Kumvetsetsa Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Mabale Ogwiritsiridwa Ntchito m’Masankho

Kodi Maziko a Democratic Losankha ndi Chiyani?

Chida chosankhira ndi chiŵiya chalamulo chimene chimagwiritsira ntchito kujambula zosankha zawo pa chisankho. Ndilo kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa chifuniro cha nzika ndi chotulukapo chomalizira. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro la maziko nlosavuta . (panopa, kusankha, kujambula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kuli ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa wovota, kukhulupirika, masankho, ndi kufulumira kwa zotsatira. Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya mavoti ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho nkofunika kwa aliyense amene ali ndi mbali kapena maphunziro a democracy.

Maballet angakhale mapepala, magetsi, kapena ngakhale kulankhula m'zochitika zochepa, koma chifuno chawo chimakhala chofanana: kutembenuza molondola ndi mwachinsinsi cholinga cha wovota kukhala chisankho choŵerengeka. Mapangidwe, kujambula, ndi malamulo ozungulira mtundu uliwonse wa olaiti imakhudza zinthu zonse kuyambira pa kutembenuka mpaka kuthekera kwa zolakwa. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusweka kwatsatanetsatane kwa mitundu yamakono ya zokopa, mbiri yawo, mapindu, zopinga, ndi mbali yawo yosintha m'masankhota a sayansi.

Mitundu ya Maballot: Kalongosoledwe Kolongosoka

Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a masankho angasankhe mafoni osiyana pang’ono, pafupifupi mapepala onse amalowa m’gulu limodzi la magulu asanu ndi limodzi.

1. Maballet a Mapepala: Muyezo Wosatha

Mapepala olembedwa ndi pepala ndi amene ali akale kwambiri ndiponso odziwika kwambiri. Olemba mabuku amalandira pepala lolembapo anthu ndi nkhani, saikirani zimene asankha (kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kudzaza mpanda kapena kuyang'ana bokosi), ndi kuika pepalalo m’bokosi losindikizidwa kapena kuiika m'bokosi lotiyang'anira. Mapepala amaoneka ngati akufunika.

Makhalidwe: [

• Kucholowana kwa luso la zopangapanga kwapamwamba kwambiri / kusadalira maelectronic pa kachitidwe ka kuvotako.
• N’kwaching’ono kwa osankha amisinkhu yonse ndi amisinkhu yonse.
• Kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo kuŵerengera manja kapena makina ofufuzira kuti asunge zinthu.
• N’zosavuta kukumana ndi vuto lochita zinthu molakwika, kutayikiridwa kapena kuwonongeka (mwachitsanzo, madzi, moto).

Zitsanzo: Zisankho zambiri za kumaloko m’zigawo zazing’ono, malo ambiri mu United States, ndi zisankho m’maiko onga Japan ndi France zikudalirabe kwakukulukulu pa mapepala olembedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Evolution Implation Commission ya U.S. ikusimba kuti pa 2022, 70 peresenti ya ovota m’masankho a boma anatulutsa mapepala olembedwa kapena opimidwa.

Malo apamwamba: [[FLT:] Amaloji a magetsi amalola kulembedwa ndi manja. Palibe upandu wa kutsekereza kwakutali. Kutsika mtengo pa pepala losindikizira . Kusintha ndi kudalirika ndi voti.

Malo oonekera: Kuŵerengera kochedwa, makamaka kwa anthu ambiri. Kumafunikira zoyendera zakuthupi ndi kusunga kotetezereka.

2. Makina Ogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Makina Ojambula Osonyeza Olectronic (DRE) amaonetsa mapepala ofufuzira pa wailesi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makina ogwiritsa ntchito pogwira kapena powatsekera. Makinawa amasankha zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito manambala, ndipo makina amasunga mavoti m’kati mwa mtima kapena pa wailesi youlutsira mawu. A DRES ena amatulutsa njira yofufuzira mapepala ovomerezeka (VPAT), pamene mafilimu opanda mapepala awonjezera nkhaŵa za chitetezo.

