Chiyambi

Raje Sabba, kapena Msonkhano wa ku United States, amatumikira monga nyumba yapamwamba ya Palamende ya India, mzati wa koleji ya dzikolo yosankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi oimira boma a dzikolo. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabba, amene mamembala ake amasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu kupyolera mwa franki, Raje Sabhaha amasankhidwa ndi nyumba yosankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi oimira a m'mayiko ndi m'magawo a United Union. Makonzedwe ameneŵa si olakwika; ndi a boma lolinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti zofuna za maboma zikuimiridwa pamlingo wa dziko lonse ndi kupitiriza kuyang'anira, monga mmodzi wa mamembala ake amene amapuma ntchito yake zaka ziŵiri. Kuzindikira kosankhidwa kwa chigawo cha Sanyabu kuchirikiza njira yofunika ya boma ya kukwaniritsa mphamvu ya boma, ndi kulongosola kochitidwa ndi kutsimikizira kwake kopeseŵera kochitidwa, kochitidwa movomerezedwa ndi kutsimikizira, monga kutsimikizira kwa dongosolo la kuyang''ka.

Kuikidwa kwa Kholiji ya Electoral

Chisankho cha voti ya Raje Sabba si chisankho chachikhalire, choima koma chimaikidwa pa chisankho chilichonse. Chili ndi ziŵalo zonse zosankhidwa za Legistivative Convective County (ML S) ya boma lililonse ndi ya misonkhano ya boma ya m'magawo a Union amene ali ndi nyumba ya malamulo, monga Delhi ndi Puducherry. N’zovuta kuona kuti mamembala a boma a boma oikidwa sakhala ndi ufulu wosankha mu Raje Sabata voti, monga momwe Lamulo la malamulo limalozeratu anthu kuti atenge nawo mbali yosankha okha.

Ukulu wa koleji ya osankhila votal ukusiyana mwachindunji ndi anthu a boma lililonse. Mwachitsanzo, Uttar Pradesh, ndi msonkhano wake waukulu wa malamulo wa anthu 403 osankhidwa, ali ndi koleji yaikulu kwambiri yosankhidwa kuposa boma laling'ono monga Sikkim, limene lili ndi 32 MMAS. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti kulemera kwa boma lililonse m'kusanthula Rajiya Sabba n’kogwirizana ndi kufunika kwake, ngakhale kuli kokhala mkhala mkhala mtsogoleri wa bungwe la bomalo. Chiwerengero cha anthu okhoza kulowa m'mayiko onse ndi chiwonjezonse chosankhidwa ndi MMLS ku India, chimene chikuposa 4,000. Kufalikira kumeneku kumaletsa chigawo chimodzi kuchokera ku mame a nyumba zapamwamba.

Koleji ya voti ya boma lililonse imagwira ntchito payokha. Mavoti a boma lililonse a MMA ali ndi mipando 31, pamene mipando ina yogawiridwa ku boma la Rajiya Sabba. Chiŵerengero cha mipando pa boma lililonse chimagamulidwa ndi Mfundo 80 ya Malamulo, imene imapatula mipando yokha yochokera kwa anthu, yokhala ndi chizindikiro chotsimikizirika cha malo a Unittar Pradesh. Magawo a posachedwapa monga Utar Pradesh ali ndi mipando 31, pamene inanso yonga Goa ili ndi imodzi. Magawo ameneŵa amapendedwa nthaŵi zambiri pambuyo pa ndandanda iliyonse ya magawo a anthu, ngakhale kuti programume Seageogee imakhazikitsa kugaŵirako.

Njira Yopangira Zinthu: Kuimira Ntchito Yotumiza Yokha

India amagwiritsira ntchito voti yosamutsidwa imodzi (STV) [STLT , njira yoimira ndandanda, ya Raje Sabba . Dongosolo limeneli nlosiyana kwenikweni ndi njira yoyamba yosonyezera (FTP) yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa Lok Sabba ndi masankho a msonkhano. Pansi pa STV, osankha audindo osankhidwa, mmalo mwa kutchula chimodzi. Cholinga nchakuti atsimikizire kuti mipando ya gulu yapata ikupambana mu Raybya Sabba ngokung’onong'onong'ono ikhale ndi mphamvu yake m'msonkhano.

