Kuyambukira Malo Okhala mu India: Chitsogozo Chalamulo Chochititsa Chidwi

Kusintha kwa Environmental Protection Assess (EIAS) imaimira maziko a njira yodalirika ya kutsungula mu India, ikutumikira monga njira yolinganizira zotsatirapo za ntchito za malo okhala zisanavomerezedwe. Chiyambire kupangidwa kwa Environment Protection Act mu 1986, dongosolo la EIA lasintha kulinganiza kulinganiza kwa kufalikira kwa chuma ndi kusungidwa kwa malo okhala ndi zamoyo. Okonza malamulo opanga malamulo, ndi ochirikiza malo okhala ndi kugonjera, kuzindikira bwino dongosolo lalamulo lolamulira EI monga momwe kulili. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa dongosolo la malamulo, magawo a procration, ufulu ndi mathayo, kusintha kwaposachedwapa, ndi kutsutsa kopitirizabe pakati pa ulamuliro wa India IA.

Ku India

Malamulo a Environmental Impact Assesments ku India ali kwakukulukulu pa Environmental Protection Act, 1986 (EPA). Inapangidwa pambuyo pa tsoka la mpweya wa Bhopal, EPA imapereka ulamuliro wolamulira wa malamulo a malo okhala ndi kuika makina a boma amene akuchititsa ntchito. Pansi pa Gawo 3 la EPA, boma lalikululo lili ndi mphamvu yopanga njira zotetezera ndi kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa malo okhala, kuphatikizapo kuika miyezo ya kutulutsa mpweya, kutumiza makompyuta, ndi kuyendetsa ziyambukiro za malo okhala. Unduna wa Nkhalako, nkhalango ndi Chamba (MEFCC) imatumikira monga bungwe loona malamulo ochirikiza kutumiza zinthu zimenezi.

Chikalata cha zachitetezo cha M’malo Okhala, 1986

EPA ndi lamulo la ambulera limene limakhazikitsa malamulo oyambirira a malo okhala monga ngati Amadzi (Prevention and Laving of Deselvition) Act, 1974, ndi Air (Prevention and Laser of Deselviation) Act, 1981. Ilo limapatsa boma lapakati ulamuliro wa kuyendetsa mwachindunji ntchito zimene zingawononge chilengedwe. Makamaka, Gawo 6 la EPA limalola boma kupanga malamulo a njira ndi chitetezo mogwirizana ndi malo okhala ndi malo okhala. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anayala njira ya EIA , imene imagwira ntchito ya EIA . Pansi pa EPA, kuswa kwa mikhalidwe yoyera ya malo okhalako kungatuluke zilatso kuphatikizapo kumangidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri, kutseka ntchitoyo, kukonzanso kwa ntchitoyo ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhalako.

Chidziŵitso cha EIA, 2006

Malo a Zachilengedwe a 2006, operekedwa pansi pa EPA, ndi chiwiya chachikulu chothandizira EI Monga ku India. Ilo linaloŵa m'malo Chidziŵitso cha 1994 ndipo linayambitsa njira yokonza bwino nthaŵi. Maprojekiti a 2006 odziŵitsa akonza ntchito mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B [[FLT] [[2] [[FFL] [[FL] [[3] [mapangano] ogwirizana ndi kuthekera kwa malo. , monga migodi yaikulu, zitsamba, ndi maprojekiti aakulu, ndi mabwalo aakulu a mtsinje, amafunikira kuonekera kuchokera ku boma lapakati pa ExPURC] ku Komiti ya EFUCCC. Komiti ya Exective ndi ku Holyces Holyces Komitiective (AAS) ndi ku madera ena a Zigawo (AIne, ndi ku madera ena a Ziyene, kuti agwirizana ndi ku chigawo chakugwirizana ndi ku chigawo cha

Chilengezo cha 2006 chasintha zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa zinthu mu 2009, 2011, 2013, ndi 2016. Kusintha kumeneku kwathandiza kuti pakhale kukonza zinthu, kuyambitsa njira zoyendera mapulogalamu a pambuyo pa kuonekera kwa pulogalamu, ndi kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolowera ntchito. Chikalatachi chimafotokoza ntchito ndi ntchito zimene zandandandalikidwa m'Puni, mbali zokhala ndi migodi, mphamvu yotentha, kuthirira, ntchito za m'mitsinje, madoko, madoko ndi mafakitale. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito migodi ya malasha pamwamba pa madera ena kuyambitsa chigawo A, pamene mabomba aang'ono angagwe pansi pa chigawo B.

