Kodi Mafuko Nchiyani?

Federali ndi njira ya kulamulira imene imagawira mphamvu pakati pa ulamuliro wa dziko ndi magulu andale a dziko lapansi . Monga maboma, zigawo, kapena zigawo. Ku United States, kapangidwe kameneka kamapanga milingo iŵiri ya boma yolamulira imene imagwira ntchito panthaŵi imodzi pa gawo limodzi ndi anthu. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo laumodzi kumene boma lalikulu lili ndi ulamuliro wotheratu, boma limatsimikizira kuti maboma asunga ufulu wapadera m'madera ofotokozedwa bwino.

Lingalirolo liri pa malamulo olembedwa amene amatchula mwachindunji mphamvu za boma la boma pamene akusunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma. Malamulo a malamulo ameneŵa sasintha; asintha kupyolera m'kukonzanso, zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu, ndi kachitidwe ka ndale zadziko. Asayansi andale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosola zitsanzo ziŵiri zopikisana za uyang’aniro:

  • Federalism (Layer Cake Federalism): [ imawona maboma a boma kukhala olekana, osiyana ndi mapulaneti okhala ndi malamulo olongosoledwa bwino. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinalamulira zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20.
  • Coftideration Federalism (Make Federalism yosatsutsika): imagogomezera mathayo otsagana ndi kugwirizana kwa boma. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinatchuka m'nyengo ya New Deal ndipo chikupitirizabe kuumba ulamuliro wamakono.

Federalism imasonyezanso maunansi a boma pakati pa [1] magrant-in-aid, zifuno, ndi kumasulidwa . Mwa njira imene boma ladziko limasonkhezera malamulo a boma. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kuti timvetsetse mmene demokrase ya Amereka imagwirira ntchito.

Mbiri Yakukula kwa Federalism mu United States

Kuchoka pa Kugwirizana ndi Malamulo Kufika pa Malamulo

Mpangidwe wa chisankho cha chigwirizano cha American umapezeka mu Thes of Confederation (1781), imene inapanga Nyumba ya Malamulo yofooka ndipo inapereka pafupifupi ulamuliro wonse ku maboma. Kakonzedwe kameneka kanatsimikizira kukhala kosagwira ntchito. Konret sakanalamulira malonda, misonkho, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kusokonezeka kwa zachuma, kukangana kwa malonda, ndi Chipanduko cha Shays kunavumbula kulakwa kwake.

Constitution ya Constitution ya 1787 inapanga mapulani osiyana kwambiri. Malamulo anapatsa boma la boma loŵerengedwa (Article I, Chigawo 8) ndi mawu apamwamba (Article VI) kupanga lamulo la boma kukhala lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo. Komabe Demende la khumi, lowonjezeredwa mu 1791, losungidwa momvekera bwino ku maboma kapena anthu. Uchifumu wa mbali ziŵiri umenewu unakhala maziko a lamulo la chigwirizano cha Americanism.

Dziko Loyambirira ndi Vuto la Kuchepetsa Matenda

Zaka makumi oyambirira za dzikolo zinayesa malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Aluen ndi Sedition Acts (1798) inasonkhezera chigamulo cha Kentucky ndi Virginia, chimene chinatsutsa kuti maboma angathetse malamulo a boma osagwirizana ndi boma. Ngakhale kuti kutha kwa malamulo sikunavomerezedwe ndi chiweruzo, mkanganowo unachitira chithunzi nkhondo yamtsogolo. Nullitification Crisis ya mu 1832-1833, yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi kutsutsa kwa boma la South Carolina, inatha ndi kulolera kugonjera koma kutsimikizira ulamuliro wa boma kupyolera mwa kuopsa kwa Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson kwa gulu la asilikali.

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukonzanso Malamulo

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni (1861-1865) inasintha kwambiri kulinganiza kwa boma. Chilakiko cha Union chinakhazikitsa kuti maboma sangakhale ndi malamulo a dziko ndi kuti boma la boma lingasungitse miyezo ya dziko. Communion Amendments . . .Thirteenth (Kuchotsa ukapolo), 1450 (chitetezero chokwanira, njira yoyenera, ndi ufulu wa anthu), ndi (kuchepetsa ufulu wa boma) ndi kuwonjezera ulamuliro wa boma pa ufulu wa anthu.

