Mpando Wachiŵiri wa Lamulo la United States Superline udakali umodzi wa malamulo otsutsana mwamphamvu kwambiri m'lamulo la America. Mwaunyinji wa 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, ukulengeza kuti: “Militia wolinganizidwa bwino, kukhala wofunika kuti boma likhale lotetezereka, ufulu wa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida, sudzadodometsedwa. Kwa zaka mazana aŵiri, chigamulo chimodzi chimenechi chakhala nkhani ya malamulo, ndale zadziko, ndi ya chikhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la Kusintha kumafuna kusanthula kwa chiyambi chake cha mbiri yakale, kuyankha kwa chiweruzo, ndi mafunso okakamiza apoyera amene akupitirizabe kukonza nkhani ya dziko ponena za ufulu wa mfuti ndi malamulo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Lamulo Lachiŵiri la M’chilamulo

Chiyambi cha Lamulo Lachiwiri la ku England ndi mbiri yapadera ya mayiko a ku America. Buku lachingelezi la ufulu wachibadwidwe la 1689 linatsimikizira kuti Apulotesitanti ali ndi ufulu wodzitetezera ndi kuteteza. Koma ufulu umenewu unali wovomerezeka ndi malamulo a nyumba ya malamulo ndipo sunali ufulu wa munthu aliyense m’lingaliro lamakono. Komabe, Colonian America, anayambitsa mwambo wamphamvu wa ntchito ya asilikali padziko lonse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pankhondo ya chisinthiko, magulu ankhondo a atsamunda ameneŵa anakhazikitsa maziko a kutsutsa kwa Amereka. Kupambana kwa nzika ya zidayo polimbana ndi Britain kunalimbikitsa chikhulupiriro chakuti anthu okhala ndi zida anali ofunika kusungitsa ufulu. Atapeza, Abambo analimbana ndi mmene angalamulire boma lolamulira dziko latsopanolo kuti likhale ndi mphamvu yokweza gulu lankhondo. Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa Abungwe pa mfundo I, Chigawo 8 chinasonyeza nkhaŵa zazikulu za mphamvu za asilikali. Antiparenfereders, wotsogozedwa ndi manambala onga Patrick Henry ndi George Mason, ananena kuti boma latsopano linapatsa ulamuliro waukulu kwambiri pa bungwe la asilikaliwo ndi kuti anthu afunikira kusungitsa ufulu ndi kuteteza zida.

James Madison, amene anakhazikitsa Bill of Rights, poyamba anaona lamulo la boma la ufulu kukhala losafunika. Koma m’kupita kwa nthaŵi analolera kuperekedwa kwa malamulo otsimikizirika. Magwero achiŵiri anali ogwirizana ndi kulolera kumeneku: adalinganizidwa kutsimikizira maboma kuti boma silingachotse mphamvu za asilikali kapena anthu. Mawu akuti “malamulo a Mitia" sanali kuchepetsa ufulu wa munthu koma mafotokozedwe a cholingacho kuti boma likhoza kusunga mphamvu zotha kuteteza nzika za dzikolo. Motero, Demetrisement inatsimikizira kuti onse aŵiriwo anali otetezeka ndi anthu oyenerera, ngakhale kuti unansi weniweni pakati pawo unakhalabe wolimbana kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Mabuku ndi Mabuku Omasulira Mabuku

Kuyambira kale, akatswiri a zamaphunziro, ndiponso ochirikiza mfundo za m’Baibulo akhala akutsutsa mfundo yakuti nkhani yaikulu ya kumasulira Baibulo la Owonjezera ndi yokhudza mawu atatu ofunika kwambiri akuti: “Ufulu wa anthu,” ndi“ kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida. ” Mawu onsewa ali ndi tanthauzo losiyana kwambiri la mbiri yakale limene limadziŵitsa anthu mfundo zamakono za malamulo a m’Baibulo.

Asilikali

Mawu akuti “wolamulidwa bwino Militia” akusonya ku bungwe la nzika zimene zimaphunzitsidwa, zolinganizidwa, ndi zokonzeka kudzitetezera. M’nyengo yokha, magulu ankhondo anali ndi amuna onse achiyera okhoza pakati pa nyengo zina, amene anafunikira kupereka zida zawo. “Auyang'anira bwino" anatanthauza kuphunzitsidwa ndi kulangidwa mopambanitsa. Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amatsutsa kuti lamuloli limaletsa ntchito ya asilikali yokha, pamene ena amatsutsa kuti ilo limalongosola chifuno popanda kuletsa malire a zida. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula mlandu mu [FLT:] Dicuit of Columbia. Helder . (2001)) adakana mwamphamvu kumasulira kopapatitsa, kopanda kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kuyenera kwa Anthu

Buku la Bill of Rights limagwiritsira ntchito mawu akuti “anthu” m'Chiyambi, Chachiŵiri, Chachinayi, Ninth, ndi Tenth Amendments . Mu Heller , Khoti linazindikira kuti m'mbali zina zonse,“ anthu akuimira anthu, osati mabungwe ogwirizana. Chifukwa chake, Malamulo achiŵiri amateteza munthu aliyense payekha, osati ufulu wa maboma wosunga zida zankhondo. Kupenda kumeneku kwakhala kofunika kwambiri pa kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa Madesikilo monga ufulu waumwini.

Sungani ndi Kunyamula Zida

Pa kukhazikitsidwa, “sungani zida” kukhale ndi mfuti m’nyumba ya munthu, pamene“ kunyamula zida” kuli ndi tanthauzo la asilikali . Kunyamula zida potumikira boma . komanso kunali ndi tanthauzo lakunyamula zida zankhondo za kudziyesa. Heller adagamula kuti “kunyamula zida” kumaphatikizapo kunyamula mfuti kuti munthu adziteteze, osati kokha m'nkhani za asilikali. Kumasulira kumeneku kuli ndi matanthauzo aakulu a malamulo a mfuti zamakono.

Malingaliro aakulu aŵiri omasulira amalamulira nkhani za lamulo pa Lamulo Lachiŵiri: Kuyambirira ndi Konsichushoni yamoyo. Olemba Baibulo oyambirira amafuna kupezanso tanthauzo la mawuwo panthaŵi ya kutembenuza. Akatswiri a malamulo a malamulo aumoyo amanena kuti Kukonzanso Kosintha kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi mikhalidwe yamakono ndi kumvetsetsa kowonjezereka kwa ufulu ndi chisungiko. Zosankha zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu lachirikiza kwambiri njira ya olemba malamulo a mfuti, zikumafuna kuti malamulo a mfuti akhale ogwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko a malamulo a kalelo a malamulo a zida.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lalikulu silinatchule mwachindunji za Lamulo lachiŵiri la Mlanduwo kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwake.

Chigawo cha Columbia ndi Heller (2008)

Mu Heller . , Khoti linayang'anizana ndi chitokoso kwa Washington, D.C. chiletso cha mfuti ya m’manja, chimene chinaletsa kukhala ndi mfuti zapamanja panyumba ndipo chinafuna kuti mfuti iliyonse yololedwa ikhale yotulidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kapena kumangidwa ndi chotsekedwa. Popanga, Khoti linagonjetsa chiletso, kuteteza kuti Malamulo achiŵiri amatetezera munthu kukhala ndi mfuti zaumwini m’nyumba. Woweruza Antonin Scalia, kulemba kaamba ka anthu ochuluka, anatsogolera kupenda kwa mbiri yakale kwa lemba la malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa kwake. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti kuletsako kulibe “kupanda chilo chakutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense kukhala ndi“ zida zankhondo zomveka zilizonse zotero. ”

Heller was a landmark because it resolved the long‑standing question of whether the Second Amendment guarantees an individual right. But it left many other issues unresolved, including whether the right applies to state and local governments and what types of firearms and regulations are permissible. The logic of Heller would soon be extended.

Mzinda wa Chicago (2010)

Mu McDonald , Bwalo lamilandu linayang'anizana ndi nkhani ya kuloŵetsedwa kwa [1] Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumagwira ntchito ku maboma kupyolera mwa Lamulo la Kusintha kwa 144th Claus. M'chigamulo cha Cendry Procession . Khoti linayankha kuti inde. Lingaliro la anthu ambiri, lolembedwa ndi Jamage Samuel Alto, linavomereza kuti kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo zaumwini ndi kukhala ndi maziko a lamulo la Amerekani la ufulu ndipo motero likumalamulira boma ndi maboma akumalo. Chigamu chimenechi chinatsimikizira kuti [[FLT:] Chikalata cha Chitetezero cha Javi, chito chopikitsa chikwanitsa kudziko lonselo cha Brea.

Pamodzi, Heller [[FLT :1] ndi [FLT :2] McDonald anakhazikitsa chipinda cha malamulo kaamba ka ufulu wa mfuti, koma anasiya malamulo enieni ololedwa ku makhoti aang'ono. Kwa zaka khumi, makhoti a boma anachirikiza kwambiri miyeso yambiri ya kuletsa mfuti imene inapendedwa, kulinganiza zokomera boma pa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Kugwirizana kumeneku kunathetsedwa ndi chigamulo chachikulu chachiŵiri cha Khoti Lachiŵiri la Kukonzanso.

Mzinda wa Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022)

Mu Bruen , Bwalo lamilandu linatsutsa “chifuno choyenerera” cha New York chofunikira cha chilolezo cha kunyamula mfuti yobisika poyera. Ambiri, polingalira ndi Woweruza Clarence Thomas, analengeza mayeso atsopano kaamba ka kupenda mavuto achiŵiri: Boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti malamulo a mfuti ndi“ kuvomerezana ndi mwambo wa dziko wa malamulo a mfuti. Ngati lamulo lamakono lilibe chigamu cha mbiri yakale kuchokera ku nyengo yokha kapena nyengo yapambuyo pang'ono (pakati pa zaka za zana la 651919), mwachionekere ndi osagwirizana ndi zigamu za nkhondo. “kuyesa kwa [1] Kuyesa kwa dziko ndi kutsutsa mabwalo amilandu ochepetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo otsutsa ndi kutsutsa malamulo ankhondo, kutsendereza chiletso cha nkhondo cha zaka zapakati pa zaka za nkhondo.

Bruen yasintha kwambiri mbali ya kuseŵera, kupanga kusanthula kwa mbiri yakale mbali yaikulu ya kuperekedwa kwa Second Amendment. Makhoti tsopano akulimbana ndi mafunso ovuta onena za mmene angaperekere mfuti zamakono ndi malamulo kwa 18th 93 ndi 19thcenturity countaintion . Chigamulocho chakulitsanso mkangano wa ndale zadziko pa kuletsa mfuti, monga momwe malamulo a boma ndi Mabungwe amayang'anizana ndi kusatsimikizirika ponena za zimene malamulo angasunge chitokoso ku chitokosokosoko.

Kutsutsana kwa Zipolowe kwa M’nthaŵi Yake

Mfundo za m’Baibulo zimene anthu amalimbana nazo m’maboma ndi pa Phiri la Capitol zimadalira kwambiri malamulo a boma.

Kufufuza Zinthu Zachilengedwe

Malamulo a boma afuna kuti afufuze malo apamwamba okha ngati anthu ogulitsa mfuti alandira chilolezo. Chotchedwa foolong . Chilolezo chotchedwa “mfuti chimasonyeza khola lachindunji” chimalola kugulitsidwa kwaumwini (kuphatikizapo aja amene ali pa zisonyezero za mfuti ndi pa Intaneti) kuchitika popanda kupenda. Ochirikiza achilengedwe chonse akutsutsa kuti kutseka mfuti zimenezi kungachepetse kuthamanga kwa mfuti kuti anthu asalole popanda kupondereza lamulo loletsa eni ake. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti malamulo oterowo ali olemetsa, angafunikire kulembetsa kwa mtundu (amene ali otsutsana ndi kumvetsetsa kwake) ndipo sangagwirizane ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa Coustry . Khoti Lali silina kulamulirabe pa chitokosokoso kutsutsa lamulo lachilengedwe.

Zida Zoletsa Kulimbana Nazo

Federal ziletso pa zikalata zamphamvu zotchedwa “zida zankhondo za australic [1] zinagwira ntchito kuyambira 1994 mpaka 2004 ndipo zachitidwa m'mayiko angapo. Kufufuza za kuchepetsa kwake kuwomberana kwa anthu ndi chiwawa cha mfuti kumasakanizidwa, koma zidakalibe nkhani yophiphiritsira. M'kutsatira [ku] mfuti zamphamvu , Bruen , makhoti angapo adera achirikiza chiletso cha boma mwa kupeza malamulo a mbiri oletsa malamulo oopsa ndi achilendo okhazikitsa. Makhoti ena amenya nkhondo zoletsa nkhondo zoterozo. Nkhaniyi ikupita ku Khoti Lapamwamba.

Malamulo a Mbendera Yofiira

Malamulo a Nyikitso za Nthenda za Kutetezera M’maupandu Mopambanitsa (ERPOS) amalola mamembala abanja kapena alamulo kuchonderera khoti kuchotsa mfuti kwa kanthaŵi kwa anthu olingaliridwa kukhala upandu kwa iwo okha kapena kwa ena. Malamulo ameneŵa akhazikitsidwa m'maiko oposa khumi ndi aŵiri ndipo apatsidwa mlandu wakuletsa kudzipha ndi kuwombera anthu ambiri. Otsutsa amadzutsa nkhaŵa ndi kutsutsa kuti kulanda mfuti popanda chigamulo chaupandu kungaswetsetsetsetsetsetse kuchepetsa kwachiŵiri. Makhoti a pansi pa makhoti achirikiza malamulo ofiira a mbendera, koma poposa pa Ben: [FLT:] [BBLT:1], mavuto atsopano akubuka.

Standāle Chiphunzitso Chanu ← CHA GAZI CHA CHA CHA NYUMBA NDI CHA MALO A AKULU

Malamulo a boma amene amafutukula kuyenera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yakupha m'kudzilamulira okha sali mwachindunji ponena za Kusintha kwachiŵiri, koma amagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chokulira cha ufulu wa mfuti. “Chiphunzitso cha ” chimachotsa thayo lakuthaŵa pamene munthu aukiridwa m’nyumba. Malamulo “Ima 76e preserve” amapatsa lamulo iri ku malo alionse kumene munthu ali ndi kuyenera kwalamulo kukhala. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsutsana chifukwa chakuti angatsogolere ku mikangano yakupha m'malo a anthu onse. Iwo kwakukulukulu ndiwo nkhani za lamulo la boma, koma amasonyeza lingaliro la dziko lonse m’mene kudzisungira mwini.

Kukopana ndi Maganizo a Anthu

Mabungwe a mbali zonse ziŵiri za mkangano wa mfuti ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa malamulo, kuvomereza, ndi malingaliro a anthu.

Ufulu wa Kumenyana ndi Mfuti

National Rifle Association (NRA) ndilo gulu lodziŵika bwino kwambiri la ufulu wa mfuti. Ilo lakhazikitsidwa mu 1871, NRA ya mbiri yakale inasumika maganizo pa maluso ndi chisungiko koma inasinthira ku kuyang'anira kwa ndale zadziko mu 1970. Ilo limatsutsa kuletsa mfuti zambiri, andale zadziko, ndi kusonkhanitsa ovota. Gun Moners of America (GA) ndi Second Amendment Foundation (SAF) imayang'anira zolimba, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsa NRA kukhala yodetsedwa kwambiri. SAF yakhala wotsogolera pa zochitika zambiri zachiŵiri zachiŵiri za Reformation, kuphatikizapo [FL:] [FLF:] ndi [FFFF:] [FFFFFFFFF]

Kulamulira Mfuti

Mabungwe onga Evertown for Gun Safety, Giffords Law Center, ndi Brady Campeir yoletsa Mfuti Wachiwawa amakakamiza malamulo okhwima. Amatchula za chiŵerengero cha anthu cha chiwawa cha mfuti . Oposa 45,000 a mfuti imfa mu 2022, mogwirizana ndi CDC , ndi kunena kuti malamulo oyenera amayenderana ndi Lamulo Lachiŵiri monga momwe latembenuzidwira mu Heller [[. Iwo amagogomezera mwambo wa mbiri yakale wa malamulo, monga malamulo olamulira kusungidwa kwa mfuti ndi kunyamula zida zobisika, kunena kuti ziletso zambiri zamakono zili ndi mizu yakuya.

Zimene Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza

Mafufuzidwe akusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku America amatsatira njira zina zotetezera mfuti, monga kuyang’anira malo onse ndi malamulo ofiira a mbendera, pamenenso nkhaniyo ikuchirikiza ufulu wa munthu aliyense wa kukhala ndi mfuti. Nkhaniyo ikudula mizera ya anthu, ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya malingaliro njokulira pakati pa ochirikiza ufulu wa mfuti. Chikhoti chachikulu cha Supreme Court chasintha njira yotetezera kwambiri ya Second Constration sichinason Constment, koma chasintha malingaliro andale: tsopano ochirikiza kunena kuti ziletso zambiri zotchuka n’zosagwirizana ndi ufulu wa mfuti, zikumapangitsa kuti lamulo lalamulo lipite patsogolo kwambiri.

Malangizo a M’tsogolo ndi Mafunso Osathetsedwa

Chigamulo cha Bruen [1] Chigamulo chayamba kutsegula mutu watsopano mu Second Amendment jurisprudency , koma mafunso ambiri osayankhidwa. Chimodzi cha makhoti otsatizana kwambiri ndicho mmene makhoti aang'ono ayenera kugwiritsirira ntchito “pabwalo la . Kupenda kwa mbiri yakale kumasokoneza, ndipo oweruza ayenera kusankha mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito malamulo amakono ku malamulo akale. Mwachitsanzo, kodi lamulo loletsa magazini aakulu a m'dzikolo lili ndi lamulo loletsa malamulo autsamunda amene amachepetsa chiŵerengero cha munthu? Umboni wina wa mbiri yakale umapereka lingaliro lakuti kuyambitsa Khaler America ali ndi mfuti, koma amene anali ndi malamulo otsika. Makhoti ogaŵaniwo ndi odula.

Nkhani ina yosathetsedwa ndiyo ukulu wa “malo ovuta. . M' [[FLT :1] ndi Bruen , Khoti linazindikira kuti mfuti zingaletsedwe ku“ malo ovuta kwambiri. Masukulu ndi nyumba za boma. Koma nzeru za [FLT:] [FLT] zinaoneka ngati zikuchepetsa malo amene mfuti zaletsedwa mwamwambo. Zingathe kuletsa mfuti za pansi pa nthaka, malo osungiramo zinthu, kapena zitsulo zomveka? Makhoti a ku madera a kufupi ndi opatulidwa, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lingafunikire kupereka chitsogozo chowonjezereka.

Kuwonjezerapo, kuletsedwa kwa lamulo pa magulu ena a anthu, monga ngati awo amene ali pansi pa zaka 21 kapena awo amene ali ndi chiwawa chapanyumba choletsa malamulo, akuyesedwa. United States v. Rami (2024]), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la boma limene limaletsa anthu achiwawa m’banja kuletsa kukhala ndi mfuti. Khoti, pa chigamulo chosapezeka, linapeza mwambo wokwanira wa mbiri wa kuchotsa anthu aupandu. Mlandu [[FLT:]Bru] silimapanga malamulo onse oletsa kuletsa mfuti, koma limafuna kulungamitsa mbiri yakale.

Kutsutsana pa Lamulo Lachiŵiri sikunathe. Kusintha kwa za Technology . monga 3Djnigad mfuti ndi “mfuti zonyamula anthu". Kusintha kwa ndale zadziko pa nkhaniyi kumasonyeza kuti palibe zizindikiro za kumenya. Komabe funso la maziko a malamulo limakhala lofanana ndi limene linali mu 1791: mmene angagwirizanitsire ufulu wa kudzipangira ndi ntchito ya boma ya asilikali ndi mfundo zamakono zimene anthu ayenera kuyendera bwino.

Kumaliza

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Kusintha zinthu si mbali ya nyumba yosungiramo zinthu; ndi mbali yalamulo la America imene ikupitiriza kusintha mwa kumasulira kwachiweruzo, ntchito ya malamulo, ndi nkhani yapoyera. Maziko ake a mbiri m'zochitika za asilikali ndi kuopa mphamvu zamphamvu adakali kubwerezabe m'mikangano ya lero. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu mu [Malamulo] [[FLT: 1]], [[FLT]] [MC] [FLD [3]], ndi [FLT:] Bru [FLT] [ma] mokulira [zolinga] zakuonetsa kuti kutetezera munthu kuyenera ndi kunyamula zida zaumwini, komanso zachititsanso mavuto atsopano kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lalikulu. Monga oweruza aunika malamulo adziko, ndi zopinga ndi zopinga za mbiri yabwino, ndi zowona za mbiri yakale, ndi zowona, zowona za kutsimikizira ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu onse aŵiri.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka: Cornell Legal Information Institute imapereka mawu onse ndi malongosoledwe a Demendment . Project ya Oyez imapereka nkhani yatsatanetsatane ya . [FLT] [FLT]] . [FLT:] ndi [FLT:] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[2]] [MFLT] v.[12] McD [Mcnald .[FLT].[FLT] [FFF:9] [ziLT] [zifu]. .CUYE YAPALENDOM.[19]