Chiyambi

Chikalata cha First ku United States cha Lamulo la Malamulo chili chimodzi mwa zitetezero zazikulu kwambiri za jurisprudence . Nkhaniyi inagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, imateteza ufulu wa boma ku kulephera kuweruzidwa. Pakati pa zimenezi, kutetezeredwa kwa kudzivulaza ndiko kudziŵika bwino ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Nkhaniyi imapereka mphamvu, pofufuza mfundo za kuwonjezera za ufulu wa munthu pa mfundo za boma: mizu yake yakale, mafotokozedwe ake a zamalamulo, matanthauzo ake, ndi ntchito yothandiza anthu amakono. Kaya ndinu wophunzira, mphunzitsi, mphunzitsi, kapena katswiri walamulo, kumvetsa bwino mfundo za malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika.

Kodi Kudzizunza N’kutani?

Kudzitsutsa kumachitika pamene munthu akakamizidwa kupereka umboni, zikalata, kapena umboni wina umene ungawapangitse ku mlandu waupandu kapena chilango. Mpambo wa Findremesement umaletsa boma kukakamiza munthu “kukhala mboni yodzitsutsa. Kuyenera kumeneku sikuli konse m’mbali zonse, koma kumapanga chikopa champhamvu chimene chimatetezera woneneredwayo kuti asakakamizidwe kupereka umboni wogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwatsetsa. Chitetezerocho sichimagwira ntchito kulumbira umboni m’khoti komanso kupereka ndemanga zoperekedwa m’nthaŵi ya kufunsa kwa apolisi, mayeso audindo, ndipo ngakhalenso nkhani zina zonena zautsa lamulo.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, kuyenera kotsutsana ndi kudzivulaza kuli kwaumwini , kuli kwa anthu achibadwa okha, osati makampani kapena mabungwe ena. Kukhoza kupemphedwa ndi munthu aliyense amene moyenerera amakhulupirira kuti yankho lawo likhoza kutsogolera ku mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse lakhala ndi lingaliro lakuti mwaŵiwo umaposa kuulula mwachindunji chidziŵitso chirichonse chimene chingapereke “kugwirizanitsa mndandanda wa umboni wofunikira kuweruza".

Mbiri Yakale ya Mpumulo wa Nachisanu

Chitetezo cha Fite Amendment cha kudzitetezera kwa munthu mwini ndi chidani chinachokera kwambiri m'mbiri ya malamulo a ku England. M’zaka za zana la 16 ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, makhoti a ku England ndi makhoti a tchalitchi kaŵirikaŵiri anagwiritsira ntchito lumbiro lakale la kuficio kukakamiza anthu kulumbira kuti ayankhe moona mtima asanadziŵe zimene ananenezedwa. Mchitidwe umenewu, wofala m’bwalo la Star Chamber ndi Great Commission, ukanakakamiza munthu kuvomereza maupandu amene sanadziŵe nkomwe kuti anachita.

Kukana njira zoterozo kunakhala kuchonderera kwa Angelezi oweruza ndi atsamunda ku America. John Lilburne, mtsogoleri wa Oyeretsa, motchuka anakana kutenga lumbiro lapakale la ficio mu 1630, akumanena kuti palibe munthu amene ayenera kukakamizidwa kudziimba mlandu. Mlandu wake unathandiza kukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti munthu sayenera kukakamizidwa kumadziimba yekha mlandu. Pofika nthaŵi ya Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa America, lamulo lofala , la tenaetur seum secus accus (“munthu safunikira kudziimba mlandu yekha yekha").

Pamene okonza mafomu analembetsa Bill of Rights, iwo anatengera mwachindunji choloŵa chimenechi. James Madison, amene anayambitsa kusintha m'Congress, anayesa kuletsa boma latsopanolo kugwiritsira ntchito njira zopanikiza zomwe zinakwiyitsa anthu a m’dzikolo. Motero Demendment yachisanu inakonzedwa monga chitetezo choletsa kuzunza, kuulula kokakamiza, ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti mwaŵi “umachotsa makhalidwe athu ofunika kwambiri ndi zolinga zathu zazikulu. [[Crect] [Crell Information à centerment Institute center]

Lemba la Lamulo Lachisanu

Mawu onse a mu Lamulo lachisanu la Mpando Wakuti “Kusintha ” amati:

“ Palibe munthu amene adzaimbidwa mlandu wa kulikulu, kapena upandu wa mbiri yoipa, pokhapokha ngati wapatsidwa mlandu kapena kupatsidwa mlandu wa Wansembe Wamkulu, kusiyapo ngati pachitika mlandu m’dzikolo kapena m’magulu ankhondo ankhondo, kapena ku Militia, pamene akutumikiradi panthaŵi ya Nkhondo kapena kuopsa kwa anthu; kapena ngati munthu aliyense wachita tchimo lofananalo kuti aikidwe pangozi kapena kuikidwa chiŵalo chotere; kapena kukakamizidwa m’nkhani iliyonse yaupandu kuti akhale mboni yotsutsana naye, kapena kulandiridwa moyo, kapena kulandidwa kwa moyo, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo; kapena katundu waumwini aliyense wotengedwa kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito kwa anthu onse, popanda kulipira.”

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani ino ikusumika pa mawu odzitsutsa okha, kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa kuti Mpambo wa Fitep uli ndi zitetezero zisanu zosiyana: chiyeneretso chachikulu cha ajuli, kuikidwa paupandu kaŵiri, kudzipatula, njira yoyenerera, ndi kutenga. Chilichonse chili ndi lamulo lakelake la mlandu ndi tanthauzo logwira ntchito.

Makonzedwe Ofunika a Kusintha kwa Kasanu: Kabuku Katsopano

Grand Jury Clause

Munthu asanaimbidwe mlandu wa likulu kapena waupandu wa boma wotchuka, oweruza aakulu ayenera kupereka mlandu kapena chigamulo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti pali chifukwa chothekera kupitiriza. Chiganizocho sichimagwira ntchito ku kuzenga mlandu kwa boma, koma maboma ambiri ali ndi njira zofanana.

Kukhulupirira Kuti Adzauka

Munthu amene ali ndi mlandu woterewu amatetezedwa kuti asaimbidwe mlandu kawiri chifukwa choti walakwa kapena walakwa.

Makonzedwe a Claus

Lamulo la Claus lotchedwa System Processor Claus limaletsa boma kulanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda malamulo oyenera.

Kutenga (Dzina Lapamwamba) Claus

Makonzedwe amenewa amadziwikanso kuti kulanda malo a anthu, ndipo boma limafuna kuti anthu azingopereka ndalama zolipirira katundu wawo ngati akufunika kugula katunduyo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu ena.

Kudzipatula

Mawu odzitsutsa okha mwina ndiwo mbali yolembedwa kwambiri ya Lamulo lachisanu. Limanena kuti palibe munthu “adzakakamizidwa m’nkhani iliyonse yaupandu kudzitsutsa.” M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lalikulu lawonjezera chitetezo chimenechi kuti chigwire ntchito m’zochitika zambiri kupyola mlandu waupandu wochitidwa mwalamulo.

Kudzilemekeza Konse

Mbali ya Chitetezo

Udindo wolimbana ndi kudzivulaza si wopanda malire. Imagwira ntchito kokha kuumboni wokakamizidwa kapena kulankhulana kumene kuli umboni m’chilengedwe. [[FLT]] Schmerber v. California [196], Khoti Lapamwamba linkafuna kuti litetezere mwayi wongoteteza “kulemekeza". Ndiko umboni, mawu kapena ntchito zapamanja monga zitsanzo za magazi, maminwe, kapena zolemba. Motero, apolisi angafunikire kuganiziridwa kupereka DNA yodulidwa kapena kutengamo mbali mumzere popanda kuswa malamulo a [1]

Kodi Ndani Angailoŵetsemo

Mwayi wake ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Bungwe, bungwe, kapena bungwe lina lopanga silingapemphe kuti pakhale Kusintha kwa Gawo lachisanu. Komabe, antchito amodzi angakhoze kukhazikitsa mwaŵiwo pamene umboni wawo uwachititsa iwo eni, ngakhale ngati womlemba ntchitoyo akufuna kuti alankhule. Zofunikira zosunga malonda (“mafalishoni olembedwa bwino a chiphunzitso”) zingagonjetsenso mwaŵiwo ngati mafaelowo ali a mtundu woyenerera boma lifunikira kusungidwa.

