Kumvetsetsa Kuyenera kwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe" Wosiyana m’Mikangano ya Nyengo

Bona Feide Foccupation Qualiation (BFOQ) imayang'ana malo ochepera koma ovuta m'lamulo la ntchito, kulola olemba ntchito kulingalira zaka pamene kuli kofunikadi kugwira ntchito. Pansi pa Age Discrimination in Observation Act (ADEA) ya 1967, imene imateteza anthu a zaka 40 ndi achikulire ku tsankho, BFOQ ndiyo njira yaikulu yopulumukira. Komabe, makhoti agogomezera mosalekeza kuti kusiyanitsa kumeneku kuli "kuchepa kwambiri" ndipo kuyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kosamalitsa. Olemba ntchito amene amayesa kukhala ndi msinkhu popanda kuwopa ngozi kokakamiza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito koyenera kwapadera. Nkhaniyi imapenda malamulo, mafotokozedwe enieni a milandu, matanthauzo enieni adziko, ndi ziyambukiro zothandiza za anthu a zaka zina za BF.

Kodi N’chiyani Chimasiyanitsa Mabukuwa ndi Ena?

. . "ADEA . "Ili ndi udindo weniweni kaamba ka malowo. ADEA amapereka mwachindunji chitetezero chimenechi m'Chigawo 4(f)(1), chomwe chimati sikuli koletsedwa kwa bwana kuchita ntchito yofanana ndi yoyenerera ndi yanthaŵi zonse ya bizinesi. Chinenerochi chimapereka chitetezero chimenechi m'Chigawo 4 (f) [1], chimene chimati sikuli koletsedwa kwa wolemba ntchito "kumene msinkhu wake uli kuyenera kwa ntchito yachibadwa ya bizinesi." chilankhulochi chimasonyeza kachitidwe kamodzimodzi mu Thetwe ka VII ka ufulu wa chivomezi ka 1964, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko, koma thupi la ADE BFQ lili ndi la lamulo lake losiyana.

Kupatulako kuli kozikidwa pa kuzindikira kuti ntchito zina zimafuna maluso akuthupi kapena amaganizo amene amayenderana ndi msinkhu m’njira imene singathe kuyesedwa ndi munthu mmodzi yekha. Mwachitsanzo, malo a chisungiko chapoyera monga oyendetsa ndege kapena akuluakulu a boma angafune kuchita bwino kwambiri, ndipo msinkhu ungakhale chikalata chosonyeza kuchepa kwa mphamvu. Komabe, mtolo wa umboni umakhala pa bwana kuti asonyeze kuti chofunika cha msinkhu nchofunika kwambiri kuletsa kusiyanitsa anthu a msinkhuwo.

Miyezo ya Malamulo ndi Kumasulira Kochepa

Kuti apereke mokhutiritsa chidzitetezero cha BFOQ, wolemba ntchito ayenera kukwaniritsa mayeso aŵiri opangidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu Western Air Liness, Inc. v. Criswell (1985):

  1. Kuyenerera kwa msinkhu kuyenera kukhala kofunika kwambiri ku maziko a bizinesi ya bwana. "Ifenso" ya bizinesi si kupindula kapena kukhutitsidwa ndi makasitomala; kuyenera kuphatikizapo chikondwerero chokakamiza monga ngati kutetezereka kwa anthu kapena kukhoza kuchita ntchito zapakhomo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Criswell , Khoti linapeza kuti kutetezeka m'ndege kunali kofunika kwambiri kwakuti lamulo logwirizana ndi nyengo ya kupuma pantchito kwa oyendetsa ndege likhoza kulungamitsidwa, koma kokha ngati bwanayo angasonyeze kuti ali wodalirika pa kulephera kuchita ntchito.
  2. Mtumi ayenera kusonyeza kuti pali njira ina yopatula. Izi zikutanthauza kuti bwana sangadalire msinkhu ngati akhoza kukwaniritsa zolinga zake za chisungiko kapena kugwira ntchito kupyolera m'kuyesa kwaumwini, mayeso a zamankhwala, kapena njira zina zopimira zimene sizili zolemetsa kwa antchito okalamba. Kukhalapo kwa njira zina kaŵirikaŵiri kumagonjetsa BFOQ.