Makhalidwe: [

• Kuwaza kwambiri mwachangu n’kosavuta kukonza.
• Malo a Kupezeka: Maloti a wailesi, zopondera ndi zoputira, ndi ukulu wa fonti wosintha
• Kusonyeza zinenero zambiri mosavuta.
• Muzionetsetsa kuti pulogalamu ya pakompyuta yakhazikika ndiponso kuti muone ngati mukuigwiritsa ntchito.

Zitsanzo: Electronic Voting Machines ya ku India imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’dziko lonselo, kutheketsa ovota oposa 900 miliyoni kuponya makina opangira magetsi otere mwaluso.

Malo apamwamba: " Kuŵerengera kwa Pronaous. Kuchepetsa chofunkha cha ballet (m’ lekuatiso, majeremusi angachenjezedwe panthaŵi yeniyeni). Kufeŵera ovota okhala ndi zilema kuti avote okha.

Malo ofufuzira: Okhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma pulogalamu a pulogalamu, ma ma marawa, kapena kudula ngati sanasungidwe bwino. DRES yopanda papepala imasiya njira yoyendera yodziyendera yokha. Mtengo wapamwamba wa zipangizo ndi kuzisamalira.

Mail- Mu Ballot (Abcee ndi Universal Vote-by-Mail)

Mapepala ovomerezeka amagaŵiridwa kwa ovota ndi makalata, omalizidwa panyumba, ndi kubwezedwa kaya ndi makalata kapena kuponyedwa pamalo osungiramo zinthu. Ma abulosete amasungidwa kwa awo amene sangathe kuvota pamaso pawo, koma maboma angapo (mwachitsanzo, Washington, Oregon, Colorado) tsopano amapanga masankho onse onse ndi makalata. Ofesi amalandira mapepala milungu ingapo isanafike Tsiku la Ecomtion , kulola nthaŵi ya kufufuza ndi kumaliza bwino.

Makhalidwe: [

• Kuloledwa kwa anthu okalamba, opunduka, asilikali a kumayiko akunja, ndi ovota amene ali kutali.
• Kuchepetsa mphamvu pa malo ochitira kafukufuku ndi zipangizo.
• Zimafunika kuti azionetsetsa kuti siginecha yolimba, yolemba ndi yoteteza m’maenvulopu.
• Kubwerera kuyenera kulembedwa papepala kapena kulandiridwa ndi nthaŵi yoikidwiratu; kaŵirikaŵiri kuŵerengera kumayamba Tsiku la Chisankho lisanadze.

Zitsanzo: Pa masankho a ku United States a anthu 2020, anthu oposa 65 miliyoni anavota potumiza makalata, ndipo anatengeraponso njira zotumizira makalata.

Malo a kumbuyo: [[FLT :1] Kugwirizana kumatsogolera ku kutengamo mbali kokulira kwa wovota (audia amasonyeza chiwonjezeko cha 4-8% m'maiko onse a maimelo). Kuchepetsa m'kutumiza matenda. Kutsika mtengo pa malo osankhira.

Malo oyenera: Angathe kuchedwa paposi, kutayikiridwa kwa mapepala, kapena kusaina zosagwirizana zotsutsa osankhidwa oyenerera. Kufuna miyezi yambiri ya kulinganiza kwa kulinganiza. Upandu wowonjezereka wa kukakamiza ngati wovotayo akakamiza ndi ziŵalo za banja (zitetezero za ku kampani ziripo).

4. Maballet Opereka Chithandizo: Njira Yotetezera Kulandira Mtengo

Maloti opereka lamulo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito pamene wovota alephera kutsimikiziridwa mwamsanga pa mavoti. Zifukwa zofala zimaphatikizapo dzina la wovotayo losawonekera pa ndandanda ya kulembetsa, kusoŵa kwa dzina lofunikira, kapena kukhala atapempha kale wochotsedwa. Mavotiwa amaikidwa m'envulopu yapadera ndi kuikidwa pambali kufikira akuluakulu a masankho akatsimikizira malo a wovotayo pambuyo pa kutha kwa mavoti.

