Chiyambi: Chiyambi cha Lamulo la Demokrase

Kupenda koweruza kuli chimodzi cha mbali zamphamvu ndi zotsutsana za dongosolo la malamulo a America. Ndi njira imene makhoti amilandu / makamaka Khoti Lapamwamba la United States [1] Amafuna kudziŵa ngati malamulo, zochita za mabwana, ndi malamulo a boma akugwirizana ndi Malamulo. Ulamuliro umenewu, ngakhale kuti palibe paliponse m'malemba a Malamulo, wakhala kupenda kofunika kwambiri pa malamulo a malamulo ndi a akuluakulu a boma. Popanda kupenda, malamulo a m'malamulo apamwamba a boma akanakhala ongoikidwa kukhala lamulo lovomerezeka m’malo mwa lamulo lokakamiza, lovomerezeka. Mu demokrase, kumene malamulo ambiri ayenera kulinganizidwa motsutsana ndi ufulu ndi malire a munthu ndi malamulo, kupenda kwa chiweruzo kuti palibe nthambi ya boma yoposa malire yokhazikitsidwa ndi chikalata chokhazikitsidwa.

Chiphunzitsochi chimagwira ntchito monga maziko a lamulo, kukakamiza oseŵera onse a boma kuchita mogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo. Pamene khoti liimitsa lamulo kapena kuchotsa lamulo laudindo, silikulanda lamulo la demokrase koma kutsimikizira chigwirizano chachikulu chimene anthu iwo eni anavomereza. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chiyambi, openda, ndi kufunika kopitirizabe kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo, kupenda maziko ake a mbiri yakale, kukwaniritsidwa kwake ndi Khoti Lapamwamba, unansi wake ndi nthanthi ya democracy, ndi zito zamakono zimene zimayesa kuyenera kwake.

Kodi Kupenda Chiweruzo Nchiyani?

Pa maziko ake, kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya khoti kupendanso malamulo, malamulo, ndi zochita zalamulo. Mu United States, mphamvu imeneyi imagwira ntchito ku ntchito za Congress, mabwalo a boma, ndi nthambi yaikulu pa milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma ndi boma. Pamene khoti lipeza kuti lamulo likuswa malamulo, limalengeza lamulo lopanda pake. Mphamvu imeneyi si lamulo la makhoti loletsa malamulo awo kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa; m’malo mwake, ndi ulamuliro wochepa wotsimikizira kuti kachitidwe ka boma kakhale m’malamulo.

Mitundu ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda malamulo kungamvedwe m'mawu aŵiri aakulu: kupendanso kosiyana ndi kupenda kwa lamulo. Kupenda malamulo kumaloŵetsamo kusanthula ngati malamulo, malamulo, kapena malamulo alamulo akugwirizana ndi malamulo. Kupenda, mwa kusiyanitsa, kupenda ngati machitidwe a bungwe ali ogwirizana ndi malamulo amene anawalola iwo [[[FLT:] lingaliro lotchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala [[FLT:]] Chovala cha kugonjera pambuyo pa mlandu wosintha wokhudza [FL:]. [maumboni] U.A., Inc.V.

Kufika Pansi ndi Malire a Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo si yosasintha. Makhoti amakakamizidwa ndi ziphunzitso zonga ngati kuima (chiyeneretso chakuti chipani chiyenera kuvulazidwa ndi konkire kubweretsa mlandu), kulimba [[FLT]] [makhoti] [ayenera] kukonzekera kugamula], ndi kupweteka [kanthuli] (mlandu uyenera kukhala ndi moyo). Kuwonjezerapo, makhoti chiphunzitso chachi [FLT:], kukana kugamula nkhani zimene zaikidwa ndi ma nthambi andale zadziko kapena zigamu zachilendo. Zikhoti zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti makhoti awo azikhalabe oyenerera kulongosola bwino ndi kulongosolabe kwa lamulo lachiweruzo.

Nkhani za m’Baibulo: Kuchokera ku Colonical Charters mpaka Marbury v. Madison

Lingaliro lakuti makhoti angachotse malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo oyambirira asanakhaleko ndi Malamulo a America. Woweruza wachingelezi Sir Edward Coke, mu [FL:0] Dr. Milandu ya Bonham [[FLT: 1] [1610], linatsutsa kuti “ngati kachitidwe ka nyumba ya malamulo katsutsana ndi kuyenera ndi kulingalira kofanana, lamulo la anthu onse lidzalilamulira. [1] Pamene lingaliro la Coke silinayambire mu England, linasonkhezera malingaliro a a dziko la America. Makhoti oyambirira a boma anaswa malamulo amene anaswa malamulo a boma, kukhazikitsa mwambo wa uyang'aniro.