Makhoti agwiritsa ntchito mayeso ameneŵa ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana m'mafakitale. EOC v. (1996], Freant Transfer inakana Exxon's mfundo yakuti zaka za kupuma pantchito za anthu 60 kwa oyendetsa ndege onse zamalonda zinali BFOQ, ndipo khoti linavomereza kuti kampaniyo sinatsimikizire kuti kupenda kwa munthu aliyense kunali kosalondola. Mobsfera, mu . Merine v. American Airlines, Inc. (192], khoti linalandira BFOQ ya oyendetsa ndege 60 a zaka zogwirizana ndi malamulo a FA, amene anagwirizana ndi kusintha pa mikhalidwe ina 60.

Khoti Lalikulu Linatsutsa Mlandu wa BFOQ

Malamulo angapo ochititsa chidwi amasonyeza mmene makhoti amalinganizira zolinga za abwana ndi chitetezo cha antchito:

  • Air Lines .Criswell [1] (85): [[FLT ] Khoti Lalikulu linanena kuti zaka za kupuma pantchito za 60 kwa oyendetsa ndege zinali BFOQ chifukwa chakuti chitetezo chinali chapakati pa makampani a ndege ndipo FAA inagamula kuti nyengo inali yoyenerera kukhala pologalamu ya kuchepa kwa mphamvu. Komabe, khotilo linagogomezeranso kuti kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mlandu ndi mutu umodzi.
  • EOC v. Mzinda wa Janesville [1] (1993): Khoti la apilo la boma linakana kunena kuti zaka zokwanira 35 zoperekera apolisi zinali BFOQ, kupeza kuti mzindawo sunatsimikizire kuti maofesala achikulire satha kuchita ntchito zofunika.
  • EOC v. Exxton Corp . [FT:2] (1996 ): Nyengo Yachisanu inalamulira motsutsana ndi zaka za kupuma pantchito za Exxon's 60 kwa oyendetsa ndege za ndege za kampani, poona kuti kampaniyo sinasonyeze kuti nyengo inali yolondola poyerekezera ndi kupima kwa mankhwala a munthu aliyense payekha.
  • International Union, UAW v. Johnson Develop , Inc. (191] Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhaniyi inaphatikizapo tsankho la kugonana pansi pa mutu wakuti Title VII, kulingalira kwake ponena za "kulimbana ndi bizinesi" kwasonkhezera BFOQ kupenda nkhani za zaka. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti lamulo lotetezera akazi a m'mabanja oloŵetsedwa m’malo a mtsogoleri sili BFOQ chifukwa chakuti kutetezeredwa kwa mluza mluza sikuli mbali ya malonda.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti makhoti sayenera kutengera maganizo a abwana awo pankhani ya msinkhu wawo.

Zoseŵerera Zofala ndi Zitsanzo

Ngakhale kuti ndi yochepa, BFOQ imagwira ntchito m’mawu angapo olongosoledwa bwino. Zitsanzo zofala kwambiri zimakhudza kutetezeka kwa anthu, kuchita ntchito zaluso, ndi malo ena a maseŵera.

Kuteteza Anthu ndi Zoyendera

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kowonekera kwa BFOQ kuli m'maindasitale a zoyendera, kumene malire a zaka za oyendetsa ndege, oyang'anira ndege, ndi akapitawo amapezeka. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) adalamula kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti oyendetsa ndege agulitsidwa asiye ntchito pausinkhu 65, lamulo lochirikizidwa monga BFOQ chifukwa cha kuopsa kwakukulu kwa ngozi. Mofananamo, madipatimenti apolisi ndi ozimitsa moto ambiri akhala ndi zaka zambiri zolembedwa, ngakhale kuti makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri afufuza malamulo ameneŵa mosamalitsa. EOC v. City of Janesville [1], khoti linapeza kuti ntchito yaikulu ya apolisi ya zaka 35 chifukwa chakuti apolisi satha kusonyeza kuti maluso a anthu achikulire sangakwanitse kapena kumaliza ntchito.

Kuchita Zinthu ndi Kupereka Chitsanzo

Mbadwo uli woyenerera ngati munthu wa m'filimu, mseŵero, kapena kutsatsa malonda ayenera kusonyeza mokhutiritsa munthu wa msinkhu wakutiwakuti. Mwachitsanzo, kuseŵerera woseŵera wa zaka 70 kuti asunge agogo ndi kololedwa chifukwa chakuti kuwona kwa ntchitoyo kuli kofunika kwambiri pa zojambula. Komabe, kupatukana kumeneku sikumafikira ku mbali zimene ukalamba uli wokonda kapena wotsatsatsa. Wolemba ntchito sangakhale wokana kufunsira woseŵera wamkulu kaamba ka ntchito imene ingachitidwe ndi munthu wina wa msinkhu uliwonse.

Maseŵera ndi Maphunziro Aukatswiri

M'maseŵera, malire a msinkhu angalungamidwe ndi zofunikira zakuthupi za mpikisanowo. National Football League (NFL) ndi magulu ena ali ndi malamulo a misinkhu yokwanira kaamba ka ma rookies (m’chitsanzo, ayenera kukhala zaka zosachepera zitatu kuchokera ku sukulu yasekondale) zimene zatopetsedwa koma kaŵirikaŵiri zikuchirikizidwa monga BFOQs chifukwa chakuti kukonzekera kwa thupi kofunikira kaamba ka kuseŵera kwaukatswiri kuli kosakanitsika ndi msinkhu. Koma, nyengo zofunikira pa kupuma pantchito kwa oseŵerawo siima ndi kupikisana, popeza kuti kupenda kwaluso kwaumwini kaŵirikaŵiri nkotheka.

Zolephera ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Molakwika

A BFOQ samagwira ntchito m’mikhalidwe yambiri kumene olemba ntchito angafune kugwiritsira ntchito msinkhu. Makhoti nthaŵi zonse atsutsa malingaliro otsatirawa a kusiyanitsa kwa ukalamba:

  • Zosankha: [[FLT :1] Mbwana sangakane kulemba antchito okalamba chifukwa cha ogula akonda antchito achichepere. Diaz v. Pan Am World Aiways [1], khoti linagamula kuti ogulawo oweta akazi sanali BFOQ; lingaliro lofananalo limagwira ntchito kwa msinkhu.
  • Ndalama zosungidwa: Olemba ntchito sangatsutse kuti antchito okalamba ngokwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa cha malipiro a ndalama za inshuwalansi, kapena mathayo a penshoni. Cholinga cha ADEA ndicho kuletsa kulungamitsa chuma koteroko kuti musaphimbe tsankhu.
  • Masinthidwe onena za luso: Zikhulupiriro zakuti antchito okalamba sagwira ntchito bwino, amasinthasintha, kapena okhoza kuphunzitsidwa sizitanthauza BFOQ. Olemba ntchito ayenera kudalira pa umboni weniweni, osati zolingalira.
  • Zifuno zosapeŵeka popanda umboni: Pamene kuli kwakuti chisungiko chingalungamitse BFOQ, mabwana ayenera kusonyeza kuti chofunika cha msinkhu chimadalira mwachindunji pa zotulukapo za chisungiko. Nkhaŵa zofala ponena za ukalamba nzosakwanira.

BFOQ v. Ma-Afritive Defense

Olemba ntchito nthaŵi zina amasokoneza BFOQ ndi zinthu zina zodzitetezera, monga "bizinesi yofunikira" kapena "chochititsa china chomveka osati msinkhu" (RFOA). Pansi pa ADEA, kufunika kwa malonda sikuli kutetezera ku kusankhana mwadala; kumagwira ntchito kokha m'zochitika zosagwirizana. RFOA, kusiyanitsa, kumalola mtu wantchito kugwiritsira ntchito muyezo wosadalira pa msinkhu wake, malinga ndi ntchito yogwirizana ndi kufunika kwa bizinesi. BFOQ n’njosiyana chifukwa chakuti imavomereza mwachindunji zaka monga chilolezo, ndipo imapereka umboni wolemera.

