko lino lidzauka ndi kukhala ndi kukhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lenileni la chikhulupiriro chake: ‘ Timakhulupirira kuti choonadi chimenechi chikhale chowonekera bwino, kuti anthu onse alengedwa mofanana.

Chiyambukiro cha Padziko Lonse

Chikalatacho chinasonkhezera zikalata za ufulu wa kudziimira padziko lonse, kuchokera ku Chilengezo cha French of the Rights of Man and the Cintuty (19789) mpaka ku Chilengezo cha Kudziimira (1945) ndi kupitirira. Chinakhala chikalata chothandizira mayiko ofuna kumasuka ku ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Chikalata cha United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) chimabwerezanso chinenero cha ulemu wachibadwa ndi zoyenera zofanana.

Kaamba ka kuyang’anitsitsa kwa mlingo wa maiko onse wa Chikalatacho, U.S. Department ya mbiri ya Boma [[[FLT: 1] imapereka lingaliro la mayanjano.

Malingaliro Olakwika Ofala Ponena za Chikalatacho

M’chenicheni, voti ya kudziimira paokha inachitika pa July 2 (John Adams analingalira kuti lidzakhala deti lokondwerera), ndipo kusaina kwalamulo kunayamba pa August 2. July 4 imasonyeza deti la lemba lomaliziralo limene linavomerezedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Kusamvetsetsana kwina nchakuti Chikalatacho chinakhazikitsa boma, sichinali; chinangolengeza za kupatukana. Nkhani za Confederation, malamulo a dziko loyamba, sizinavomerezedwe kufikira mu 1781. Lamulo la U.S. lamakono linayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1789.

Kutsutsana pakati pa zimene chinkanena zakuti anthu onse ali olingana ndi ukapolo sikunathe kuthe mpaka Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kusintha kwa Lamulo la 13 kutatha.

Kufufuza mbiri yakuthupi ya chikalatacho . Kuphatikizapo kulengedwa kwake, kusungidwa, ndi masinthidwe opangidwa m'makambitsirano / "Kugwirizanitsa chuma cha National Archives pa Declaration .

Mmene Mungaŵerengere Chikalatacho Lerolino

Kuŵerenga malemba oyambirira kungakhale kovuta chifukwa cha kalembedwe ka 18 ka centre ndi kalembedwe ka ziganizo. Koma uthengawo susintha. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndi kuuŵerenga wonse, kuwona malembedwe ake: poyambira a filosofi, mpambo wa zidandaulo, ndi chilengezo chovomerezeka. Samalani ndi mawu a maganizo onga “uchipani,” ndi“ apolisi ankhondo.

Kodi anthu amene anasainawo anagwirizanitsa bwanji mawu awo ndi mfundo yakuti ambiri mwa iwo anali akapolo?

Kaamba ka kuyerekezera mbali ndi mbali imodzi kwa zojambula zoyambirira za Jefferson ndi matembenuzidwe omalizira, Founders Online yosungidwa ndi National Archives iri magwero ofunika.

Kumaliza

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha si chikopa chachikale. Chikalatachi chimafotokoza mfundo zimene zikupitirizabe kuumba ufulu wa anthu a ku America ndi kulimbikitsa magulu a ufulu padziko lonse. Kumvetsa zimene zilimo, nkhani zake, ndi kutsutsana kwake kumatithandiza kuchita nawo moona mtima. Chikalatachi chimatilola kuona zinthu moona mtima povomereza kuti sichingachitike. Kaya wophunzira akuyang’anizana ndi chikalatacho kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kapena wa nzika yolingalira za tanthauzo lake m’zaka za zana la 21, chikalatacho chidakali chikalata champhamvu chochirikiza mfundo za kulingana, ufulu, ndi boma mwa chivomerezo.