Kukhazikitsidwa kotsimikizirika kwa mapendedwe a chiweruzo pa mlingo wa boma kunakhala [FLT: 0] Marbury . Madison (1803]). M’chochitika chimenecho, William Marbury, woikidwa wa Pulezidenti John Adams wochoka, anafuna kukakamiza Mlembi wa State James Madison kutumiza ntchito yake. Woweruza John Marshall, kulemba za Khoti, anayang'anizana ndi vuto landale: kulamulira Marbury akaitana kupandukira; kuweruza kwake kwa judicary. Lungulberiah anali kulamulira kwakuti pamene Marbury anali ndi udindo wake ku ntchito yake, Bwalo silikanapereka chifukwa cha lamulo loyambirira lopereka ufulu m'mabwalo lamilandu loyambiriralo.

Ochokera ku Marbury v. Madison

  • Lamulo la Konsichushoni ndilo lamulo lalikulu koposa la dzikolo, ndipo lamulo lirilonse lonyansa kwa ilo liri lopanda pake.
  • Liri thayo la oweruza kumasulira Lamulo ndi kukana kusungitsidwa kwa malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.
  • Kupenda chiweruzo kwapereka kupenda kosuliza pa mphamvu ya lamulo, kutsimikizira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siiposa ulamuliro wake woŵerengedwa.

Pambuyo pa [[FLT : 0] Marbury [FLT :1], Bwalo Lapamwamba linali lochedwa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake yatsopano. Silinagwedeze lamulo lina la boma kufikira Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857]) chigamulo choopsa chimene chinalepheretsa Missouri kulolera ndi kukulitsa mbali zake. Komabe, lamulolo linakhazikika, ndipo pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵeruzi, Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito kupenda malo alamulo a dzikolo.

Mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu m’Kupenda Kwamakono kwa Chiweruzo

Khoti Lalikulu limakhala pa mfundo yaikulu ya khoti la boma. Chaka chilichonse, limalandira mapempho pafupifupi 7,000 mpaka 8,000 kuti lipereke chikalata chachibalo cha certiorari, koma limavomereza kuti likhale ndi milandu pafupifupi 80 yokha. Khotili lili ndi milandu yaikulu imene imadzutsa mafunso aakulu kapena mikangano ya malamulo pakati pa makhoti aang’ono.

Khoti likalandira mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri limalandira cumiae (bwenzi la khoti) ndi machidule ochokera ku zipani zokondwerera [1] mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu, magulu aufulu, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe a boma. Zimenezi zimapereka zigamulo zowonjezera ndi chidziŵitso cha matanthauzo, kukulitsa chidziŵitso cha Khoti ponena za ziyambukiro zothekera za zosankha zake. Pambuyo pa kutsutsana kwa pakamwa ndi msonkhano wa mkati, Bwalo limatulutsa lingaliro lolembedwa limene limakhala logwirizana ndi makhoti onse a pansi.

Milandu Yaikulu Yosonyeza Chiweruzo

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - UNIO adatsutsa mwamphamvu kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse kunaswa Chitetezero cholingana, kugwetsa chiphunzitso cha [ Plass v. Ferguson (1896).
  • Roe v. Wade[FLT .[FLT] [1] [773] ) – Anazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa mkazi kwa kukhala yekha pansi pa Dotosolo la Claus, kuphatikizapo chosankha cha kuchotsa mimba. (Kuwoloka ndi [[FLT:]] Dobs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization mu 20222].)
  • Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015) – Wotchulidwa wokwatirana mmodzi ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi ali ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira pansi pa Demetrisement ya 14.
  • United States v. Nixon (1974) – kukanidwa kwa Pulezidenti Richard Nixon kwa mwaŵi wa ulamuliro wonse, kulamula kutulutsidwa kwa matepi a Watergate.

Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha zigamulo zimenezi chimasonyeza mmene kupenda zachiweruzo kungatetezere ufulu wa munthu payekha, kutsendereza malamulo a nyumba, ndiponso nthaŵi zina kuthetsa makhalidwe ozikika kwambiri m’chitaganya.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Chiphunzitso cha Demokalase

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumapereka chidani chosatha m'lingaliro la democracy: ndimotani mmene oweruza osasankhidwa, amene amatumikira kaamba ka moyo, kugwetsa malamulo operekedwa ndi oimira osankhidwa ndi demokrase? Ichi chikudziŵika kukhala vuto la loŵerengera milandu ], mawu olembedwa ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Alexander Bickel. Otsutsa amanena kuti pamene makhoti amenya malamulo otchuka, amatsutsa chifuniro cha anthu ochuluka. Otetezera amatsutsa kuti Lamulo lenilenilo ndilo chikalata chachikulu chimene chimaika ufulu woposa pa zaka zazikulu kwakanthaŵi.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika m’Chitsanzo

Dongosolo la mayeso ndi kulinganiza siliri kokha lonena za kupenda kwachiweruzo. Nyumba ya Malamulo ingavomereze chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mwakusintha malamulo (mchitidwe wachilendo ndi wovuta) kapena mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano limene limasamalira nkhaŵa za Khoti. Nthambi yaudindo imakakamiza (kapena nthaŵi zina imakana) zigamulo zachiweruzo. Ndipo mphamvu ya pulezidentiyo ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma itsimikizira kuti judiary iri, mkupita kwa nthaŵi, yovomereza ku zotulukapo za kusanthula. Motero kupenda kwa komitiyo kumagwira ntchito mkati mwa ndandanda ya kuletsa, osati monga ngati chigamulo chapatuka.

Kudalirana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuweruza

Malamulo ndi ndalama za atsamunda. Mosiyana ndi pulezidenti kapena Congress, khoti silitha kulamulira chikwama kapena lupanga. Limadalira kotheratu pa kugonjera modzifunira ndi malamulo ake. Zimenezi zimapangitsa anthu kukhala odalirika. Pamene anthu aona kuti khotilo nlopanda tsankho, lotsatira mfundo zalamulo, ndipo nlofunitsitsa kukhazikitsa malamulo ngakhale motsutsana ndi maganizo ofala, zosankha zake n’zofunika kwambiri. Komabe, kusanthula kwaposachedwapa kumasonyeza kutaya chidaliro, makamaka pambuyo pa zosankha zotsutsana pa kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, ndi ufulu wachipembedzo. Kusunga chikhulupiriro kumafuna kuti anthu agwirizane ndi mfundo, kupenda koonekera bwino alamulo m’malo mwa malingaliro a anthu ambiri kapena zogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Mavuto a M’nthaŵi Yake Openda Chiweruzo

Kupenda zachiweruzo m'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba kumayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zimene zimayesa kulimba kwake. Kugawana kwandale zadziko kwakulitsa njira yotsimikizira oweruza a boma, kupanga Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhala bwalo lankhondo panthano yachiweruzo. Makhoti aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amagawanitsa anthu, kululuza lingaliro lakuti oweruzawo ali pamwamba pa ndale zadziko.

Zimene Anthu Amaganiza

Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti ali odziimira okha, malingaliro a anthu angayambukire kuweruza milandu, makamaka m'milandu imene khoti limagaŵidwa kwambiri. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti nthaŵi zina khotilo limasinthasintha maganizo a anthu kuti lipeŵe mavuto alamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kofulumira kwa anthu a ukwati wa kugonana pakati pa ma 1990 ndi 2010 kungayambukire malingaliro a Obergefell [1]. Komabe pali ngozi yakuti Bwalo lingakhale lovomerezetsa kutchuka, kuchepetsa mbali yake monga woyang'anira ufulu walamulo.

Kusintha Ndale ndi Bwalo lamilandu

Pamene mayanjano a ndale zadziko aumitsidwa, kuvomerezedwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa kwa oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba kwakhala kogaŵanitsa kwambiri. Kukana kwa 2016 kuweruza Merrick Garland, kutsatiridwa ndi chitsimikizo cha mwamsanga cha Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020, chinenezo chosonkhezera kuti Khotilo liri kokha kuwonjezera kwa ndale zadziko zogalukira. Lingaliro limeneli likuwopseza kuyenera kwa Khoti ndi kudzutsa mafunso ovutitsa ponena za kukhalitsa kwa kupenda kwa chiweruzo: ngati Khotilo lidzawonedwa kukhala woseŵera wandale zadziko, kodi anthu adzapitirizabe kumvera zigamu zake? likulu la bungwe la khotilo lili paupandu.