Malamulo Ena Othandiza a Zachilengedwe

Pamene kuli kwakuti EPA ndi EIA Sair ili pakati, malamulo ena angapo ogwirizana ndi EIA. Forest Conservation Act, 1980 amafuna chilolezo cha boma lapakati kaamba ka kusokonezeka kwa nkhalango kaamba ka zifuno zosalima, zimene ziri zofunika kaamba ka malo okhala m'madera otetezeredwa nkhalango. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 imaika ziletso pa maprojekiti a dzikolo pafupi ndi malo osungirako nyama ndi malo osungirako nyama zakuthengo, kufunidwa kuchokera ku National Board for Wildlife (NBL) kaamba ka ntchito mkati mwa 10 la makilomita otero. Coast Reggatection Coant (CRZ), 2019 iyang'anira ntchito kugombe la India ndipo imafunikira kulekana kwa ntchito m'madera a CRZ., kuphatikizapo ndi ku Goverselvice Act, ndi National Ins Act, ndi National Act, Dbudition of Dectic of Dectic of Dectic 2010.

Zigawo za EIA Pansi pa Chilamulo cha Amwenye

Chidziŵitso cha EIA pansi pa 2006 chimatsatira njira zotsatizana, iliyonse ili ndi malamulo oyenerera ndi nthaŵi. Ntchitoyi ikukonzedwa kuti itsimikizire kuti pali njira zochitira zinthu zosiyanasiyana popereka mpata wokwanira wochitira nawo ntchito.

Kujambula

Kujambula ndiko mbali yoyamba ya kutsimikizira ngati ntchito yolingaliridwayo imafunikira EIA ndipo, ngati ndi choncho, mlingo wa kuŵerengera kofunikira. Ngati SEAC A project , kujambula kuchitidwa ndi chigawo cha EAC, pamene kuli kwakuti kwa maprojekiti a SEAC isankha gulu. Kupenda kumaloŵetsamo malo a ntchito, muyeso, ndi ziyambukiro zothekera zotsutsana ndi zizindikiritso mu EIA Saint. Ngati SEA CENT iona kuti ntchitoyo ikugwa pansi pa thithikiti B2, imachotsedwa kuchokera ku EIA yonse koma iyenera kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yotchulidwa ndi boma. Komabe, chigamu chakuonera chikagamu chikanetseke mu National Greenbunal (NGT) ngati anthu amakhulupirira mlingo wa kupendedwako. Chitsanzo cha TNG, chimakhala ndi mbali ina yofunika kuzungulira kuti iyenera kuzungulira ndi malo onse a I.

Kudumpha

Scoping is the phase where the key environmental issues to be studied during the EIA are identified. The project proponent submits a Form 1, which provides basic information about the project, along with a draft Terms of Reference (ToR). The EAC or SEAC reviews the ToR and finalizes the scope of the EIA study. The scoping exercise considers aspects such as air quality, water resources, biodiversity, soil, noise, and socio-economic impacts. The scoping document may also specify the need for specific studies, such as a risk assessment for hazardous industries or a wildlife impact assessment near protected areas. The scoping process is critical because it determines the breadth and depth of the subsequent EIA report. In practice, scoping has been criticized for being too generic, with ToRs often adopted from similar projects rather than tailored to local conditions.

Kukonzekera Lipoti la EIA

Lipoti la EIA ndilo chikalata chachikulu chimene chimapereka zopezedwa ndi kufufuza malo. Chimakonzedwa ndi katswiri wotchuka wodziŵika ndi MoEFC. Lipotilo limaphatikizapo tsatanetsatane wa ntchito, tsatanetsatane wa malo okhala, ndandanda ya mpweya, madzi, ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, kuneneratu za ziyambukiro, kulinganiza kwa malo okhala (EMP). Lipotilo liyeneranso kupenda malo ena ndi maluso apamwamba, ndipo limaphatikizapo kupenda zinthu zowonongedwa ndi kutayika. Lipoti la ntchito ya CHAMBIRI A liyenera kuzikidwa pa nyengo zinayi za chidziŵitso cha chidziŵitso (chaka chimodzi) kaamba ka kuyang'anira kwa nyengo ziŵiri. Ngakhale kuti chidziŵitso cha EIA chakhala chokhudzana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zowonongeka, limakhala lopitirizabe ndi kupenda kwa kuyendetsa zinthu za m'munda ndi kuchepetsa. Lipoti la kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya MoCC.