Pamene Mwaŵi Ufika

Chitetezerocho chimagwira ntchito mu “chitukuko chilichonse, kaya chachiŵeruzo kapena chaupandu, oweruza kapena achiweruzo, ofufuza kapena oimira boma” kumene umboni umaitanidwa kupereka umboni. Chikuphatikiza osati kokha milandu ya lamulo komanso mafunsidwe a a apolisi, kuzenga milandu, kuweruza, ndipo ngakhale mabwalo aakulu a ajuli. Mfungulo njakuti yankholo liyenera kukakamizidwa ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndipo liyenera kuyambitsa ngozi yeniyeni ya kuweruza kwa apandu.

“ Kutsogolera Wachisanu”

Mmene Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Kuyenera

Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala, kungokhala chete sikumangopempha Lamulo Lachisanu. Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira [[FLT] Salinas v. Texas [1] (2013]) kuti mboni iyenera kutchula mwachindunji mwaŵi wa kupempha chitetezo chake. Ngati munthu akhalabe chete popanda kunena kuti adalira pa Pe5 Amendment, oweruza anganene pambuyo pake pa kungokhala chete kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwo monga umboni wa liwongo m’mikhalidwe ina. Chotero, aliyense amene akufuna kutsutsa Fife 5 ayenera kunena kuti, “Ndikutsimikiza kuti ndi ufulu wanga wa kukhala chete pansi pa demeshoni yachisanu kapena chinenero chofanana ndi .

Zotulukapo za Kupempha

Pamene mboni ichonderera moyenerera Lachisanu, boma mwachisawawa silingathe kuwakakamiza kupereka umboni, ndipo kukana kwawo sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito pozenga mlandu waupandu. Komabe, makhoti a milandu yachiŵeniŵeni angatenge mawonekedwe oipa kuchokera ku ku kupempha kwa chipani. Mlandu, oweruza amaletsedwa kunenapo kanthu za kulephera kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo, pa pa [FLT] [FLT] v. California [1] (65]). Komabe mwaŵiwo sutsimikizira chitetezero kulephera kwa malingaliro apo kwa anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri amakayikira [palopo] pamene mboni inakana kuyankha.

Mwayi Waukulu

Chilungamo chachisanu chikhoza kuchotsedwa. Ngati mboni ichitira umboni modzifunira ponena za nkhani inayake, iwo angawonedwe kukhala atachotsa mwaŵiwo m’chigwirizano ndi mafunso ofanana. Wopereka mlanduyo amagwira ntchito kokha ku nkhani imene iwo apereka. Mzembe amene wadzichinjiriza sangakane kuyankha mafunso ofufuzidwa pa nkhani zodzutsidwa pa kufufuza kwachindunji.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

Miranda v. Arizona (1966]

Mwinamwake mlandu wodzitsutsa wochuluka. Khoti linanena kuti popanda machenjezo, mawu opezedwa mkati mwa kufunsa mlandu amalingaliridwa kukhala okakamiza ndi osavomerezeka m’khoti. Tsopano “Marindaaa ufulu wawo walamulo .

Griffin v. California (65)

Mu Griffin, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti Kusintha kwa Gawo 5 kumaletsa woimba mlandu kuyankha pa kulephera kwa woimbidwa mlandu pa mlandu. Khoti linalingalira kuti ndemanga yoteroyo ikanapatsa chilango woimbidwa mlanduyo mokhutiritsa chifukwa cha kuyenera kwa lamulo kutonthola. Chitetezero chimenechi chimagwira ntchito mofanana m'zochitika za boma kupyolera mwa Geneth Amendment.

Kastigar v. United States (1972]

Kastigar [FLT .1] inafotokoza ntchito ya ndalama zotetezera ku matenda kukakamiza umboni. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti ngati boma lipereka umboni “kugwiritsira ntchito ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zina . Kutanthauza umboni weniweniwo ndi umboni uliwonse wopezekamo sungagwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi umboni . Umboniwo uyenera kukakamizidwa kupereka umboni. Pamenepo boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti umboni uliwonse umene limagwiritsira ntchito potsutsa umboniwo uli wokha.