Mmene Mumakondera Ntchito

MLA iriyonse imalandira ndandanda ya pepala lapepala la oyembekezera onse kupikisana ndi chisankho. MMLA imaika chidindo chimodzi ndi mtanda umodzi, imaika ndandanda ya manambala: "1' pa chosankha chawo choyamba, "2' pa chosankha chawo chachiŵiri, '3' pa achitatu, ndi zina zotero. MLA angasankhe kuvota kokha kaamba ka ofunsira, koma malo aakulu onse ali opindulitsa kuwonjezera kuthekera kwa chipani. Zokonda zimenezi ndi zachinsinsi ndipo zimaŵerengedwa m'dongosolo lapadera.

Kuŵerenga: Malo Opambana

Kuti alengezedwe, wobatizidwa ayenera kusungitsa chigawo china cha mavoti. Mbali waŵerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito fration quotity :

Quota = (Mavoti ovomerezedwa / (Nambala ya mipando yoti ikwaniritsidwe + 1) + 1]

Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lili ndi 240 MMS Transvota ndi 3 Rajiya Sabba savulidwa, gawo lingakhale (240 / +1) + 1 = (240 / 4) 1 + 1 = 60 + 1 = 61 voti. Chifukwa chake, wosankha aliyense amene alandira mavoti 61 oyambirira amasankhidwa nthaŵi yomweyo. "+1" amatsimikizira kuti owonjezereka sasankhidwa kuposa mipando. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Droop readquation kumapangitsa kuti mipando yonse isadzazidwe ndi unyinji wa anthu okha ngati chitsutsocho chili ndi mavoti alionse, monga momwe amakakamizira kuti afike pachitseko chotsimikizira chiwonjezeko.

Kuŵerengera: Kutumiza ndi Kuchotsa Macandidade Otsika

Kuŵerengerako kumachitidwa m’maulendo angapo:

  1. Kuŵerengera koyamba: [[FLT :1] mavoti onse oyamba akuŵerengedwa. Wosankha aliyense amene akumana kapena kupitirira chigawo amasankhidwa. Ngati wobatizidwa alandira mavoti ambiri kuposa , unyinji (otsatsatsa owonjezereka pamwamba pa muyezo) amasamutsidwira kwa otsalira pamapepala a ballot. Kusamutsidwa kumachitidwa pamtengo waung'ono wodalira pa chiŵerengero chotsala.
  2. Ziŵerengero zokulira: Atatumiza, ngati oyembekezera kufika pa chigawocho kuposa chiŵerengero cha mipando yoti akwaniritsidwe, wofuna kusankhidwa ndi mavoti oyambirira kwambiri amachotsedwa. Mapepala a wofuna kujambulayo amasamutsidwira ku chinthu chinanso chimene chilipo papepala lililonse.
  3. Mizere yachikale: [[FLT :1] Njira yochotsera wofunsira wofooka ndi kusamutsira mavoti awo ikupitirizabe kufikira mipando yonse itadzaza. Nthaŵi zambiri, pamene chiŵerengero cha otsalawo chilingana ndi mipando imene idakali yotseguka, amalengezedwa popanda kukwaniritsa chigawo.

Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti mavoti sakutayidwa. Ngakhale ngati wosankha woyamba wa MLA wa chisankho achotsedwa, voti yawo idakali yofunika kwa wobatizidwa wina mwa kusamutsidwa. Magulu amene angawonjezere zokonda zawo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku kukambirana kocholoŵana kumene magulu aakulu amapempha mabwenzi aang'ono kuti achirikize wofunsira mmodzi atachotsedwa.

Tanthauzo la Kachitidwe ka Electoral College

Koleji yosankhidwiratu ndi STV imagwira ntchito zazikulu zingapo mu demokrase ya boma la India.

Kupenda Chithunzi cha Maulosi

Cholinga chachikulu n’chakuti Raje Sabba asonyeze ndale za bungwe la boma. Ngati chipani chili ndi mipando 40% m’msonkhano, nkothekera kwambiri kupambana pafupifupi 40% ya Rajiya Sabba ku bomalo. Chotulukapo chimenechi nchosatheka pansi pa dongosolo la FPTP, limene kaŵirikaŵiri limapatsa unyinji wa otsogolera. Njira imeneyi imaletsa gulu lolamulira pamlingo wa dziko lonse kuchokera ku nyumba yapamwamba yosagonjetsedwa, monga momwe imachitira kaŵirikaŵiri ku Lok Sabha.

Kulinganiza Zinthu Molimbikitsa

Mwakukhala ndi ziŵalo zosankhidwa ndi boma mmalo mwa anthu onse, Rajiya Sabha amagwira ntchito monga chipinda chimene chimatulutsa mawu achindunji m'lamulo la dziko. Malamulo ameneŵa amatetezera zikondwerero za maboma aang'ono ndi osachuluka. Mwachitsanzo, boma laling'ono monga Manipur lili ndi mpando umodzi wa Rajiya Sabba, kuupatsa mawu ofanana monga boma lalikulu pa nkhani zofunika za boma, zonga ngati malamulo a malamulo, ngakhale kuti likulu lake la osankhidwa ndi laling'ono. Kholi limatsimikizira kuti nyumba yapamwamba ikhalebe "nyumba ya maboma," osati nyumba ya anthu.

Kupereka Thandizo ndi Ntchito Yabwino

Raje Sabba ndi nyumba yosatha, ndipo mmodzi mwa mamembala ake atatu amapuma pantchito zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Dongosolo limeneli lodabwitsa limatsimikizira kuti lipitirizabe. Koleji yosankhidwayo, mwa kujambula ndi MML , kaŵirikaŵiri imatulukapo kusankhidwa kwa andale zadziko ozoloŵera, oyang'anira, ndi akatswiri amene abweretsa ukatswiri wa malamulo. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabha, ziŵalo za Rajiya Sabha Canha zingaikidwenso kukhala atumiki ndipo angatumikire ngakhale ngati sanasankhidwe mwachindunji, kulola boma kukhala ndi luso lapamwamba.

Kusuliza ndi Kusintha kwa Ntchito ya Raje Sabha Electoral

Ngakhale kuti malamulo ake amalimbikitsa, koleji yosankhira ya Raje Sabha yakhala ikusulizidwa ndipo ikufunikira kusintha zinthu.

Malo Osonyeza Kulowera Mtanda ndi Mphamvu ya Ndalama

Chifukwa chakuti MMS HOTSOOTS ya oyembekezera kupitirira pa chipani chawo, STV imavutika kudutsa. Nthaŵi zambiri magawo amabwezera kwa m'manja awo kuti avote kwa osankhidwa a boma, koma m'chipinda chachinsinsi, MLS angakhumudwe popanda kupezeka. MLS , zigamulo zambiri za ndalama zakhala zikukayikitsa kuti MMLS AS kuvoti ya munthu wosachirikizidwa ndi gulu lawo. Zimenezi zachititsa kukangana ndi ngakhale kupenda kopeka milandu. Mu 2017, Supme Court of India [[FLT: 1] zinatsutsa chivoti chilichonse chotsutsana ndi gulu la Rayyashab chigamu chimene chingachititse kuchotsa chisankhoti cha m'Chilamulo cha AntiD, choyang'amba cha lamulo loyang'awolo, chimene chikhozetsa chikabe chiganitsa chiganitsa chigawa.

Kucholoŵana ndi Kusoŵeka kwa Mawu Oimira Mwachindunji

Otsutsa amanena kuti njira yachisankho yosalunjika imagwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu. Mosiyana ndi a Senator ku United States, amene tsopano asankhidwa mwachindunji, mamembala a India a Raje Sabba sadziŵerengera mlandu kwa osankhidwa onse. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kulephera kwa demokalase, monga momwe nzika sizinganene mwachindunji kuti ndani amaimira iwo m’nyumba yapamwamba. Osintha zinthu ena amachirikiza kusankha Rapya Sabba, kusamuka kumene kukafuna kuti lamulo lalamulo lizisintha ndipo kungasinthe kulinganiza kwa boma.

Kuwononga Magawo a Mgwirizano

Magawo a bungwe la Union opanda nyumba ya malamulo (monga Chandigarh, Andaman ndi Nicobar Islands) alibe oimira m'koleji yosankhira. Oimira awo ku Raje Sabba amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti wa India . Izi zimapanga malo otchuka kumene nzika za magawo amenewo sizinganene kanthu m'masankho a nyumba zapamwamba, kudzutsa mafunso onena za kuimira demokrase kwa nzika zonse.