Kumanga Mabwalo a Milandu ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu

Ochirikiza aumoyo opita patsogolo, ogwiritsidwa mwala ndi kupendekeka kosasintha kwa Bwalo la Trump ndi kuikidwa kwa Trump, adafuna kufutukula chiŵerengero cha oweruza . Mchitidwe wodziŵika monga kupakidwa m'khoti. Osuliza amanena kuti kusamuka koteroko kungayambitse Bwalo kuwonjezera mphamvu ikasintha mphamvu. Ena amakhazikitsa masinthidwe oyenera, monga ngati kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana a makhalidwe abwino a oweruza kapena kupanga dongosolo la malamulo a zaka 18 zogwedezeka. Kutsutsana kumeneku kumagogomezera kulimba kwa malamulo a bwalo lamilandu, kumene kumasumikidwa pa mwambo mmalo mwa malemba alamulo.

Tsogolo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Tsogolo la kupenda chiweruzo lidzaumbidwa ndi ponse paŵiri mphamvu za mkati ndi zakunja. Mwa mkati, kupangidwa kwa Khotilo kokhudza malingaliro kudzagamula mmene limamasulira Konsichushoni [1] Kaya ikhale kupyolera mwa kuyambirira, kukhalira ndi malamulo a m’dziko, kapena njira ina. Kuwonjezera apo, chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, chidaliro cha anthu, ndi kusintha kothekera kudzayesa kulimba kwa jadiary monga bungwe.

Kusintha Kothekera Kulimbikitsa Oimba

  • Ziyeso za malamulo a Khoti Lapamwamba. Pakali pano, moyo watsimikizirika pansi pa Mfundo III. Osuliza amanena kuti mawu akuti adzachepetsa malire a kuikidwa kulikonse, kutsimikizira kutsimikizira, ndi kutsimikizira kutembenuka kwanthaŵi zonse. Malamulo asunthi kuchokera ku mawu osasinthika a zaka 18 za kusinthika ku kuchititsa kugaŵidwa kwa zaka ziŵiri zirizonse.
  • Kufutukula chiŵerengero cha zoweruza. Pamene kuli kwakuti pali mkangano, akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amachirikiza kuwonjezera mipando kuti achepetse mphamvu ya pangano lililonse. Komabe, ngozi zimenezi zikumachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa chiweruziro.
  • Kuwonekera bwino kwambiri m'malamulo achiweruzo. Congress ingafune khoti kutengera malamulo ogwirizana, kuphatikizapo kuulula zosankha za mlandu ndi zikondwerero za ndalama.
  • Maphunziro apoyera onena za judiary . Programu za maphunziro a Chibac zimene zimafotokoza mbali ndi njira ya kupenda kwachiweruzo zingachirikize kuyenera ndi kuchirikiza nkhani yapoyera yodziŵidwa kwambiri.

Kupulumuka kwa mlandu woweruza kumadalira pa kugwirizana kwa lamulo limodzi ndi kuvomereza ulamuliro wa Khoti ngakhale pamene zimene lagamula sizikudziŵika.

Kumaliza: Kufufuza Mphamvu Zamphamvu

Kupenda koweruza sikuli kuyambika kwa dziko loyambirira. Ndimchitidwe wamphamvu, wopikisana, ndi wofunika kwambiri umene umasintha pamene mafunso atsopano alamulo ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu imabuka. Kuchokera ku [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison [1] ku liwu laposachedwapa, Khoti lagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake kuumba moyo wa America . Kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, kulongosola malire a ulamuliro wa boma, ndi kukhazikitsa kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro. Mfundo yeniyeni imene ikambirana zachiweruzo ndi kutsutsa ndi chizindikiro cha kufunika kwake. M' democracyism, palibe mphamvu yoti iyenera kutsutsidwa, ngakhale mphamvu ya makhoti. Komabe popanda kupenda kwachiweruzo, malamulowo akataya mano ake, ndipo ufuluwo ungakhale wokhoza kugonjetsa ufulu wa anthu ambiri.

Pamene dziko lipita patsogolo, kusungitsa kuyenera ndi kupambana kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo kudzafuna kugamulapo kuchokera ku magawo onse a boma ndi kwa nzika zimene amatumikira. Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa mbiri ya kupenda kwachiweruzo, onani [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison mlandu wa [mapepala] ndi Oylek , kapena kufufuza [[FLT:] Chontiontion of the shortum of Office kuchokera ku Laibulale ya Congress. Malingaliro apamwamba pa Texmatriatriary alipo mu Facel Bickel [FFF:] , ndipo chikhotere chachi chachikulu chachikulu cha chiganichake cha chikalata chotetezera [FT.FT.B]