Kufufuza pa Onse

Kufufuza kwa anthu onse ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri yotsimikizira kuti anthu akukhala ndi mbali pa ntchito zawo. Chidziŵitso cha 2006 chimapereka lamulo lofufuza chigawo chonse A ndi chigawo B1, popanda ntchito zina zapadera ndi zachitetezo zogwirizana ndi chitetezo monga zija zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha dziko kapena madera a m'mphepete mwa dziko. Kufufuzako kuli ndi mbali ziŵiri: khutu la anthu lochitidwa ndi boma loletsa kuletsa kuyendetsa chilengedwe (SPPPSCB) kapena Administration Administration , ndi zolembedwa kuchokera kwa anthu onse. Wochirikiza ntchitoyi ayenera kupereka lipoti la EIA kwa anthu onse m'Chingelezi ndi zinenero za kumaloko kwa masiku 30 asanamvedwe. Nthaŵi zambiri, anthu omvera ayenera kuchitidwa m'malo okhudzidwa, kulola anthu a m'madera osiyanasiyana kufotokoza mmene angakhudziwirire, moyo wawo, ndi kugonjera kwa komiti yopereka kuyang'nkhanitsira nkhani za kukambirana kwa anthu ambiri.

Kupanga Chosankha

Kupanga zigamulo kumaphatikizapo kupenda lipoti la EIA ndi kukambirana kwa anthu ndi EAC kapena SEAC. Komiti imapenda ngati ntchitoyi ikugwirizana ndi miyezo ya malo okhala ndi malo ake ndiponso ngati kulinganiza kwake kuli kokwanira. komiti ingafune kuwongolera, kuyerekeza maphunziro ena, kapena kufunikira kusintha pa ntchito. . Komiti imavomereza ulamuliro wa boma (MoeFC for Diciation A, SEA for thictical B) kupatsa kapena kukana kukonza malo ozungulira. Kuyera, ngati kuloledwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kukhudza mikhalidwe yapadera, monga kukonza njira zosungira madzi, kukhazikitsa malamba obiriŵiri, kapena kuyang'anira nthaŵi zonse. Kusintha kwake n’ko kwa zaka zisanu kudalira pa ntchitoyo. Ngati ntchito yomanga ntchito yake ikulephera, ndipo kukwaniritsa, ngakhale kuti kukwaniritsidwa, kukwaniritsidwa kwanthaŵi zambiri, kugamula bwino kwa zaka khumi. Komabe, kugamula bwino kwa zaka khumi, kukwaniritsidwa kwa kukwaniritsa kukwaniritsa zokambirana za mbiri yake, ngakhalenso zachigalamu.

Kusanthula kwa Madeko a Maderesi

Atapatsidwa chiwonetso cha malo okhala, wochirikiza ntchitoyo amalamulidwa mwalamulo kugwiritsa ntchito mikhalidwe yotchulidwa m'dongosolo. Kuyang'anira zapambuyo pake kumaphatikizapo kugonjera kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa malipoti a ku MoEFCC kapena SEA. Chidziŵitso chikufuna kuti maprojekiti onse ndi kuchotsa malo okhala ndi kuperekedwa kwa mwezi umodzi. Kuwonjezera apo, maluso a boma a kuyang'anira kutsimikizira kugonjera. MoFCCCCC akhazikitsa stem yozikidwa pa Web, Environment Creance System (ECMS), kuti apereke lipoti la pa Intaneti la kugonjera. Kupanda kugonjera ndi mikhalidwe yoyera kungatulukapo posachedwa, kuyang'anira bwino, ndi mchitidwe walamulo pansi pa EPA. M'nkhani zambiri, za kulengeza za kulephera kwa ntchito yosagwirizana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mafakitale.

Ufulu ndi Udindo wa Malamulo m’Ntchito ya EIA

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu amene amalimbikitsa ntchitoyi komanso anthu ena azitha kuyendera bwino ntchitoyi ndiponso kuti adziwe kuti afunika kuyankha mlandu.

Udindo wa Ochirikiza Ntchito

Ochirikiza maprojekiti, kaya omanga nyumba zachinsinsi kapena mabungwe a boma, ali ndi udindo waukulu wotsogolera EIA. Ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti makampaniwo ndi odalirika, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti makampani apezadi mfundo zogwirizana ndi mfundo zachinsinsi, ndi kutumiza mapempho athunthu. Wochirikizayo ayenera kuyang'anira mtengo wa maphunziro a EIA ndi kukambirana kwa anthu. Amafunikanso kuulula nkhani zofunika kwa anthu onse ndi kuyankha ku nkhaŵa zimene zikubuka m'malamulo. Kulephera kutsatira malamulo ameneŵa kungatsogolera ku kukana kufunsira, kuchotsa kwa tsatanetsatane, ndi chilango. Ndiponso, wochirikizayo amalamulidwa ndi mikhalidwe yoonekera bwino, ndipo kulakwa kulikonse kungatuluke m'matuluka m'malamulo, kuphatikizapo kuweruza pansi pa EPA.