Kupempha Kusintha Zinthu

Makomiti angapo, kuphatikizapo Commission of Review the Working of the Constitution mu 2002, avomereza kusungidwa kwa dongosolo la chisankho losadziŵika koma kulimbitsa kuwonekera. Malingaliro ena amaphatikizapo kupanga mapepala olembedwa kuti agwirizane ndi [MLA] kuchepetsa kugula mavoti, ndi kuyambitsa njira yodalirika yosanthula. Bungwe la Ecomtion of India nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi zina limatulutsa malangizo oletsa ntchito yoletsa kulakwa.

Kuyerekezera ndi Makoleji a Electoral m’Maiko Ena

Kholiji ya voti ya ku India ya Rajiya Sabha ndi yapadera koma imafanana ndi madongosolo ena a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Bundesrat ya Germany ili ndi nthumwi zoikidwa ndi maboma, osati zosankhidwa ndi MMLAS, ndipo mavoti awo amaikidwa monga chotsekereza. Khoti la United States, losankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, losonkhezeredwa kulunjika mu 1913 kudzera pa Demendment ya 17. India wasunga njira yosabisa kuti itetezedwe ndi kuletsa kupopulasiti ndi kusungitsa comperition. STV imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku Australia kaamba ka masankhoti ake, ngakhalenso ndi chivomerezo cholutsira mwachindunji ndi anthu onse, kuipanga kuphatikizana kwachi kwachi.

Chifaniziro cha India chigogomezere kuti Raje Sabha sayenera kukhala ngati chifaniziro cha Lok Sabha. Koleji ya osankhira imatsimikizira kuti nyumba yapamwamba imagwira ntchito monga chipinda chosinthira ndi malo oyenerera ozikidwa pa ndale zadziko zapamwamba. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amasonyeza cholinga cha okonza zinthu zazikulu za dziko ndi zolinga za chigawo, monga ngati Article 80 [ ndi kumasulira bwino zinthu zina.

Mfundo Zazikulu Zofunika Kukumbukira

  • Koleji ya voti ili ndi yonse yosankhidwa ndi MMS kuchokera ku boma ndi Union ndi nyumba zoyamwira za magawo ndi misonkhano.
  • Njira yovota ndi [[FLT: 0] yoimira ndi voti imodzi yokhoza kusamutsidwa [STV] [1].
  • Ziŵalo zimasankha oyembekezera kusankhidwa mogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna, ndipo wofuna kubatizidwa ayenera kukwaniritsa [[FLT: 0]] chigawo cha Osankhidwa
  • Mavoti ochuluka a osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa kuchokera kwa ochotsedwa amasamutsidwira ku zikondwerero zina, akumatsimikizira kuti mavoti osachitidwa mwangozi kwenikweni.
  • Kachitidweko kamatsimikizira kuti Raje Sabha akusonyeza mbali ya ndale zadziko ya misonkhano ya boma, [[FLT: 0] yolimbikitsa chigwirizano cha boma [[FLT: 1].
  • Kusuliza kumaphatikizapo kuvomereza kupyola m’kubwezera, mphamvu ya ndalama, ndi kusoŵeka kwa kuŵerengera kwachindunji kwa democracy.
  • Kusintha zinthu monga kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akulimbana ndi matenda opha ziphuphu ndiponso kuonana kwakhala kukuchitika kapena kulingaliridwa.

Kumaliza

Chikalata chosankhidwa cha yunivesite ya Raje Sabba chimathandiza kwambiri pa mapulani a ku India. Chimaphatikiza lamulo la boma mwa kupereka ntchito yofanana pa kupangidwa kwa nyumba yapamwamba ya dzikolo. Chisankho chimodzi chosamutsidwa, ngakhale kuti nchochovuta, chimatsimikizira kuti gulu lolamuliralo likutsimikizira kuti siliyang'anira malamulo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti lilibe zophophonya zake monga kuyendetsa ndi kuchotsapo mlandu kwa anthu onse, dongosolo latsimikizira kuti nlolimba kwambiri zaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri. Kumvetsa mavoti ake n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wofuna kuzindikira mmene mphamvu imagawirirana pakati pa Centreal ndi zinenero zapamwamba za dziko la India. Kuŵerenganso, [FLD: 0] Kusankha kwa akuluakulu a India: Falta kumapereka chidziŵitso chapamwamba pa masinthidwe a Sabian ndi masinthidwe aposachedwapa. Kungoyamba kupangidwa ndi kukhazikitsanso njira yopanga masinthiko a pulogalamu a ku India.