Kulimbana Kwatsopano ndi Magwirizano Ogwirizana

Mkati mwa Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal inawonjezera kwambiri ntchito ya boma pa malamulo a zachuma ndi zaumoyo wa anthu. Khoti Lalikulu linagonjetsa malamulo ambiri a New Deal koma potsirizira pake linasintha, kuchirikiza mafotokozedwe ambiri a Commerce Claus ndi kulipira ndi mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito. Nthaŵi imeneyi inakhazikitsa mfundo za boma zogwirizana, kumene boma linapereka ndi zisonkhetso zothandizira maboma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a dzikolo.

Chisinthiko ndi Reagan Era

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 adatsutsana ndi ulamuliro wapakati. Ronald Reagan anachirikiza “New Federalism,” kuchirikiza kubwerera kwa ulamuliro ku maboma kupyolera mwa zotsekereza ndi kuletsa. The Personal Junice and Work Procement Reconciliation Act ya 1996 (kusintha kwa ntchito) inapatsa malamulo osinthasintha kwambiri popereka maprogramu a zaumoyo. Mkhalidwe wa kusinthitsa zinthu uku ukupitirizabe kusonkhezera mikangano pa maphunziro, zaumoyo, ndi malamulo a malo okhala.

Kugaŵikana kwa Maulamuliro kwa Malamulo

Lamulo la U.S. limagaŵira mphamvu pakati pa boma la boma, maboma, ndi anthu m’magulu atatu:

  • Ndandandanda ya Maulamuliro ('Osaikiridwa): Ondandandaldwa bwino m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, izi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhoma ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira chigawo cha dziko ndi malonda akunja, kukhazikitsa maofesi a posts, ndi kukweza magulu ankhondo. Boma la boma lilinso ndi mphamvu zotengedwa kuchokera ku Klaus ndi Holy Claus (Chigawo I, Classiano 18), monga momwe zinakhazikitsidwa mu .
  • Maulamuliro osungidwa : Mpando wa Tenuth Amendment ku maboma amene sagaŵiridwa ku United States kapena kuletsedwa ku maboma. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyang'anira malonda a dziko lapansi, kuchititsa masankho, kukhazikitsa maboma, kutsogolera maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za apolisi kaamba ka thanzi la anthu, chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe.
  • Maulamuliro anthaŵi zonse: [[FLT :1] Milingo yonse iŵiri imagawana mphamvu zonga ngati kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kumanga misewu, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Pamene mikangano ibuka, Supremacy Claus kaŵirikaŵiri imayanjana ndi lamulo la boma, kuyerekezera kuti ndi lalamulo.

Magaŵano ameneŵa amachititsa kusintha kwa zinthu kumene kwasintha zinthu m’dzikolo pamene kuli kwakuti kusungitsa ufulu wa boma m’madera ambiri. Komabe, malire olondola akukanidwabe, monga momwe kutsutsidwa kopitirizabe kwa malamulo a malo okhala, zilamuliro za zaumoyo, ndi kusungitsa anthu osamukira ku maiko ena zikukayikiridwa.

Mbali ya Khoti Lalikululo m’Kusintha Gawo la Mafuko

Khoti Lalikulu ndilo limayambitsa mikangano ya boma.

Nkhani Zazikulu Zowonjezereka za Ulamuliro wa Gulu la Olamulira

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819): Khotilo linatsutsa kuti boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zoposa zimene zinatchulidwa tsatanetsatane, ndi kuti silingakhoze kukhoma msonkho. Chigamulo chimenechi chinalimbikitsa kwambiri ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Gibbons v Ogden (1824): [[FLT ] Anamasulira Commerce Claus kuti aphatikizepo ntchito iliyonse imene imadutsa mizera ya boma, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro waukulu wa boma pa kuyendetsa ndege ndi malonda.
  • Mawu a Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964): [[FLT] Iwot II Onentived Set ya Chivil Rights Act, kuweruza kuti tsankho laufuko m'malo ogona a anthu onse limayambukira kwambiri malonda a maiko osiyanasiyana.

