M'dongosolo la ndale zadziko la ku America, ndi mabungwe oŵerengeka okha amene amaumba moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika mwachindunji kuposa zipani za ndale zadziko. Kuyambira pa chisankho cha pulezidenti kukafika ku fuko la bungwe la sukulu lakwawo, zipani zimapereka dongosolo limene limasintha zosankha za munthu kukhala ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti oyembekezera kulowa m'boma ndi oyang’anira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira, ndiwo gulu limene limawaumiriza, makampani, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalongosola nkhani zosankha. Kumvetsetsa mmene magulu andale amagwirira ntchito kuliri kofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kuloŵa m’demokrase ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala oŵerengera mlandu.

Kaya mumati ndale ndi zongodalira pa zinthu zina, zongopereka ufulu, kapena zina, nkhani ya ndale zachipani zimakhudza chilichonse kuyambira pa kusintha kwa zaumoyo mpaka kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo mpaka kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mafotokozedwe, ntchito, mbiri, kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, zitokoso, ndi kufunika kothandiza anthu andale m’dziko la demokrase la America, ndipo ikukhudza kwambiri kuthandiza oŵerenga kukhala odziŵa bwino zandale.

Kodi Mapwando Andale Nchiyani?

Chipani cha ndale zadziko ndi gulu lolinganizidwa la anthu amene ali ndi mpambo wa makhalidwe, zonulirapo, ndi malingaliro a mmene boma liyenera kugwirira ntchito. Paritiose olembedwa ndi ofunsira ntchito ya ofesi ya boma, ndawala ya kupambana masankho, ndiyeno kugwira ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu awo a ulamuliro. Ku United States, magulu aŵiri aakulu ndi gulu la Democratic Party ndi Party , koma magulu aang'ono otchedwa mbali zachitatu , ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri masankhoti ndi zisonkhetso ndi kutsutsana kwapo.

Mapatuko amasiyana ndi magulu achifuniro kapena makomiti a ndale zadziko (PAC) m’chakuti oyembekezera ntchito zaudindo ndi ofuna kulamulira ziŵiya za boma mwachindunji. Magulu achisangalalo, mosiyana, amachirikiza zifukwa zapadera popanda kutsogolera osankhidwa awo. Mapartimewo amachitanso mbali yapadera m'kulola zosankha za anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kuloŵa m’mapulatifomu ogwirizana, kufeŵetsa nkhope ya osankha.

Kusinthika kwa Mbiri kwa Mipambo Yandale Zaku Amereka

Oyambitsa United States anakayikira magulu andale. George Washington anachenjeza za “ziyambukiro zoipa za mzimu wa chipani” m'Adiresi yake ya Farewell. Komabe mkati mwa zaka zoŵerengeka, dongosolo loyamba linatulukira, kutsutsa Federalist (lokhala ndi Alexander Hamilton) molimbana ndi Democratic-Republicans (lotengedwa ndi Thomas Jefferson). Kuyambira pamenepo, dziko la gulu lakhala ndi masinthidwe angapo, limodzi ndi limodzi la masinthidwe aakulu a makhalidwe ndi a zachuma.

Gulu Loyamba ndi Lachiŵiri

Kuyambira m'ma 1790 mpaka m'ma 1820, Federalist ndi Democratic-Republicans analimbana ndi ulamuliro wa boma, banki ya dziko, ndi malamulo achilendo. Federalists adagwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya 1812, kuyambitsa “Ira ya Malingaliro Abwino” pansi pa Democratic-Republican. Koma pofika kumapeto kwa ma 1820, magaŵano atsopano pa majeresiti, kuwongolera kwa mkati, ndi ukapolo zinayambitsa Democratic Party pansi pa Andrew Jackson ndi Whig Party pansi pa Henry Clay. Dongo lachiŵirilime linakhala mpaka 1850, pamene ukapolo unathetsa Wahigs.

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Chipani cha Dziko Lamakono

Kuchokera ku kuwonongeka kwa Chipani cha Whig, chipani cha Republican chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1854 monga mgwirizano wotsutsa ukapolo. Pansi pa Abraham Lincoln, chinapambana pauyang'aniro mu 1860, kuyambitsa vuto la kusokonezeka kwa dziko ndi Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Nkhondo itatha, Republican adalamulira ndale za dziko kwa zaka makumi ambiri, pamene Democrat anakhala gulu la “Deheat South” ndipo, pambuyo pake, New Decratic Comment pansi pa Franklin D. Roosevelt. Kugwirizana kwamakono . (ndipo Democrates ndi gulu lopita patsogolo ndi Republican monga gulu la osunga mwambo, linaloŵera m'zaka zapakati pa zaka za zana la 6520, lofulumiziridwa ndi Chile cha 1964 ndi Vo Region Rights Act of Trect ya 1965.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Komwe Kwachitika Posachedwapa

Kuyambira m'ma 1970, mapani asinthasintha maganizo awo ndi malo. Anthu a Democrary achoka kumasiye pa nkhani za kakhalidwe ndi zachuma; Republican asamuka kumanja. Chikhotererochi, kaŵirikaŵiri chimatchedwa kuwonjezerapo [, asinthanso Nyumba za Ufumu, ngakhalenso decriticary , ndi decutication . Malinga ndi Center yofufuza , mwekha pakati pa avereji ya Democrat ndi Republican pa mafunso a Prigication, tsopano ndi kokulira kuposa pa nsonga iriyonse m'mbiri yamakono yofufuza.