Makhalidwe: [

• Palibe wovota woyenera amene amaperekedwa chifukwa cha zolakwa za ulamuliro.
• Kuŵerengedwa kokha ngati wovotayo watsimikiziridwa kukhala wolembetsa ndi woyenerera fuko limenelo.
• Kaŵirikaŵiri wovotayo amafuna kusaina chikalata choimira boma kapena kupereka chikalata chowonjezereka m’masiku oŵerengeka.
• Kuchedwa kwa chikalata chotsimikizira kuti mafuko apafupi akutulukapo.

Zitsanzo: M’masankho aakulu 2020 a ku United States, mavoti apadera anali oposa 400,000 m’maboma onga California ndi New York.

Malo apamwamba: amatetezera kuyenera kwa kuvota popanda kusokoneza chitetezo. Imapereka njira yosatetezeka yolembera yosiyana.

Malo oyenera: Voter ayenera kudziŵa kuti malo awo osankhidwa sangaŵerengedwe. Njira yotsimikizira ingakhale yolemetsa kwa maofesi a masankho. Mayeso aakulu a kukana kochitidwa mwalamulo angafooketse kukhulupirirana . Malinga ndi Evolution Consolation Commission, pafupifupi 20% ya ma orpectot mu 2018 adakanidwa.

5. Maballot Osankha Okhala ndi Malo Osungira Zinthu Zofunika (Malonda Otchuka)

Maloti osankhidwa apadera amalola ovota kuŵerengera osankhidwa mogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna (1, 2, 3, etc.). Ngati palibe wosankha amene alandira mavoti ambiri a voti yoyamba, wofunsirayo amene ali ndi zosankha zoyamba zochepa amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaperekedwa kwa ovotawo. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira wosankhayo atafika 50% + 1.

Makhalidwe: [

• Kusintha kwa masankho kumachititsa kuti pasakhalenso chisankho, kuchepetsa ndalama ndiponso kukonza zinthu kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri.
• Amalimbikitsa anthu kuchita mkupiti wabwino chifukwa chakuti ofuna kubatizidwa amafunikira mavoti achiŵiri kuchokera kwa otsutsa.
• Mungagwiritse ntchito papepala (lolembedwa ndi kuŵerengedwa ndi pulogalamu) kapena pa makina ogwirira ntchito.
• Maphunziro a Voter ngofunika kwambiri — ndi opangidwa molinganizidwa bwino amawonjezera mavoti osagwira ntchito.

Zitsanzo: Maine ndi Alaska asankha mavoti a boma monga San Francisco, Minneapolis, ndi New York, kuti athandize anthu kukhala ndi udindo wosankha anthu.

Malo otchuka: Otsimikizira ali ndi chichirikizo chochuluka. Kuchepetsa “olandira [1] ziyambukiro za oyembekezera kulowa magawo atatu. Kuchirikiza mitundu ya anthu ofuna kubatizidwa, monga momwe ovota angachirikizire wokondedwa popanda kuopa kutaya voti.

Malo oonekera: Luso locholoŵalowera lingasokoneze ovota ena. Kuŵerengera kumatenga nthaŵi yaitali, makamaka ndi kutseguka kwapamwamba. Software ndi kugawa kuyenera kuyesedwa mokulira kaamba ka kulondola (monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'magawo a 201 a New York City, kumene kuphonya kwa programu kumachedwetsa zotulukapo).

Maluŵa Obiriŵira ndi Obiriŵira

Malamulo ena amaphatikiza mitundu yapamwambayi. Mwachitsanzo:

• Ziŵiya za Malo Ojambula Zizindikiro (BMD): Makampani amagwiritsa ntchito kanema yokhudza zinthu zosankha, kenaka makina amasindikiza pepala ndi zosankha zawo (kuphatikizapo barcode). Pepa limapimidwa ndi kuŵerengedwa. Ma BMD amaphatikiza kupezeka kwa ma electronic ndi kuŵerengedwa kwa mapepala.
• Internet Voting: Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mawu ochepera, monga ngati njira ya ku Estonia ya i-Votiting, kumene nzika zingavote kuchokera ku chiwiya chilichonse cholumikizidwa pa intaneti. Kutetezeka (kuukira kwamphamvu, kuuma , kukana kulera) kwalepheretsa kulera ana ambiri.
• Kudziwitsa ndi Telefoni (Telefoni Baloting): Mamudzi ena akutali ndi ovota a asilikali amagwiritsira ntchito mafoni ozikidwa, ngakhale kuti zimenezi n’zosoŵa chifukwa cha nkhani zachinsinsi.

Kulinganiza kwa Maluŵa: Kulephera Kudziŵa Zopanga Zoyenera

Mosasamala kanthu za mtundu, mapulani a chisankho chenichenicho amasonkhezera kwambiri kulondola kwa wovota. Kaonekedwe kosokoneza kangatsogolere ku otsata, ojovola, kapena kutsika. Kufufuza kuchokera ku FIGA (American Institute of Graphic Arts) ndi Evolution Active Commission yakhazikitsa machitachita abwino koposa:

• Malangizo omveka: Aike pamwamba, m'malembo osasintha.
• Mabungwe olowera: Madansi a ofesi iliyonse ayenera kukhala pamodzi, ndi maofesi olamulidwa ndi kufunika (m., boma, boma, malo akwawo).
• Kugwiritsira ntchito malo odera ndi oyera: Pewani kupotozedwa. Gwiritsani ntchito kukhala wowonda kaamba ka maina ofunsira, koma osati kaamba ka ndime zonse.
• Kulinganiza: Mathonsi onse kapena ma desikito ayenera kukhala a msinkhu wofanana ndi kumanzere.
• Chinenero chopezeka: Chiwirikiti m'zinenero zolankhulidwa ndi mbali zazikulu za voti.

Kufufuza kwa 2012 kwa Brennan Center for Justice kunapeza kuti mapulani apamwamba a mavoti angapangitse 2% a ovota kuvotera munthu wolakwika kapena kutsikiratu mpikisano kukhazikitsa chisankho chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, “m’kapeto wotchuka wa makampani a kampani ya Florida ku Palm Beach County, Florida m'chaka cha 2000 cha pulezidenti wa United States, kuchititsa kuti mavoti asokitsidwe. Zimenezi zikugogomezera kufunika kwa kuyesa ndi kupanga maluso a kukonza mavoti.

Lupanga la Zipangizo la Kaŵiri: Makina Otetezera

Kusintha kwa mapepala n’kusintha n’kukawagwiritsa ntchito pakompyuta kwayamba kuchuluka ndiponso kupezeka bwino, koma kwayambitsanso mavuto atsopano. Kuukira masankho n’kumene kukudetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri.

Kupenda kwakukulu kwa dongosolo lamakono la mavoti:

• Ufulu wa pasadakhale: Moyenerera, dongosolo lovota liyenera kudalira papepala monga cholembera chalamulo, chotero ngati pulogalamu ya pulogalamu yapamanja ipotozedwa, ndandanda ya mabuku ingabwezeretse zotulukapo zenizeni.
• Kuŵerengera ndandanda ya Post: [[FLT :1] Kuŵerengera paupandu (RL) kuyerekezera ziŵerengero za mapepala ndi makompyuta amagetsi. Maboma onga Colorado ndi California atengera RLS Kutsimikizira zotulukapo.
• Kulengeza ndi ndandanda ya kusunga ana: Kupereka zotulukapo kuchokera ku malo apakati ndi pakati pa ndandanda kuyenera kulembedwa. Mapepala okhoza kusungidwa bwino kuti asasokoneze.
• Universi popanda nsembe: BMD ndi VVPAT imaonedwa kukhala kulolera kwabwino, ngakhale kuti osuliza amatsutsa kuti zilembo za barcode pa BMD-printed bolot zingawonedwe molakwa ndi ovota.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa miyezo ya chisungiko cha masankho, onani [[FLT: 0] U.S. Commotion Appendice Commission ya wovota ndi .V] Kuvotera kwa Foundation , kumene kumayendera kutetezera kwa makina.