Milandu Yofunika Kwambiri Yolamulira Maboma

  • United States v. Lopez (1995): Kugwetsa Chikalata cha Gun-Free School Soneals Act, ndi kuti kukhala ndi mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu sikumayambukira kwenikweni malonda a chigawo cha chigawo. Zimenezi zinazindikiritsa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka makumi ambiri m'chilamu cha Court Carress chochepetsa mphamvu ya malonda a bungwe la Congress.
  • Kusindikizaz v. United States (1997): Zigawo zoletsedwa za Brady Handgun Leaving Prevention Act zimene zinafuna kuti boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko zipereke kuyang'anira, kulamulira kuti boma silingalamulire akuluakulu a boma.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): Anawona lamulo la munthu aliyense la Care monga msonkho koma anawononga kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kokakamiza, kutsimikiziranso kuti maboma sangakakamizidwe kuvomereza maprogramu a boma.
  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2013): Kuchotsa lamulo la Country Rights Act, kugamula kuti boma la boma liyenera kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chamakono mmalo mwa njira za mbiri yakale kuti litsimikizire kuti ndi maufumu ati amene amafuna kuti adziŵitse maufumu a boma.

Milandu imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti anthu a m’khotili ankayesetsa kukhazikitsa mphamvu zawo.

Kulamulira Kogwirizana m’Maulamuliro Amakono

Lamulo la Zaumoyo

Affordble Care Act (ACA) imapereka chitsanzo cha kusagwirizana kokhala m'bungwe logwirizana. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera ndi kupereka ndalama zothandizira, maboma amagwira ntchito ndalama za inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ndipo angafutukule Medicaid . Monga 2024, maboma 40 ndi Desiti ya Columbia adakulitsa Mdicaid pansi pa ACA, kusiya maboma 10 popanda kufutukuka. Kusiyana kumeneku kumayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu m’kulongosola ndi zotulukapo zaumoyo kupyola m'mizere ya boma.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Malamulo a Federal a malo okhala monga Clean Air ndi Clean Water Act amalola maboma kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu awo, ovomerezedwa ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri maboma amatsutsa malamulo a boma . California kuima kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhazikitsa miyezo yolimba yotulutsa galimoto yakhala chizindikiro. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court cha 20222 mu [FL:] West Virginia v. EPA

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Chiphunzitso chimene boma linkathandiza kwambiri pothandiza anthu kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ufulu wa anthu. Bungwe lina loona za ufulu wa anthu (The Students Foundations Act) la 2015 (ESSA) linachepetsa ulamuliro waukulu m’madera osiyanasiyana, kuchepetsa uyang’aniro wa boma wa mayeso oyeneretsedwa ndi kuŵerengera sukulu.

Chilungamo cha Apandu ndi Kuloledwa Mwalamulo

Federal ikupanga ntchito ya malamulo a boma pa cannabis. Kuyambira kuma 2025, maboma 24 ndi District ya Columbia alola kugwiritsa ntchito chamba movomerezeka, pamene kuli kwakuti ena ambiri amalola kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala. Komabe chamba chimakhalabe Shedyuli I pansi pa lamulo la boma, kuyambitsa mikangano pa kubanki, malonda a mayiko, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a boma. Malamulo a Justice Department asungitsa asintha ndi auyang'aniro alionse, kusonyeza mmene kuyang'anira kwaudindo kungasinthire boma.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Kusuntha kuli kwakukulukulu thayo la boma, koma maboma akufunafuna mowonjezereka kuloŵetsedwamo. SB 1070 (2070) yoyesa kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma kuyang'anira malo a kusamuka, kutsogolera ku khoti Lapamwamba ku kulephera kwa mbali imodzi mu [FLT: 0] Arizona ndi . United States (202).

Malingaliro Oyerekezera: Federalism Padziko Lonse

United States siili yokha yokhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma. Madongosolo ena a boma amaphatikizapo Germany, Canada, India, Australia, Brazil, ndi Switzerland. Pamene dziko lirilonse limasintha uyang’aniro wa boma mogwirizana ndi tsatanetsatane wake, nsalu zofala zimaphatikizapo malamulo olembedwa, kugaŵanitsa malo, ndi njira yothetsera mikangano ya boma.

  • [[FLT: 0] Germany : Lamulo Lamphamvu limakhazikitsa chigwirizano cha boma ndi kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa Länder (matunja). Bundesrat (nyumba yokulira) imaimira maboma a boma pamlingo wa dziko.
  • Canada : Act ya 1867, imapatsa zigawo mphamvu zoŵerengedwa pa madera monga maphunziro ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, pamene boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zobwerera m'mbuyo. Uyang'aniro wa Canada uli woyenerera kwambiri kuposa chitsanzo cha U.S. m'malamulo ena a chikhalidwe.
  • India : kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosoledwa kukhala “katswiri, [1] malamulo a India amaika mphamvu zambiri m'boma la dziko, maboma amene angawonongedwe ndi Pulezidenti pansi pa mikhalidwe ina.