Makobiri a Mapwando a Zandale

Kumvetsa bwino mbali zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake zipanizi zikupitirizabe ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amakhumudwa ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase.

Kukonzanso Mabuku ndi Kuchotsa Mano Omwe Anayamba Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito

Popanda maphwando, masankho angakhale osokoneza. Mabungwe amalimbikitsa anthu kuti athawire ntchito. Kuchokera ku bungwe la mzinda kukafika ku desidenti, kuwaphunzitsa, kusungitsa makampani, ndi kuchirikiza. Amayendetsanso njira yosankha anthu kudzera m'ma Primmies ndi macauzuse, kupatsa ovota chosankha chofunika pakati pa opikisanawo.

Kusankha Zogwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Zochepa

Ovota ambiri alibe nthaŵi kapena ukatswiri wofufuza maganizo a munthu aliyense pa nkhani iliyonse. Mapepala a gulu amathandiza kufotokoza zinthu mwachidule. Ngati wofuna kubatizidwa atsata mbendera ya chipani, ovota angagwirizane ndi nzeru za onse ndi malamulo a wofunsirayo. Zimenezi zimachepetsa vuto la kuvota ndi kuwonjezera kuyang'ana.

3. Kulinganiza Boma

M'dongosolo la maulamuliro opatukana, maphwando amathandiza kugwirizanitsa ntchito kupyola nthambi za akuluakulu ndi za malamulo. Pulezidenti ndi mamembala a Congress amene ali ndi dzina la chipani kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizana kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutsimikizira oikidwa, ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano a dziko. Chipani chochuluka m'chipinda chilichonse cha Congress chimasankha mipando ya komiti, kuyang'anira ndandanda ya pansi, ndi malongosoledwe amene ngongole zimapeza.

4. Kusintha kwa Njira Zolamulira

Zaka zinayi zilizonse, mapulatifomu a Democrates ndi Republicans atsatanetsatane amene amaika zonulirapo zawo zalamulo pa chirichonse kuyambira pa chisamaliro cha umoyo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ku kusungika kwa dziko. Mapulatifomu ameneŵa sali malamulo ogwirizana, koma iwo amaika patsogolo zipani ndi opanga malamulo. Amapanganso maziko a kuŵerengera akuluakulu osankhidwa: ngati phwando lilonjeza chinthu chimodzi ndi kuchita china, ovota angalangepo m’bokosi la boloti.

Kupha Anthu

Mabwalo amawononga kwambiri ntchito yochotsa mavoti (GOTV) kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito khomo, kutumiza foni, kutumiza makalata, ndi kutsatsa malonda a kompyuta. Iwo amaphunzitsa nzika za masiku olembetsa, malo ofunsira, ndi nkhani zofunika. Kukonza kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa magulu a anthu okhala ndi kutsika kwa mbiri, monga achinyamata ndi anthu ochepa.

Kupereka Chitsutso ndi Kudziŵerengera Mlandu

Mu demokrase yathanzi, chipani chochokera ku ulamuliro chimatumikira monga chitsutso chokhulupirika, kusanthula zochita za anthu ambiri ndi kupereka malamulo ena. Mbali imeneyi yotsimikizira kuti zosankha za malamulo zikukambidwa poyera ndi kuti anthu ambiri sangachitepo kanthu popanda kutsutsidwa. Chimaperekanso ovota ndi njira ina yowonekera bwino m'chosankha chotsatira.

Gulu la Gulu: Kuchokera ku Kaundula Kufikira ku Komiti ya Boma

Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake zipanizi zimayankhula mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi dera ndi nkhani yake.

Mabwalo a Malo ndi Magawo

Malo ambiri opangira zipani ndiwo komiti ya chigawo kapena chigawo. Magulu ameneŵa amalemba anthu kuti akakhale m'maofesi a boma ndi a zigawo, wolandira alendo amakumana ndi zochitika, ndi odzifunira pa masankho. Nthaŵi zambiri amakhala poyambirira pa kukumana ndi nzika zimene zikufuna kuloŵa m’ndale.