Salinas v. Texas (2013)

[[FLT: 0] Salinas [1] analongosola kuti bata lokayikiridwalo lisanakwane, kufunsa apolisi osakhala ndi udindo kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga umboni wa liwongo pokhapokha ngati wokayikirayo akutchula momvekera bwino za Lamulo Lachisanu. Mlanduwu unakhudza munthu amene anakayikira kuti anayankha modzifunira mafunso ena koma anakhala chete atafunsidwa za mfuti. Chifukwa chakuti sananene kuti ali ndi mwayi, oimira mlanduwo anaugwiritsa ntchito kutontholera kwa iye. Khoti Lapamwamba linagogomezera zimenezi, kugogomezera chofunika cha kupempha ndalama mwachindunji. [FL:2] [FL:] (Oyez – [FLT: 3] Sal.[FFF]]]

Cavez v. Martinez (2003)

Mu Chavez [FLT :1], Bwalo lamilandu linalingalira ngati munthu amene anafunsidwa mafunso koma sanaimbidwe mlandu kapena kuimbidwa mlandu ungasunge mlandu wa kuswa Lamulo Lachisanu. Khotilo linanena kuti kudzipatula kumatetezera kokha mawu okakamiza ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’milandu; kachitidwe kokakamiza kokha popanda kugwiritsira ntchito mawuwo sikana ndi Malamulo. Mlanduwu uwu umagogomezera kuti mwaŵiwo umasumikidwa pa kugwiritsira ntchito mawu okakamiza, osati kukakamiza kokha.

Zolephera ndi Zosafunika

Opereka Nsalu Zopanda Magazi

Monga momwe kwasonyezedwera mu Kastigar , boma lingasonkhezere umboni ngati upereka chitetezo. “Kuchinjiriza kwa kuopa kulakwa” kumatetezera umboni pa nkhani iliyonse yogwirizana ndi umboni, pamene kuli kwakuti“ kugwiritsira ntchito chitetezo chakuchinjiriza kukumaletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito umboni weniweniwo. M’zochita, kugwiritsira ntchito ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya thupi kuli kofala kwambiri pamlingo wa boma.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Zinthu Zinachitadi Zoipa

Mpando wachisanu Sumatetezera ku kukakamiza kutulutsa umboni wakuthupi wonga ngati mwazi, DNA, kulemba, kapena mawu. Komabe, ntchito yopanga zikalata ingakhale umboni ngati itsimikizira zonse. [FLT] United States v. Hubbell . [FLT] [2] [2000] [2000] Khoti linalamula kuti munthu woimbidwa mlandu atulutse njira yopangira mapepala a Find Remeter Conf Reformation akanatha kuswa lamulo chifukwa cha kachitidwe kasankha ndi kutulutsa mawu opereka chikalata chopereka mlandu.

Ziphunzitso Zofunika

Ponena za zolembedwa zakuti munthu ayenera kusungidwa mwalamulo (m’njira yachikuku, malipiro a msonkho, zolembedwa zina za malonda), Demendment yachisanu siimapereka chitetezo. Boma lingakakamize kutulutsa zolembedwa zoterozo chifukwa chakuti zimaonedwa kukhala zachibadwidwe. chiphunzitso chimenechi kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’nkhani zosinthasintha zinthu monga ngati kuyendetsa malo okhala kapena kugulitsa mfuti.

Kulemba ndi Kulemba Nkhani za Ziŵiya

Mabungwe sangapereke umboni wa chisanu. Olemba mbiri za makampani ayenera kutulutsa ngakhale ngati iwo eniwo apereka mlandu kwa wosunga. Lamulo limeneli nlozikidwa pa lamulo lakuti ufulu wa bungwelo ngwosiyana ndi wa oimira ake. Komabe, ntchito yopanga ingakhalebe umboni kwa munthu, chotero kusanthula mosamalitsa kukufunika.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Lamulo la Nambala 5

M’mayesero a Chigaŵenga

Woimbidwa mlandu waupandu angasankhe kusapereka umboni. Woweruzayo sanganenepo za kukhala chete kumeneku, ndipo oweruza akulangizidwa kusatenga lingaliro lirilonse la liwongo kuchokera ku chigamulo cha woimbidwa mlandu. Ichi ndi chiŵiya champhamvu chifukwa chakuti mtolo wa umboni umakhala pa boma lonse. Maloya odzitetezera odziŵa bwino ntchito amalangiza ogulitsa kusapereka umboni pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunika kwenikweni, popeza kuti umboni wowona mtima ungapotozedwe pa kuyang’ana kwa mtanda.