Kuphunzira madongosolo ena a boma kumapereka chidziŵitso cha mpangidwe wa makonzedwe othekera a kulinganiza umodzi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mapindu ndi Mavuto a Mafuko

Mapindu

  • [[FLT: 0] Folicy Laboratories: United States angayese malamulo osiyanasiyana [1] onga ngati kusamala thanzi la dziko lonse, carbon prigrag, kapena kusintha kwa maphunziro . popanda kulephera m'dziko lonselo. Kuyesa kwachipambano kungavomerezedwe pa mlingo wa boma.
  • Kuwonjezera Kutengamo mbali Kwandale: [1] Nzika zili ndi malo ambiri ochitira pangano: makomiti a sukulu, makhoma a boma, ndi Congress . Makonzedwe ameneŵa angachititse boma kukhala lovomereza ndi lodziŵerengera.
  • Zipinga pa Mphamvu Yapakati: Kutha kwa ulamuliro kumafalitsa ulamuliro, kuchepetsa upandu wa nkhalwe mwa kusumika maganizo pamlingo umodzi.
  • Kusintha kwa Mitundu: Federalism imalola madera okhala ndi chikhalidwe, chuma, kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu kugwirizanitsa malamulo a m'malo akwawo.

Mavuto

  • [[FLT: 0] Kulingana ndi kusiyana: [1] Nzika m'maiko osiyanasiyana zingakhale ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kusamala zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi mautumiki a kakhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa Medicaid kwachititsa kusiyana kwa maboma osakhala a msinkhu.
  • Kupitira ndi Kugwedeza: m'malo oletsa kugogoda kungachititse chisokonezo, kusagwira ntchito, ndi malamulo otsutsana, makamaka kwa mabizinesi ogwira ntchito m'madera onse a boma.
  • Conlicct and Litigation: imatsutsa kumasula kwa boma, zoyesayesa za boma zotha, ndi malamulo osalembedwa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku nkhondo za khoti zodya ndalama zambiri.
  • .Race-to-kunsi-kusintha kwamphamvu: Madziko opikisana ndi kuikizira ndalama angachepetse misonkho, kuchotsa, kapena kuchepetsa kuwonongetsa ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa mayanjano, zimene zingawononge miyezo ya dziko.

Kusinthasintha kumeneku kuli m’gulu lililonse la boma. Vuto limene opanga malamulo amafunika ndilo kugwiritsa ntchito mapinduwo pochepetsa mavutowo.

Kugwirizana ndi Mtsogolo mwa Ulamuliro wa America

Federalism si nzeru yachilendo; imasintha kuti igwirizane ndi mavuto, kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi kusintha kwa ndale. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 unasonyeza zonse ziŵiri nyonga ndi kufooka kwa mayankhidwe abwino a anthu. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumafuna kuchita zinthu mogwirizana koma kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa ntchito za boma ndi boma. Umisiri wamakono monga nzeru zopeka, umbuli, ndi galimoto zodziimira zokha zimadzutsa mafunso akuti kaya ngati boma kapena boma lizilamulira n’zoyenera.

Kugawana kwandale kwakulitsanso mikangano ya boma. Ena amaumirira ulamuliro wotsutsana ndi malamulo a boma pa kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, ndi kuvota. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu 2022 mu Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [1], kugwetsa . Wade v. [FLT] , kubwezera lamulo la kuchotsa mimba ku maboma, kutulutsa kuswa kwamphamvu kwa malamulo a boma. Ichi chisonyezero cha mmene Bwalo lingasinthire mwamsanga kulinganizika kwa chigwirizano cha boma.

Kuzindikira utsogoleri wa boma nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa ulamuliro wa Amereka, lamulo, ndi ndale zadziko. Kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma kumasintha pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya malamulo (kuyambira pa thanzi ndi maphunziro kufikira ku ufulu wa anthu ndi malo okhala. Pamene mtunduwo ukuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, dongosolo la boma lidzapitirizabe kuyesedwa, kusinthidwa, ndi kufotokozedwanso.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani U.S.[FLT :1] ndi Dementiment kuchokera ku Legal Information Institute, limodzinso ndi Conference of State Legislatures perfectism of State Officet ya kusanthula kwa masiku a boma.