Mapwando a Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi komiti yaikulu imene imayang’anira maofesi a boma (maboma, akuluakulu a boma, loya wamkulu) ndipo imayang’anira anthu a boma ku msonkhano wa dziko lonse. Mabungwe a boma amachitanso mbali yaikulu pa kukonzanso malo pambuyo pa kuŵerenga anthu, kujambula mapu a malamulo amene angaumbe mphamvu zake kwa zaka khumi.

Mapwando a Dziko Lonse

Democratic National Committee (DNC) ndi Republican National Committee (RNC) yoyang'anira ndawala za pulezidenti, kusungitsa mapangano a mafuko, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a misonkhano yadziko. Zimagwiritsiranso ntchito zolembedwa zambiri ndi zofufuza, kuphatikizapo maprogramu opanga mavoti ochola. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, magulu a maiko akhala amphamvu kwambiri paubale wa boma ndi magulu akwawo, chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa makampani ndi njira zoulutsira nkhani.

Ntchito ya Misonkhano

Pa zaka zinayi zilizonse, chipani chachikulu chilichonse chimachita msonkhano wa dziko lonse wogwirizanitsa mwalamulo wosankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wake, kuvomereza pulatifomu ya pa chipani, ndi kulimbikitsa okhulupirika. Pamene kuli kwakuti zotulukapo za kuikidwa kwa fanozo kaŵirikaŵiri zimadziŵika pasadakhale chifukwa cha zotulukapo zazikulu, misonkhano idakali yofunika kaamba ka kugwirizanitsa chipani ndi kupititsa patsogolo ku chisankho chachisawawa.

Magulu Achitatu ndi Magulu Odziimira

Ngakhale kuti United States ali ndi njira ziŵiri zimene zimaletsa mwamphamvu chipambano chachitatu, zipani zazing’ono zachita mbali yofunika m’mbiri kudzutsa nkhani zimene zipani zazikulu zimanyalanyaza. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Chipani cha Populist m’ma 1890 (chomwe chinachirikiza alimi ndi njanji), Gulu Lopita Patsogolo la Chipani mu 1912 (lomwe linachirikiza ubwino wa anthu ndi kusungitsa kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu), ndi Green Party and Libetarian Party Party m’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa.

Zolepheretsa Kuti Zinthu Ziziyenda Bwino Katatu

Magulu achitatu amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zozama za nyumba, kuphatikizapo date-ll convert , malamulo oletsa kulowa, kusiya kutsutsana kwa pulezidenti, ndi dongosolo la zachuma limene limayanja maphwando okhazikitsidwa. Malinga ndi Libary of Congress , mfundo zimenezi zimaphatikizana kupanga mapangano achitatu a galimoto lachitsutso kuposa njira yeniyeni yokanira ulamuliro. Komabe, magulu achitatu angasonkhetse masankho popanga mavoti kuchokera ku makampani aakulu ku Nader 2000 kapena Jill Stein mu 2016.

Malo Odziimira Okha ndi Osawonongeka

Kuwonjezera pa zigawo zachitatu, chiŵerengero chomakula cha ovota amatcha kuti a Independent. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Gallup, pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya Aamereka tsopano amadzilingalira kukhala odziimira okha pandale, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa chipani chimodzi chachikulu. Ofuna kusankhidwa, onga ngati Angus King of Maine kapena Bernie Sanders (amene amalemba ndi Democrats), apata ntchito popanda chizindikiro chamwambo cha chipani, koma iwo amasiyapo amene amagogomezera mphamvu ya dongosolo la kaganizidwe kaŵiri.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Mipatuko Yandale Lerolino

Mosasamala kanthu za kulimba kwake, zipani za ndale zadziko za ku America zimayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zingapo zazikulu zimene zimawopseza kugwira kwawo ntchito ndi kuyenerera.

Kusintha Magetsi ndi Magetsi

Monga tanenera kale, kusiyana kwa malingaliro pakati pa zipani kwakula kwambiri. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti boma likhale logwirizana, makamaka m’Nyumba ya Malamulo, kumene mwana wa makolo amodzi akupereka mphamvu yotsekereza ndalama zambiri. Kulolera kumaonedwa monga kusakhulupirika ndi ochirikiza chipani, kukumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuthetsa mavuto ovuta monga kusintha kwa kakhalidwe, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi ngongole ya dzikolo.

Kukhulupirirana Kochepa ndi Kugwirizana kwa Ntchito

Kudalira anthu onse m’zipani za ndale kwatha kwambiri. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi PNEW Research kunapeza kuti pafupifupi 17% ya Aamereka amanena kuti iwo okha amadalira boma ladziko kuchita chimene chili chabwino nthaŵi zambiri. Nzika zambiri zimalingalira kuti magawo amawonera kwa opereka ndi zikondwerero zapadera mmalo mwa ovota wamba.