Chitsogozo Chogwira Ntchito kwa Olemba Ntchito

Masitepe otsatirawa angathandize kutsimikizira kugwirizana ndi ADEA ndi BFOQ yochepera:

  1. Kuzindikiritsa chifuno cha bizinesi yofunika. Mazino ngati ntchitoyo imaphatikizapo chisungiko cha anthu, kuchita ntchito zowona, kapena kufunidwa kwathupi kwapadera kumene sikungachepetsedwe ndi malo okhala.
  2. Umboni wa cholinga. Musunge maphunziro a sayansi, miyezo ya maindasitale, ndi umboni waluso wosonyeza kuti msinkhu ndi chisankho chodalirika cha khalidwe lofunikira. Pewani kudalira pa zikhulupiriro zapatali kapena za stereodial.
  3. Malo ena osapereka upo. Ganizirani ngati kupima kwaumwini . monga mayeso a kuthamanga kwa thupi, mayeso a zamankhwala, kapena kupenda kwamaganizo . Kukhoza kukwaniritsa cholinga chimodzimodzi popanda kudula msinkhu. Ngati masinthidwe otero alipo, BFOQ sangakhalebe woyang’aniridwa bwino.
  4. Chikalata chofufuzira. Musunge zolembedwa zosonyeza mfundo za msinkhu wofunikira, umboni wolingaliridwa, ndi kukana njira zina. Makalatawa ndi ofunika kwambiri ngati lamulolo likutsutsidwa.
  5. Nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Pamene chidziŵitso cha sayansi chisintha, cholungamitsidwa kale chingakhale chotha ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, nyengo yokakamiza ya oyendetsa ndege inakwera kuchokera pa 60 mpaka 65 pambuyo pa kufufuza kunasonyeza kuti malire akale anali oletsa kwambiri.

Olemba ntchito amene molakwika amayang'anizana ndi milandu yothekera, malipiro, zivulazo, ndi chithandizo chotha ntchito. Oumeter Accounting Opportunity Commission (EOC) akufufuza mwamphamvu madandaulo a kusankhana kwa msinkhu, ndi odzinenera achipambano angapeze ndalama za maloya. Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, fufuzani EEC'S C C Direasurection Age Directive [[FLT: 1]]

Chiyambukiro pa Olembedwa Ntchito ndi Ufulu Wawo

Ogwira ntchito achikulire amene amakhulupirira kuti amasalidwa chifukwa cha zimene amati ndi zachinyamata, angapeze njira zosiyanasiyana zowathandizira.

  • Khulupirirani lamulo kapena zochita zimene zinazikidwa pa msinkhu, kuphatikizapo zolembera zilizonse kapena zolembedwa ndi oyendetsa ntchito.
  • File mlandu ndi EEOC m'masiku 180 (kapena masiku 300 m’zigawo zokhala ndi bungwe lodalirika la boma lopezera ntchito). EEOC adzafufuza ndi kutulutsa kalata ya kumanja.
  • Khonsa loya wa ntchito adakumana ndi lamulo la tsankho la ntchito. Ngati bwana sangathe kukwaniritsa mtolo wa BFOQ, wantchito angapeze zowonongedwa za malipiro otayika, kupsinjika maganizo, ndipo, nthaŵi zina, chiwombolo.

Kusintha kwa mtolo mu ADEA kumafuna wantchito kuyamba kukhazikitsa facie ndi kutsimikizira kuti kusankhidwa kuli kofunika pantchito. Ngati kwachitika, bwana ayenera kutulutsa umboni wa chifukwa cha lamulo, chosagamula. Kugonjetsa pa BFOQ, bwana ayenera kupitirira pa kulongosola kokha. Kuti atsimikizire kuti msinkhu ndi wofunika pantchitoyo, onani [[FLT:] Komiti ya American Bar Law News .

Kumaliza

Kusiyanitsa Koposa kwa Malamulo kuli kofunika koma kovomerezedwa m'lamulo la ntchito. Amazindikira kuti pamikhalidwe yachilendo, msinkhu weniweniwo ungakhale chofunika cha ntchito chovomerezeka (nthaŵi zambiri pamene kutetezereka kwa anthu, kudalirika kwa luso, kapena kukakamizidwa kopambanitsa kwa thupi kukuikidwa pachiswe. Komabe makhoti achenjeza mobwerezabwereza kuti kusasankhako kusakhale kopitirapo. Olemba ntchito amene amapempha BFOQ ayenera kutulutsa umboni wodalirika wakuti palibe njira ina yochepetsera ufulu wa anthu, pamene antchito asunga ufulu wotsutsa mapangano amene amawakana mosayenerera chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo. Pamene kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ntchito kukukulirabe kwa msinkhu, BFQ idzakhalabe mbali yamphamvu ya lamulo, yofunikira kusamala ufulu pakati pa zoyenera ndi ntchito zina zofunika. [FFF], [FF] Kayenderectner of the Reformation of the Geneticmentation [3] [F]]][3]