Ufulu wa Magulu a Anthu ndi Osunga Malo Okhala

Anthu, makamaka okhudzidwa, ali ndi ufulu walamulo wochuluka m'njira ya EIA. Pansi pa Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Kulankhula, 2005, nzika iliyonse ingapeze zikalata zogwirizana ndi EIA, kuphatikizapo lipoti, mafaketi a anthu, ndi zosankha zolunjikitsidwa. Chilengezo cha 2006 chimapereka lamulo lachindunji kwa anthu onse la masiku 30 asanamvedwe. Magulu a malo okhala ndi anthu angaloŵetsemo nkhani zapoyera ndi kutumiza ndemanga zolembedwa. Iwo alinso ndi ufulu wotsutsa zosankha za anthu mu National Green Tribal (NGT) kapena Bwalo Lapamwamba kupyodzera ku Public Ization Litigation (PIL). Makampani atulukira monga okangalika kaamba ka chiweruzo chapoyera, kuchotsa mawu omveka bwino, otsutsa mfundo zomveka bwino kapena zotsutsa.

Ntchito ya Kampani ya Malo Okongola a Dzikolo

National Green Tribunal, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa pansi pa National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, ndi khoti lapadera lotha kuchotsa mikangano ya malo okhala. NGT ili ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zokhudza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo monga EPA, Forest Conservation Act, ndi Wildlife Protection Act. Imamvetsera mawu ochonderera EIA relances ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Khotili limagwira ntchito pa mfundo za chilungamo chachilengedwe ndipo silikutsatira malamulo okhwima kwambiri. . NGT yakhala yoyang'anira EIA, yomwe nthaŵi zambiri ikupitiriza kupendedwa. Komabe, otsutsa atsutsa akuti nthaŵi zina bungwe la za NGT limatsutsa kulephera kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomereza.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Mavuto Omwe Akupitirizabe

Dongosolo la EIA lasintha kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa, likumasonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa kukula kwa chuma ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala. Chidziŵitso cholingaliridwa cha Didrat EIA 2020 chinasonyeza malo aakulu oonetsera, ndipo akatswiri a malo okhala akutsutsa kuti linafooketsa kuchitapo kanthu kwa anthu ndi kuyang’anira. Ngakhale kuti kupanga mapangano kunachotsedwa, boma lapitirizabe kukhazikitsa kusintha kolinga kufulumiza chivomerezo.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kuyesa Kusintha kwa Masiku Ano

MoEFCC yayambitsa masinthidwe angapo kuti apite patsogolo ndi njira ya EIA. Dongosolo la pa Intaneti logwiritsa ntchito, Parivesh pordal, limalola ochirikiza kutsata maseŵero, kupita patsogolo kwa njira, ndi kulandira malongosoledwe a manambala. Boma lakhazikitsanso malire a nthaŵi kaamba ka siteshoni iliyonse: masiku 60 a kupenda ndi masiku 15 a kutulutsa dongosolo la kuyeretsa. Mu 20222, utumiki umayambitsa njira ya " Window Clance" ya makampani ena, kugwirizanitsa malo ozungulira, nkhalango, ndi kuchotsa nyama zakuthengo kuchepetsa ntchito imodzi. Kusintha kumeneku kuchepetsa kuchedwa kwa mabizinesi ndi kupititsa patsogolo ndalama. Komabe, phindu lafika nthaŵi zina pa mtengo wa kupenda malo. Chitsanzo cha kuwonedwa kwa pa Intaneti kwanyozedwa kwa mapulogalamu a makampani oyendera malo a makampani, kuchepetsa kuyang'kuyang’anizana ndi anthu a m'malo a madera akumalo a dziko.

Mavuto Opitirizabe Pogwira Ntchito

Ngakhale kuti pali kusintha, njira ya EIA imayang'anizana ndi mavuto osatha amene amalepheretsa kugwira bwino ntchito kwake. Nkhani ina yaikulu ndi ya ma lipoti a EIA. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti malipoti ambiri ali ndi chidziŵitso chosakwanira, kunyalanyaza ziyambukiro zowonjezera, ndi kupeputsa ngozi. Kudalira pa malumbiro a munthu mwini, limodzi ndi kuchepetsa, kwatsogolera kuchepa kwa zaka ziŵiri, kuyambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa oyendetsa zinthu. Zisonkhezero zandale ndi kutsutsana kwa makomiti a kuŵerengerako zakhalanso ndi mafunso okhudza kudziimira. Pamene kulibe, nthaŵi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa chifukwa cha njira zocholoŵa, makompyuta, ndi kusoŵa kwa nthaŵi. Nthaŵi yokwanira ya kumasulira kwa maprojekiti a komiti a zandale ndi kulephera kuyendera zinthu zina zomveka.