Chisonkhezero cha Ndalama ndi Mapale Opambana

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 2010 cha Khoti Lalikulu ku Auning United v. FEC , magulu akunja angakweze ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosaŵerengeka potsatsa malonda andale. Ma PCC ambiri amagwirizanitsa ndi atsogoleri a zipani, koma angasonkhezerenso oyembekezera kukhala ndi malo opambanitsa. Kusefukira kwa ndalama kumeneku kwakulitsa lingaliro lakuti dongosolo la kagulu nloipa ndi losamvera kwa nzika za ku Amereka wamba.

Kusankha Koyambirira ndi Kupambanitsa

Kusankha kochepa kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonkhezeredwa ndi ochirikiza maganizo a anthu, amene angachoke ku malo apakati.

Kusintha Kachitidwe ka Chipani

Akatswiri ndi okonzanso zinthu apereka masinthidwe angapo kuti athetse mavuto a kusagwirizana, ndalama, ndi kudalirana kochepa.

Zotsegulira ndi Zopanga Malo Otseguka

Malo otsegulirapo amalola osankhidwa onse . "opanda mbali ya kulembetsa kwa chipani [1] Kutengamo mbali m'kusankha mapulogalamu a anthu. Rankedąchoice (RCV) amalola ovota kusankha maoda m’njira yosankha, zimene zingachepetse kuchirikiza chipambano ndi kutsimikizira kuti opambanawo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Maboma ena, monga Alaska ndi Maine, atengapo kale RCV kaamba ka masankhoti a boma, ndi zotulukapo zotsimikizirika.

Kupitikiza Ntchito za Mkupiti

Kuti achepetse mphamvu ya anthu ambiri opereka zinthu, mizinda ina yapanga maprogramu ang'ono ofanana. Mwachitsanzo, thumba loyendera limodzi la New York City limapatsa 6mosi2921 mapangano a zopereka pa K2050. Pa mlingo wa boma, Prezidential Ecompution Supply Fund yagwa, koma ena ofuna kulowa m'mapangano (monga Barack Obama mu 2008) asankha. Kuwonjezera ndalama za boma kungathandize makampaniwo kubwezeretsa nzika wamba.

Kulimbikitsa Mapwando a Kumaloko

Makomiti a zipani a m'deralo ali osavuta kuvota ndipo angatumikire monga malo ophunzitsira anthu amene pambuyo pake apita ku ofesi yapamwamba. Kulimbikitsa anthu kutenga nawo mbali m’makomiti a m'chigawo ndi m’misonkhano yachigawo kukhoza kubwezeretsanso kachitidwe ka zipani kuchokera pansi panthambi.

Mbali ya Mapwando Andale m’Kusokoneza Khalidwe la Zida Zandale

Magulu a anthu sangovomereza zimene wosankha akufuna, ndipo mwa kutumiza mauthenga, kutsatsa malonda, ndi manyuzi a pa Intaneti, amafotokoza nkhani zofunika ndi zogwirizana ndi zimene zingawathandize. Mwachitsanzo, gulu lingagogomezere nkhaŵa ya zachuma chaka chimodzi ndi chikhalidwe china, malinga ndi uthenga umene ukutenga maziko ake.

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti chipani ndicho chimodzi cha zizindikiro zolimba za kusankha mavoti . Chochitikachi, chotchedwa “katesitanti,” chimatanthauza kuti osankha kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira malingaliro a gulu lawo losankhidwa mmalo mwa njira ina. Pamene kuli kwakuti ichi chingakhale chopepuka kupanga zosankha, chimathandiziranso kumvetsa zipinda ndi kufalitsa nkhani zolakwika.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Mapwando Adakali Ofunika

Zipani za ndale zadziko sizili zangwiro. Zingakhale zogaŵanitsa, zopeputsa, ndi zochedwa kusintha. Komabe zidakali galimoto zoyambirira zimene nzika zimalinganiza pamodzi kuti zisonkhezere boma. Andale a zipani za dziko la America mu democracy n’zothandiza anthu otchuka, atsogoleri olembedwa, masankho, ndi oŵerengera. Ngati iwowo satero, dongosololi lingakhale losokonezeka kwambiri ndi losavuta kusokoneza anthu olemera kapena otchuka a anthu.

Mwa kuzindikira mmene mbiri yawo ya mapwando imagwirira ntchito, ntchito zawo, kulinganiza, ndi zophophonya zingagwirizane nawo bwino lomwe. Kaya mwa kupezeka pa msonkhano wachigawo, kuvota m’choyambirira, kapena kufuna kusintha zinthu, nzika zimakhala ndi mphamvu yokonza kachitidwe ka zipani. Panthaŵi ya kudalirana ndi kutsalira kwapamwamba, panganolo lingakhale lofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse.