Lamulo la chitetezo cholingana pansi pa lamulo ndilo kutetezera ulamuliro wa demokrase, kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu kapena gulu limene limamanidwa ufulu walamulo ndi mwaŵi wopatsidwa kwa ena. Ilo limagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira lamulo loletsa tsankho lodziimira, kufunikira kuti malamulo azigwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi kuti magawo azikhala ogwirizana ndi fuko, amuna, akhalidwe, opunduka, kapena malo ena. Kwa magulu alamulo opatuka, chitetezo chofanana sichili chabe chongoyerekezera koma chida chothandiza kutsutsa dongosolo la zinthu ndi kuthandizira kukhala ndi phande lokwanira m’chitaganya.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mmene zinthu zinayambira, mmene zinayambira, mmene zinakhalira zoteteza zofanana ndi za masiku ano, ndipo ikutsindika mmene zagwiritsidwira ntchito popititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu ovutika a m’mbiri.

Mbiri Yakale ya Chitetezo Chofanana

Kuperekedwa kwa lamulo la United States kwa chitetezo chofanana ndi cha lamulo kunadza ndi kuchotsedwa kwa Malamulo a 14th Amendment mu 1868. Chigawo 1 cha Demendment chilengeza kuti: “Palibe Boma... limene lidzakana kwa munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anali mbali ya Madekshoni, omwe cholinga chake chinali kuchotsa ukapolo, kupatsa anthu akale akapolo ufulu wa anthu, ndi kutsimikizira zoyenera zachikhalidwe pamapeto a Nkhondo ya Chibadwire.

Malembo oyambirira a lamulo [1] Makamaka Ault Procession ya Fite Amendment’s Claus [1] adatanthauza malamulo ena a kulingana, koma Demendment ya 14 adapanga chitetezero chofanana cha maboma a boma. Olemba ake anafuna kugwetsa mbiri yoipa Scott v. Sandford [1857] chigamulo, chimene chinakana kukhala nzika ya Akuda a Amereka, ndi kuthetsa Malamulo Akuda omwe analetsa ufulu wa anthu ongomasulidwa kumene.

Komabe, zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pa kukonzansonso, lonjezo la chitetezo chofanana silinakwaniritsidwe kwakukulukulu. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Pnety v. Ferguson (1996] anachirikiza tsankho la fuko pansi pa “kusiyana koma kulingana” chiphunzitso, kuchotsa chipambano cha Kutetezera Claus kwa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Khotilo linalingalira kuti kugamula kwa kulekana sikumatanthauza kutsika ngati malowo anali ofanana ndi [1] nthano yochirikiza tsankho la dongosolo la zinthu kwa zaka zoposa 50.

M’zaka zapakati pa zaka za zana la 20 pamene oweruza anayamba kukakamiza bungwe la Accounting Protection Claus ndi mphamvu yeniyeni. Kusinthako kunasonkhezeredwa ndi milandu yotsatizana yoperekedwa ndi maloya oimira ufulu wachibadwidwe amene anatsutsa kuti malamulo a tsankho ndi auponderezetsa amalonjeza a Konsichushoni kuti adzawachitira zinthu mofanana.

Kukakamiza ndi Kukula kwa Kupenda Kolimba Koyambirira

Mu United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938), Khoti Lapamwamba linapereka chizindikiro cha njira yatsopano. Mawu a m’munsi anayi a lingaliro limenelo anapereka lingaliro lakuti malamulo oponderezedwa “kutsutsa ndi kagulu kaling’ono] kapena aja amene amayesa ufulu wofunika kwambiri angapereke njira yofufuzira kwambiri yofufuzira. Lingaliro limeneli linakhala maziko a kupenda [1] Muyezo wovuta kwambiri wopendera pansi pa kupenda kolingana.

Pansi pa kusanthula kosamalitsa, lamulo limene limasankha pamaziko a kukayikira (monga ngati fuko kapena mtundu) liyenera kukhala [ mopepuka kutumikira chikondwerero cha boma [[FLT]]. Malamulo ochepa amene amapulumuka chiyeso chimenechi. Chiphunzitso chinaikidwa mu Kematsuv. United States (19444]), kumene Bwalo linachirikiza Chijapani cha ku Japan panthaŵi ya Nkhondo ya Dziko II [1] Chigamulo cha chigamuweruzo choletsedwa kwambiri lerolino. Koma chigamu cha golidi chokha chinakhala golidi woyendera m'gulu la fuko logwirizana.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Kupangidwa kwa chiphunzitso chotetezera cholingana kumamvedwa bwino koposa kupyolera m’zigamulo zapadera zimene zinafutukula kufikira kwake ku magulu osiyanasiyana ndi mawu ozungulira. m’munsimu muli nkhani zoimira zimene zikusonyeza chisinthiko cha lamulo.