M’mikangano ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Chikalata chachisanu Chowonjezera chimapezekanso m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni. Chipani kapena mboni ingakane kuyankha mafunso amene angawaike ku mlandu waupandu. Komabe, mosiyana ndi milandu yaupandu, oweruza a boma angapeze chithunzi choipa kuchokera ku kuchonderera. Gulu limene limachonderera Lachisanu m’nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni lingataye motsimikizirika kukhoza kudzichinjiriza pa nkhani imeneyo, imene ingatsogolere ku chiweruzo chopanda pake kapena zotulukapo zina zoipa.

M’Nkhani za Malamulo ndi M’kupitizidwa kwa Oyang’anira

Mboni pamaso pa Congress kapena mabungwe a boma zingapereke mfundo ya Fite Amendment. Zitsanzo zapamwamba zimaphatikizapo mboni ku Watergate, nkhani ya Iran-Contra, ndi kufufuza kwamakono. Mwayiwu umagwira ntchito mokwanira, koma zotsatirapo za ndale zadziko ndi mbiri yabwino za kuchonderera Lachisanu zingakhale zowopsa. Pankhani za boma, anthu angakane kupereka umboni umene ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pambuyo pake m'nkhani yaupandu, ngakhale kuti bungwelo lingapezebe mayeruzo oipa m'zosankha zake zalamulo.

Kuyankha Apolisi

Manda lamulo limagwira ntchito pa kufunsa mlandu wa ogwidwa. Ngati wokayikirayo ali m'ndende (inde,, sangakhale womasuka kuchoka) ndipo amafunsidwa, apolisi ayenera kupereka machenjezo ndi kulemekeza kuchonderera kwa wonyumwirayo kapena uphungu. Akangofuna kufunsa, mafunso ayenera kutha. Komabe, ngati wolingaliridwayo ayamba kukambitsirana, machenjezowo angaonedwe kukhala olakwa.

Kutsutsana kwa Ziphunzitso ndi Kusintha kwa Masiku Ano

Umboni wa pa Intaneti ndi Kulemba Malemba

Asayansi amakono amadzutsa mafunso atsopano a Fite Amendment. Khoti lingakakamize munthu amene akukayikira kuti apereke dzina lachinsinsi kapena chipangizo chinachake. Nkhani ndi yakuti kaya kupereka dzina la Mulungu ndi “kuyerekezera. . . Khoti Lalikulu silinaperekebe lamulo lotsimikizirika, koma makhoti aang'ono agawidwa. Ena anena kuti kutulutsa mawu oyenera ndi umboni chifukwa chakuti kumatchula dzina la Mulungu ndipo kungachititse kuti mfundozo zikhale zolondola. Ena amavomereza kuti ndi njira yosatetezedwa ndi Malamulo a Chingelezi.

Njira Zotetezera Dziko ndi Zogwirizanitsa

Pofufuza za chitetezo cha dziko ndi uchigaŵenga, boma nthaŵi zina lasintha mfundo za lamulo lodziimira lokha. Bungwe la Military Commissions ndi malamulo ena a malamulo amachepetsa kupezeka kwa mwaŵi wa adani. Otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zimachotsapo makhalidwe apamwamba a lamulo.

Kusamala za Anthu ndi Ufulu Woyenera wa Munthu Aliyense

Chitetezero cha Fit 5 Demendment nthaŵi zina chimatsutsana ndi kufunikira kwa lamulo kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso mofulumira. Mwachitsanzo, “kusoŵa chitetezo chapoyera kwa kuma [1998], imalola akuluakulu kufunsa mafunso oyenera kudziteteza kapena kuteteza anthu popanda kuchenjeza koyamba. Khoti lachepetsa zochitika zimenezi.

Kumaliza

Chitetezero cha Fite Amendment ku kudzipatula chidakali maziko a ufulu wa Amereka. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake m'kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa Angelezi ndi kufunsira kwake kwamakono m'mafolansi a managilamu ndi mabungwe, mwaŵiwo umateteza lamulo lofunika lakuti boma liyenera kutsimikizira mlandu wake popanda kukakamiza woimbidwa mlandu kupereka umboni wa liwongo lawo. Kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la nthaŵi ndi mmene angaperekere mwayiwu nkofunika kwa aliyense woyendetsa dongosolo la malamulo. Monga momwe luso la zopanga ndi chitaganya zidzakhalira projekiti yosintha, momwenso kumasulira ndi malo a lamulo lofunika limeneli. (Chorvel – Constitution)