Mtundu wa Ballot ndi Mphepo: Zimene Zolemba Zimanena

Ofufuza apeza kuti kafukufuku amene bungwe la Pew Research Center ndi National Bureau of Economic Research linachita ndi amene akuti:

• Mapepala a mail: Kuwonjezeka ndi 2-5 peresenti m'masankho onse, ndi ziyambukiro zapamwamba pakati pa osankha achichepere ndi olandira pang'ono.
• Makina opeka:[FL:1] Kulibe chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kuchoko, koma kumawonjezera chikhutiro pakati pa osankha okhala ndi zilema.
• Mapepala osankhidwa osankhidwa: Zotulukapo zosanganizidwa [1] Kufufuza kwina kumasonyeza chiwonjezeko pang'ono m'masankho a m'boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ena sapeza chiyambukiro kwa mafuko a boma.
• Mapepala a projekiti: [[FT:1] kaŵirikaŵiri ogwiritsiridwa ntchito monga malo otsegulira omalizira; samawonjezera kutembenuka koma angachepetse kusweka pamene mpambo wa kulembetsa uli wosalondola.

Komabe, kusavuta kwa kuvota kwa makalata kuyenera kuyesedwa motsutsana ndi nthaŵi yoŵerengera ndi kutsimikizira. California, mwachitsanzo, imatenga milungu kumaliza zotulukapo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa makalata ndi mapepala oikidwa. Zimenezi zingayambukire chidaliro ngati zotulukapo zitasintha mofulumira.

Tsogolo la Maballot: Zikhoterero Zoti Muyang’ane

Pamene masankho ayamba, pali zinthu zatsopano zambiri zimene zili pafupi kuchitika:

• Kusanthula kozikidwa pa pepala: Zina zogwirira ntchito zoyendetsa ndege (m' lekuatiso, kuyesa kwa West Virginia 2018 kwa nkhondo ya kumaiko akunja) kugwiritsa ntchito zitseko kuti alembe mavoti. Pamene kuli kwakuti akulonjeza kusasintha, kusabisa ndi kubisa chinsinsi.
• Smartphone colot bookot: Maseŵero amene amapanga pepala losindikizira kapena pulogalamu ya manambala angachepetse zolakwa. Kusamala za kulera ana kuchepetsa, koma maprogramu oyendetsa ndege akuchitika m'mbali zina za boma la Washington.
• Voti yosagwirizana 76by76mail ndi kulondola kowonjezedwa bwino: Kusanthula barccode yofutukulidwa kotero kuti ovota angapeze chilote chawo kuchokera ku kusindikiza kufikira ku kuŵerengera (kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maboma angapo).
• Miyezo yotsimikizira kupezeka: Ballots adzapangidwa mowonjezereka ndi malamulo achilengedwe, kutsimikizira kuti palibe wovota amene akuchotsedwa chifukwa cha kupunduka kapena chopinga cha chinenero.

Kwa zowonjezereka pa luso lakuvota, tsamba la kufufuza la C ndi Msonkhano wa National Conference of State Legistratures (NCS) [1] imapereka malongosoledwe okwanira a kachitidwe ka kulera kwa boma mwalamulo.

Kumaliza: Anthu Odziŵa Bwino Ntchito Zathu Amakhulupirira Zotsatira Zake

Mtundu wa chisankho chogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'chosankha si tsatanetsatane wa pulogalamu chabe . imakhudza chisungiko, kupezeka, kulondola, ndi chidaliro cha anthu. Kuyambira pa pepala lamphamvu ndi kusavuta kwa makina a electronic ndi kusavuta kwa madongosolo osankhira, njira iliyonse imatumikira zosoŵa ndi kunyamula malonda osiyanasiyana. Monga momwe luso la zopanga ndi zovota zimakhalira ndi liŵiro, akuluakulu a masankho ayenera kulinganizika, chisungiko, ndi kulinganiza.

Kwa ovota, kuzindikira mitundu ya mavoti yomwe ilipo m'manja mwawo kumawapatsa mphamvu ya kuyendetsa zinthu mwachidaliro ndi kuchirikiza kuwongolera kumene kuli kofunika. Kaya muvote mu intaneti kapena pa wailesi, umphumphu wa oimba onse umadalira pa kulinganiza, kutsimikizira, ndi kusanthula kwaluso. Khalani modziikitsa, dziŵani zosankha zanu, ndi kuŵerengera mawu anu.