  • [[FLT : 0] Brown v. Board of Education (1954)[FLT :] . Mosadukiza adalengeza kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse kunaswa Chitetezero Cholingana, kugubuduza Phonso n’kwakuti ndi “chiphunzitso chosiyana koma cholingana]. Chilungamo chachikulu Earl Warren analemba kuti, “chimapanga lingaliro la kutsika ” limene lili “konekeratu kuti lichotsedwe.
  • Lovang v. Virginia (1967) : Kupondereza malamulo a boma oletsa ukwati wa mafuko. Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kosamalitsa ndi kuvomereza kuti kusankhana mafuko ndi “mafuko a“mpikisano” cholinga . N’kupanda lamulo.
  • Exve v. Reed (1971] : Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, Khoti linapeputsa lamulo (logwirizana ndi lamulo la mwamuna ndi mkazi) pansi pa chinjirizo la Acikulire Clause. Nkhani imeneyi inayala maziko opendedwa kwambiri a malongosoledwe a kugonana.
  • Craig v. Boren (1976 [1] : Kutsimikizira kuti masankho a mwamuna ndi oyenera kupendedwa .]
  • United States v. Virginia (1996) : Kutsekereza Virginia Military Institute ya mwamuna yekha, kuvomereza kuti “kufufuza kotsimikizirika” kumagwira ntchito pa kusiyana kwa amuna ndi kuti boma liyenera kupereka“ kulungamitsa kochititsa chidwi.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) : Anazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa ukwati wa kugonana pansi pa zonse ziŵiri Claus ndi Chitetezo cha ezake. Khotilo linanena kuti kukana ukwati kwa okwatirana auchimuna ndi achikazi omwe analuluza ulemu wawo ndi kuswa lamulo lachikhalidwe la chitetezo chofanana.

Komabe, zimene zinkachitikazo zikutsutsanabe ndi mfundo za m’khotili, ndipo zimadalira kwambiri mmene khotilo limafotokozera “magulu a anthu ofufuza zinthu za m’matchalitchi a anthu ena. ”

Kuvuta kwa Magulu Osiyanasiyana

Makhoti amafufuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi katchulidwe ka zinthu, ndipo zimenezi zimasokoneza kwambiri kulephera kuphwanya malamulo.

Utundu Waung’ono

Fuko ndilo gulu lapadera [[FLT: 0], kuyambitsa kupenda kosamalitsa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti lamulo lililonse limene limajambula tsatanetsatane mizera yaufuko (kapena lili ndi cholinga cha kutembenuza ndi chiyambukiro) ndi cholinga cha kukwera kwa nkhondo. Ligiga yamakono yanena [[FLT:] kachitidwe kotsimikiza [[FLT: 3] m'maphunziro ndi ntchito, [[FLT: 4.] imateteza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kukonzanso chilungamo.

Mu Ophunzira za Fair Adgings v. Harvard (2023), Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti maprogramu a fuko losazindikira pa mayunivesite a anthu onse amatsutsa chinjirizo la Exct Claus, chipambano kutha zaka makumi ambiri za kuvomereza kachitidwe m’maphunziro apamwamba. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti kusankhana mafuko kuyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga chinthu chomalizira ndi kuikidwa “kufufuza komaliza kwachiweruzo.”

Pakali pano, zitokoso ku malamulo a ndi ndi [FLT ] ] . . . . . . imapitiriza kutchula Chitetezo Chofanana Claus. Ochirikiza amanena kuti njira zoterozo zolemetsa Black ndi Latino cotion, kuswa lamulo la munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi.

Akazi

Malo oikidwa ndi lamulo amafunika kupendedwa pang'onopang’ono. Muyezo umenewu wagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani zokhudza tsankhu la ntchito , utumiki wankhondo , ndi zoyenera zachibale . Diagnation Dict Act (1988) ndi Ditut ya Chilomo la Chilolezo cha Chikwanizo cha Chikunja chimalimbikitsa chitetezo chofanana kwa akazi, koma matanthauzo a khoti amasiyana.

Dobs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization [202], khoti linalamulira Roe v. Wade ndi [[FLT]] [Kulera] ndi. Casey , posunga kuti malamulo sapereka kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo unatembenuka pa kachitidwe kena, kutsutsa chiweruzo kunatsutsa kuti chitetezero chofanana ndi kukhoza kwa akazi kulamulira matupi awo. Nkhondo yopitirizabe yokhudza kuchotsa mimba imakhala ndi mbali zonse ziŵiri zachinsinsi ndi kufanana kwa makhalidwe abwino.

LGBTQ+ chitaganya

Kugonana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu sikunatchulidwe mwalamulo monga magulu okayikira, koma malamulo aposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti tsankho pazifukwa zimenezi lingapeze kupendedwa kowonjezereka. Mu Rompmer v. Evans [1] (1996), Bwalo lamilandu linawononga kukonza kwa Colorado koletsa kuteteza kwa athanyula, akazi okhaokha, ndi anthu a mabitmageni, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopendera maziko omveka bwino ndi “mataleti."

Zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake, [[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015) anazindikira kuyenera kwa kukwatira, ndipo Bostock v. Clayton County [20]) adakhulupirira kuti chiletso cha Dipoti ya VII chimafikira ku tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chizindikiritso cha mwamuna. Chitetezo cha Classime chikupitiriza kukhala chiŵindo chachikulu cha malamulo ovuta omwe amaletsa anthu kulowa m’chipatala, mabwalo a , masewera, ndi kugawana nawo mpikisano.

Anthu Olumala

Kutetezera Claus kofanana ndi kumbuyoku kwapereka chithandizo chochepa kwa anthu opunduka chifukwa Khoti Lapamwamba linakana kuwona kupunduka monga gulu lokayikiridwa. Mu Dorobat of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center [1] (1985), khoti linagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera openda [1] koma linaswabe lamulo loletsa limene linasankha gulu la anthu opunduka nzeru. Mlanduwu umasonyeza kuti ngakhale pansi pa muyezo wapamwamba, malamulo ozikidwa pa tsankhu lopanda pake, sungathe kuima.

Chitetezo chachikulu cha boma kwa anthu opunduka tsopano chikuchokera ku Americas ndi Chikalata cha Ulema (ADA) ndi Chikalata cha kutetezera cha 1973 [[[FLT:]]], osati chitetezero cholingana. Komabe, mfundo zotetezera zidakali zofunika pa [FLT: 4.] kugwirizanitsa [FLT:] kuchititsa kuti anthu akhale oyenera, [[FLT:]] kuvota [FLT:], osati kuvota , ndi [FLT:] malo ogona.

Anthu Ang’onoang’ono Achipembedzo ndi Osamuka

Malo achipembedzo sakundandalika mwachindunji mu Demetrimenti ya 14 koma amatetezeredwa pansi pa Free Exes Clause ndi kuwonjezera Clause [1]. Komabe, zitokoso zotetezera zofanana ndi zimene zaperekedwa pa malamulo amene amaikapo poyera zikhulupiriro za anthu ochepa mwakuting'onong'ono, zonga post-9 / 11 zokhala ndi ziletso za Asilamu kapena ziletso za m'zikulu za chipembedzo.

Osamuka ndi osakhala a m’dziko amapindulanso ndi chitetezo chofanana, ngakhale kuti Khoti lagwiritsira ntchito miyezo yosiyanasiyana kudalira pamlingo wa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma sangatsutse maphunziro a anthu kwa ana osalembedwa ( Plyler v. Doe, 1982), boma la boma limasunga mphamvu yokulirapo pa malamulo a za kusamukira m'dziko pansi pa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya dziko.

Mavuto Ofuna Kutetezedwa Mofanana ndi Anthu Ena Masiku Ano

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma akupereka zitsimikizo, kuteteza anthu mofanana kumakumana ndi mavuto osatha.

Kusintha kwa Miyezo ya Uchigamulo

Kupangidwa kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kumakhudza zotulukapo za milandu ya chitetezo yofanana. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Bwalo lamilandu latembenukira ku Masuliridwe a khungu a Malamulo, amene amanena kuti kachitidwe kalikonse ka boma kozindikira fuko, ngakhale kaamba ka zolinga zokonzanso, kayenera kupendedwa motsimikiza. Otsutsa amanena kuti kachitidwe kameneka kamanyalanyaza makhalidwe ndi kusagwirizana kopitirizabe ndi kukupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuyang'anira kusankhana kwa dongosolo la zinthu.

Kuwonjezerapo, Khoti lasonyeza kusafuna kupanga makalasi atsopano okayikira. Mwachitsanzo, mu trump v. Hawaii (208), Bwalo Lamilandu linachirikiza chiletso cha maulendo kumaiko angapo achisilamu osakhala andale, likukana mfundo yakuti lamulolo limaswa Kukhazikitsa Claus kapena chitetezo cholingana. Chigamulocho chinagogomezera vuto la kutsimikizira cholinga cha kutsimikizira kuti kuli chilankhulo chachikale pamene chinenero chachiwonetsero chachisaloŵerera m’maso chigwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Kusintha Ndale ndi Kukakamiza

Chitetezero cha ufulu wolingana chimadalira osati kokha pa zigamulo zachiweruzo komanso pa kachitidwe ka malamulo ndi kayendetsedwe ka maulamuliro. Kusintha kwa utsogoleri wandale kungatsogolere ku kusintha kwa malangizo otsatizana a chilungamo pa malamulo oletsa kusokonezeka. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya maphunziro pa ufulu wa ophunzira pa mlandu wa kampani, yadula ndi kulephera kwa ophunzira ndi ofanana.

Kachitidwe ka mlingo wa boma kakhalanso malo ankhondo. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mwachindunji kuyenera kwa anthu oloŵa m'dziko, kuletsa kuvota, kapena kuletsa kusiyanasiyana ndi maprogramu ophatikizapo. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri pansi pa chinjirizo la Act Claus, koma zotulukapo zimadalira pa kumasulira kwa khoti lakwawo.

Malamulo a Malamulo ndi Mitundu Yatsopano ya Tsankho

Pamene zosankha zopangidwa ndi maarogoliti ndi luntha lakupeka zikulamulira mowonjezereka nyumba, ngongole, ntchito, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu, mafunso akubuka ponena za mmene chitetezero chofanana chimagwirira ntchito ku data-driven . Ngati lagalamu ikana ngongole ku chiŵerengero chokulirapo cha ofunsira ochepa, kodi chimenecho chimaswa chitetezo cha Utetezo wa Claus? Kufikira lero, makhoti ayesayesa kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chamwambo. Chimene chimakhudza kusankhana mwadala ndi madongosolo amene angatulutse zotulukapo zotsutsana popanda kulongosola bwino fuko la anthu.

Ochirikiza amanena kuti saizi yogaŵanitsa, yomwe inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa Fair Howation Act ndi Thit VII, iyenera kuperekedwa ku zikalata zofanana zotetezera. Koma Khoti Lalikulu lakhala losafuna kuvomereza chiyambukiro choyera pansi pa Demetrie ya 14, kukhazikitsa mpata wotetezera mwalamulo kwa awo ovulazidwa ndi chikhoterero cha shingiro.

Kumaliza: Kutetezedwa Kosatha

Chitetezo chofanana ndi chimenechi chidakali champhamvu ndipo chikutsutsana ndi mfundo yachikhalidwe. Tanthauzo lake lakula m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kuchokera ku lonjezo lochepa la kulingana kwalamulo kwa anthu omwe kale anali akapolo kufika pa lamulo lalikulu limene limakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wamakono(kuyambira pa ukwati mpaka pa maphunziro. Komabe ulendowo suli wotheratu.

Kwa magulu opatulidwa, bungwe la Aumetic Protection Claus limapereka chitetezero ponse paŵiri pa malamulo autsamunda ndi lupanga kuti litsutse mitundu yosadziŵika bwino ya kusalingana.

Kumvetsetsa mbiri ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chitetezo cholingana sikuli kokha kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro . Nkofunika kwa aliyense wodzipereka kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo. Malo otsatira angakhale m'madera onga [[FLT: 0] kusalingana kwa zachuma , kuweruza kwachibadwa , ndi [FLT] zoyenera kutengerapo kulondola zinthu zatsopano.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa nkhani zachitetezero zamakono, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Cronication Annoted's kusanthula kwa 14th Amendment , Project's laibulale ya milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu , ndi [[FLT:]] ACLU . Ziŵiro zimenezi zimapereka chidziŵitso cha malamulo a m'mabwalo a milandu monga momwe zikupitirizira.