Milandu ya Mlandu ndi Mmene Inakhudzira

Milandu ingapo yapadera yasintha dziko ku India. M'nkhani ya 2012 ya Lafarge Umibiam Mining Pvt. Ltd . Litd . ndi Union of India , Khoti Lapamwamba linagogomezera kufunika kwa kusanthula kochuluka ndi kutengamo mbali kwapoyera. Khoti linayambitsanso lingaliro la "kusintha kosapiririka" monga lamulo lotsogolera la malo okhala. Mnkhani ina yofunika, NTT mu 2017 inalamula kuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala ndi malo okhala ozungulira okongola mu Osha kuti alephere kuchitapo kanthu koyenera kwa anthu. M'ma 2023, kukwera kwa kagulu kagulu ka mabwinja kokongola m'migodi kapena kumbuyo kwa malamulo.

Miyambo Yabwino Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Ndiponso Malingaliro Oyerekezera

Chigwirizano cha EIA chimafanana ndi madongosolo a dziko lonse komanso ali ndi mikhalidwe yapadera. Nkhalango ya Dziko Lonse ya Environmental and Social Formatory (EFF) imafuna kubwereka maiko kuchititsa mayeso a malo okhala kaamba ka ntchito zapadera, ndi kugogomezera kugawana nawo. Malamulo a European Union's EIA Directive mamejansitivity a mamembala a mamembala a mamembala a mamembala a mamembala a dziko ogwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko la India. Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo. M'mayiko a EUU, ufulu wa anthu umakhala wochuluka, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kulowa chidziŵitso chonse cha malo asanafike ntchitoyo. United States' National Envial Envial Colic Act (PANCE) imafuna kuyendetsa malamulo aakulu a boma, ndi kupenda kwa anthu kwa masiku 90. Komabe, njira ya ku India ya kuwonjezeranso njira ya kulongosola kwa kuwonjezera kwa kulongosola koyenera kwa pulogalamu yogwirizana kwa madera ambiri.

India angaphunzire kuchokera ku zitsanzo zapadziko lonse zimenezi mwa kulimbikitsa anthu kuti achite nawo ntchito, kuwonjezera kupenda, ndi kuwongolera. Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zabwino kwambiri monga kupenda malo okhala (SEA) kaamba ka mapulani ndi malamulo, mmalo mwa kungokhala ndi malo a EIA, kungatsogolere ku kuyendetsa malo okhala kofala ndi kothandiza. Kuganiziridwa kwa posachedwapa kwa boma kaamba ka ambulera "Environthal Protection Act" kulowa mmalo mwa EPA kumapereka mpata wa kuphatikizapo maphunziro ameneŵa.

Kumaliza: Tsogolo la EIA ku India

Malamulo a India a Environmental Assess akupereka dongosolo lokwanira limene, m’malamulo, limafuna kugwirizanitsa chitukuko cha chuma ndi chitetezo cha malo. Kapangidwe ka Sayansi ya 2006, ndi njira yake yochitira zinthu ndi kukambitsirana kwa anthu, kalingaliridwe ka kupanga chigamulo choonekeratu ndi chopatsira. Komabe, mphamvu ya dongosolo lino imadalira pa kulinganiza kwakhama, kuyang'anira kwapoyera, ndi kuvomereza kwa anthu. Kupitirizabe ngati malipoti apamwamba, kuchedwa, ndi kusagwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya kulinganiza kwa malamulo ndi zinthu za m'dziko. Nkhani zopitirizabe pa kuyendetsa ntchito yogwirizana ndi yogwirizana ndi yogwirizana ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zake za lamulo. Kudalira pa zipambano za boma, imafunikiranso kuchirikiza njira ya EPA yosagwirizana ndi kukonzanso njira ya kumanga mapangano. Kwawo, ndi kukonzanso njira zachitukukira kwa zigaŵiro, ndi kulongosola kulongosola njira yalamulo ya kulongosola kudalira kwa kutsimikizirika kwa dziko laku, monga kuchirikiza kudalira kwa anthu onse.