Mbiri Yakale: Mavuto ndi Njira Yopezera Mapangano Abwino Lachisanu

Maziko a pangano la Good Lachisanu Agreement ali m'zaka makumi atatu za nkhondo ya ndale zotchedwa kuti Mavuto, imene inapha anthu oposa 3,500 pakati pa ma 1960 ndi 1998. Chipani cha ku Northern Ireland n’chogawikana kwambiri. Chipani cha Unions (Apulotesitanti ambiri, omwe akufuna kukhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom) ndi Nationalis (Akatolika, amene amafunitsitsa ku Ireland yogwirizana) chinawonjezeka chifukwa cha tsankho la dziko, chiwawa cha asilikali, ndi chitetezero cha Briteni chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chinkasokoneza anthu oyandikana nawo dzikolo.

Kuyesayesa kwa kugamulapo mayanjano andale kunayamba kale kwambiri 1998 isanafike. Chipangano cha Sundingdale cha 1973 chinali kuyesa koyambirira kukhazikitsa mkulu wa maulamuliro a mphamvu, koma chinagwa m’miyezi yochepa chifukwa cha chitsutso cha Unionism ndi kuukira kwa onse. Chikalata cha Anglo-Irish Revension (1985) chinapereka dziko la Ireland ntchito yofunsira ku Northern Ireland, kukuwatsa Chigwirizano koma kukhazikitsa maziko a mgwirizano. Pofika kuma 1990, kumbuyo kwa masunamishoni a atsogoleri achipembedzo, atsogoleri a zamalonda, ndi mamediaweruza adamanga chikhulupiriro chochepa pakati pa maboma a Britain ndi Ireland ndi asilikali ankhondo, makamaka IRA ndi mabungwe okhulupirika. Chikalata cha Declaodensiti ya Ireland (1993) chinapereka njira yoperekera nkhani zambiri, posonyeza kukambirana ndi kukambirana kwa Apwirset Reformed Republicsmond Republic (kumpone ndi Ireland) yomwe inasaimbidwanso ndi dziko la Ireland, lomwe linapanga likulu.

Mfundo za Malamulo za Malamulo Oletsa Mphamvu

Chikalata cha Good Flove Agreement ndi chokambirana cha dziko . .m'njira ya democracy yolinganizidwa kuyang'anira magaŵano aakulu a mafuko mwa kutsimikizira kuti magulu onse aakulu agaŵana mphamvu za ndale zadziko. Akatswiri ake opanga mapulani anazikidwa pa nthanthi yogwirizana ndi wasayansi wandale Arend Lijphart. Mappoid oikidwa mu Chipanganochi akuphatikizapo:

Boma Lolamulira

Mmalo mwa dongosolo la akulu la osamalira kumene chipani chachikulu koposa chimalamulira boma, Account imalamula kuti mphamvu ya ulamuliro ikhale yolingana pakati pa Ogwirizana, a Nationalists, ndi awo amene amazindikira kuti saali . Izi zimachitidwa mwa kugwirizana kokakamiza: magulu onse amene amadutsa malo a mipando mu Msonkhano ali ndi ufulu wa kukhala ndi malo autumiki. Dongosololi limalinganizidwa kuletsa chitaganya chimodzi kuti chilamulire china, motero limatsimikizira kuimira ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa.

Kuvomereza Mtanda Wamtanda

Kuletsa zosankha zimene zimachotsa mbali imodzi, Chipanganocho chifuna kuti zosankha zina zofunika kwambiri . monga ngati masankho a Speaker, bajeti, ndi kusintha kuti aikidwe bwino ndi malamulo . Be amatengedwa kokha ngati unyinji wa oimira a Union ndi Nationalist avomereza. Izi zimadziŵika monga chivoti chofanana. Kapena, chochuluka cha mamembala onse (60%, kuphatikizapo 40% a chitaganya chilichonse) chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Dongo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti lamulo lili ndi chichirikizo chachikulu kugaŵanika, kukakamiza kulolera ndi kumanga.

Kusamuka kwa D’Hondt ndi Kutumikira

Ministerial posts in the Northern Ireland Executive are allocated using the D’Hondt formula, a proportional representation method. After an Assembly election, the largest party nominates the First Minister, the next largest the deputy First Minister (who is of a different community), and further ministerial positions are distributed among parties according to their seat share. This mathematical approach removes any discretion about who enters the government, preventing exclusion and ensuring that the executive mirrors the Assembly’s community balance.

Mabungwe Olambira Okhazikitsidwa ndi Chipangano

Actine inachita mabwalo atatu: Mabungwe a ku Northern Ireland (Strand One), mabungwe a kumpoto ndi South a ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland (Strand II), ndi zisumbu za East- West kuphatikizapo UK, Ireland, ndi zisumbu zina za Briteni (Matatu). Makonzedwe a mphamvu za mphamvu za dziko amaoneka kwambiri ku Strand One.

Msonkhano wa Kumpoto kwa Ireland

Msonkhanowo ndi msonkhano wa mamembala 90 a Legislative Assembly (MMLS), aliyense wosankhidwa ndi voti imodzi yosamutsidwa (STV) mu 18 zigawo zisanu. Ilo liri ndi ulamuliro walamulo pa nkhani zosinthasintha monga zaumoyo, maphunziro, ulimi, ndi chilungamo. Crucily, Msonkhano umagwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo la kuvomereza kwa oweruza aakulu, monga momwe kwalongosoledwera pamwambapa. Makomiti ake a zigamu zake ndi audindo kuti adziwitse.

Wolamulira wa Kumpoto kwa Ireland

Administrala amaphatikizapo Nduna Yoyamba, wachiŵiri kwa Nduna Yoyamba (ofesi yogwirizana, osati mbali yaing'ono yaing'ono), ndi atumiki otsogolera madipatimenti. Magulu onse oyenera kulowa pa malo a pa D'Hondt ayenera kulandira mipando yawo; iwo sangakhale kunja kwa boma. Dongosolo la malamulo la lamulo limeneli lakhala lamphamvu . Limakhala lolimbikitsa kuphatikizapo / / ndi gwero la mavuto, pamene magulu otsutsana ndi mfundo zotsutsana ayenera kuyendera pamodzi.

Mtumiki Woyamba ndi Mtumiki Woyamba

Maofesi a Nduna Yoyamba ndi wachiŵiri kwa Nduna yoyamba ndi nduna Yaikulu Yoyamba ndi achiŵiri kwa Ife Oyamba ndi: onse aŵiri amasankhidwa pamodzi ndi Msonkhano pogwiritsa ntchito mavoti oyendera mtanda. Iwo amagawana mphamvu zofanana ndi kuchita mogwirizana m'mbali zambiri (mwachitsanzo, kuyang'anira pamodzi Wotsogolera, kupanga maulendo a mitundu yonse, ndi kuimira Northern Ireland). Nduna yaikulu kwambiri ndi ya gulu lalikulu kwambiri m'magawo aakulu (Union and Nationalism), ndi wachiŵiri wa Nduna Yoyamba kuchokera ku gulu lalikulu kwambiri m'gulu linalo. Zimenezi zimasokoneza mwadala akulu ndi ziganizo ndi zizindikiro zogwirizana.

Kudera Nkhaŵa

Kuchinjiriza zoyenera zazikulu ndi kuletsa anthu ambiri kutseguka, Agreement inayambitsa Chifunitso cha Connect. Chilichonse 30 MML chingapemphe kupempha chisankho cha bungwe la otsatsata amodzi pa kachitidwe kena, kupereka mokhutiritsa ka ochepa pa nkhani zamphamvu. Kuyambirira cholinganizidwa kutetezera kulingana ndi kuletsa zosankha zotsutsana monga kusintha dzina la apolisi, njirayo yasulizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mopambanitsa nkhani zosafunikira. Komabe, idakali chida chofunika kwambiri chotsimikizira kuti mphamvu za ulamuliro ndizowona ndipo zikondwerero zochepa nzotetezeredwa.

Strand II ndi Zitatu: North- South ndi Kummaŵa

Msonkhano Wautumiki Wakumpoto - Kummwera

Good Lachisanu Auppect inayamba Msonkhano Wautumiki wa Kumpoto ndi South South (NSMC), kubweretsa pamodzi atumiki ochokera ku Northern Ireland Adminitive ndi Boma la Ireland kuti agwirizane pa nkhani za chidwi chimodzi . Monga zoyendera, ulimi, zokopa, malo, ndi thanzi. NSMC imakumana m'madera a mapulaneti ndi mafomu a magawo autumiki ndipo imachirikizidwa ndi mabungwe asanu ndi limodzi opanga mipatuko (mphindi , Waterwars Ireland, Intradereland). Mphindi umenewu umaimira Nationalist Aylosie kuti zigwirizano zikhale ndi Ireland pamene kuli kotsimikizira kuti mgwirizano wa maikowo uli ndi malire ndipo uli ndi mlandu ku mbali zonse ziŵiri.

Bungwe la Britain ndi Msonkhano wa Boma

Bungwe la Britain lokhala ndi bungwe la British Iric (BiC) limaphatikizapo oimira a UK ndi Ireland, limodzi ndi maulamuliro otsika a Scotland, Wales, ndi Bwana Disenecies . Limatheketsa kukambirana za mavuto ofanana monga mphamvu, zipangizo zamakono, ndi malo okhala, kulimbikitsa kudalirana kwakukulu. Mgwirizano wa mayiko a Britain ndi Ireland, kukambirana nkhani zosagwirizana zokhudza Northern Ireland, ndi cholinga choteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano.

Kukwaniritsa ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu: Chipangano cha St Andrews ndi Zoposa

Good Lachisanu Agreement sinali kuchotsa malamulo a kampani; mabungwe ake anafuna kuti pakhalebe chigamulo cha ndale ndi masinthidwe a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Pambuyo pa kuletsedwa kobwerezabwereza kwa Msonkhano chifukwa cha mavuto (m., , pa IRA kulengeza mu 2002), St Andrews Agreement (2006) inafunsidwa kuti ibwezeretse malamulo osintha ndi kukonzanso mphamvu. Inawonjezera makonzedwe amene anapanga Mkulu woyamba ndi Mtumiki Woyamba ndi wotsatira Wachiŵiri Woyamba kukhala wokhazikika ndipo inathetsa chiyeneretso cha “dzina la bungwe la MPUniyo” la onse (mawu amwambo adakalipo). Pambuyo pake, Mapiri a Countactiveal (2010) ogaŵana malamulo ndi oweruza, ndi a Symanbont Parvet Adment (20149) ndi Sy Countment (astrief) inayesa kuthetsa mikangano ya ufulu ndi nkhani ya kukonza.

Ngakhale kuti panali zoyesayesa zimenezi, mabungwe a mphamvu zothandizira anthu alephera kwa nyengo yaitali kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2020 pa mkangano wa chinenero cha ku Ireland, ukwati wa kugonana, ndi njira yomangira , Chipangano Chatsopano , mu 2020, kubwezeretsa maulamuliro ndi chilankhulo ndi chizindikiro. Pangano la Northern Ireland Protocol ndi la papositi-Brxit lalepheretsa dongosolo la anthu, monga momwe a Union anenera kuti likupeputsa chilolezo chawo cha Britain ndipo lapanga malire m'nyanja ya Ireland. Panthaŵi ya kulemba, mabungwe owonjezera mphamvu za dziko la United States ali pangozi chifukwa cha kutsutsa malamulowo, kusonyeza kuti mphamvu zamphamvu zidakalipobe.

Kupambana ndi Mavuto a Chitsanzo Cholimbikitsa Mphamvu

Kuchepetsedwa kwa Chiwawa cha Ndale Zadziko

Poyesedwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ndawala zazikulu zankhondo, Good Lachisanu Adventive yakhala chipambano chosatsutsika. Imfa zogwirizana ndi Mavuto zinatsika mofulumira pambuyo pa 1998. Pamene magulu otsutsa arpablic ndi okhulupirika akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito, iwo akupereka chiwopsezo chocheperapo kuposa IRA ndi UVF ya ma 1990. Kachitidwe ka ndale kawonetsa kakhala kosonkhezera kugawana kwa demokrase mmalo mwa kulimbana ndi zida.

Kukhazikika ndi Kusalimba kwa Ndale

Chiyambire 1998, Msonkhano ndi Ukulu wa Malamulo wachita ntchito pa mbali zazikulu koma wakumananso ndi kusagwirizana kobwerezabwereza ndi kugwa. Chitsanzo chachisawawa chimakakamiza magulu kulamulira pamodzi, komabe chingawatsekeretsenso m'malo a zero-sum amene mavuto amakula mofulumira. Chiyeneretso cha chivomerezo cha kutsata mtanda nthaŵi zina chatulukapo m'kutsekereza, pamene nkhani zazikulu (maukwati, kuletsa kwa dala, ufulu wachinenero) zimatha kutha chifukwa chakuti palibe chitaganya chimene chingapereke lingaliro lake. Chifunitso cha Declensi chagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo kutsekereza lamulo lotsutsana, kutsogolera kudandaula kuti chiletse kupita patsogolo.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Chikhalidwe

Northern Ireland yasintha kwambiri kuyambira 1998. Apolisi anasintha, Royal Ulster Constabulary inaloŵedwa mmalo ndi ntchito yatsopano yapolisi ya ku Northern Ireland. Zitetezero za ufulu wa anthu zinalimbitsidwa, lamulo lolinganiza, ndipo njira yophunzitsa yowonjezereka yakula pang’onopang’ono. Zizindikiro za ma flags, madeti, masewero , koma pali malo akukula: kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu ozindikira kuti si a Unity kapena Nationalist, makamaka pakati pa mibadwo yachichepere.

Nkhani Zosaleka za Kusamvana

Nkhani zingapo za choloŵa sizinathe kuthetsedwa. Kusamalira mabwalo amilandu ndi maupandu kumaimbidwa mlandu wandale, ndi mabanja ambiri ofunafuna chilungamo pamene kale anali asilikali akukana kufunsa. Chiairishi ndi Ulster Scots zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito; malonjezo opitirira lamulo la Irish Language Act Language adachedwa mobwerezabwereza. Ukwati wa Express unakhazikitsidwa ndi UK Palamente mu 2019 msonkhano utatsekedwa kutero. Malamulo a pa Thonson Paunihouse Speagive sanagwiritsidwepo. Ndipo Bretis watsegulanso funso la lamulo: ambiri a Nationaliss awona kuti Ireland ikhoza kukwaniritsidwa, pamene kuli kwakuti Union akuona malo awo ku UK akuletsedwa ndi Protokoteod .

Zimene Mapangano Abwino Anachita Lachisanu

Chitsanzo cha mphamvu yochirikiza Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu chakhala chothetsera nkhondo m'magawo ogaŵanika kwambiri padziko lonse. Mbali zake za mtendere zafufuzidwa ndi kusinthidwa m'zochitika zamtendere ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, South Africa, Lebanon, ndi kwina kulikonse. Akatswiri apeza kuti pamene chitsanzocho chakhudza Northern Ireland, chipambano chake chimadalira pa kudzipereka kwa ndale zadziko kopitirizabe, chichirikizo chakunja kuchokera ku maboma a UK ndi Ireland, ndi muyezo wa kukhazikitsa kwa progamatiss , ndi kutsata koyenera kwa atsogoleri.

Ku Northern Ireland, pangano la Chipangano lidakalipobe. Lapereka maziko olimba a mtendere, koma silinathetse nkhondo ya dziko . Mphamvu zolamulira zangofunikira kubwezedwa nthaŵi zonse, monga Bretit ndi kusintha kwa anthu kuyesa mphamvu ya dongosolo. Komabe, lamulo lapamwamba . Boma limenelo liyenera kugawana, osapambana .

Kumaliza

Makonzedwe a mphamvu okhazikitsa ndi Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu ndi opangidwa ndi andale. Mwakulinganiza kulinganiza, kufuna chilolezo cha mtanda, ndi kupanga mabungwe amene anagwirizana pamlingo uliwonse, iwo asintha Northern Ireland kuchoka pamalo ankhondo kupita ku malo a nkhondo amodzi a "panthaŵi zosakondweretsa", mtendere. Dongosololi silili langwiro, ndi lofulumira kuchititsa mavuto. Koma lasonyeza kuti ngakhale m’chitaganya chogaŵanitsidwa ndi kusadalirana, kugwirizana kwa democracy Ireland nkotheka. Monga momwe mapost-Britis , malamulo a mphamvu za m'makezodzayesedwanso, koma limakhalabe ndi njira yodalirika yokhayoloŵa m'chitaganya. Kwa anthu ambiri, poŵerenganso mfundo za m'make, [FFFFF:] Suption: [F1]