Demokalase ya Zigawo Zambiri

Masankho a ku America akhala malonda odula kwambiri amene amapanga mbali yeniyeni ya ndale. Mlingo wa chisankho 2020 unaphatikiza pafupifupi $14 biliyoni m'kuwononga konse, kuŵirikiza kaŵiri chiwonkhetso cha 2016 ndi kupitirira phindu lalikulu lapanyumba la maiko aang'ono. Mkupiti wa Presidenti tsopano umaposa $1 biliyoni pa munthu mmodzi, mpikisano wa mabungwe a Serten wa ndalama zambiri nthaŵi zambiri zimagulidwa $100 miliyoni, ndipo ngakhale masankhoti a sukulu a kumaloko nthaŵi zina amaloŵetsamo ndalama zonga zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kumvetsetsa [FLT: 0] Fampagign shol [ ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za ndalama zochokera kumaiko angapo, koma mmene imapitira malamulo, kupikisana kwa mayeso, ndi amene nthaŵi zina amapanga mavoti a sukulu nthaŵi zina amaloŵetsamo ndalama zothandizira ku demokrasethi.

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Kusintha kwa Ndalama za Mkupiti ku America

Kuyamba Kusintha Zinthu

Cosankha chachiyambi cha ku America chinafuna ndalama zochepa, popeza kuti oyembekezera kuchita kampeniyo kaŵirikaŵiri, akumaona ntchito imeneyo kukhala yosayenera. Manyuzipepala anatumikira monga olankhulana ndi anthu andale, zipani za ndale zadziko zoyendetsa kwambiri, ndipo chuma chaumwini kaŵirikaŵiri chinali chofunika kulowa mu ofesi. Dongosolo limeneli silinayende bwino m'zaka za zana loyamba za republic.

Chiphuphu cha Nyengo Yakale pakati pa ma 1870 ndi 1900 zinasintha ndale za America. Ofuna kulowa m'dziko ndi ndalama zoyendetsedwa mwachindunji, ndalama za makampani zolamulira ntchito za ndale zadziko, kugula mavoti kunali kofala, ndipo panalibe zofunika zodziŵira. Chiphuphu chinakula pamene chiphuphu chinasintha, ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi chinasintha kwambiri.

Progredivated Era Reformation kuyambira m'ma 1900 mpaka 1970s anakhazikitsa dongosolo loyamba la malamulo. Chikalata cha Tillman cha 1907 choletsa zopereka za makampani kwa oyembekezera. Chikalata cha Federal Chirango cha 1925 chinafuna kuvumbulidwa kwa zikalata za ndawala ndi zowonongedwa. Chikalata cha Hatch cha ntchito ya ndale zadziko ya 1939 yogawiridwa ndi boma, ndi Taft-Hartley Act ya chigwirizano choletsa ndalama zothandizira oyembekezera. Zosinthitsa zinthu zimenezi, ngakhale kuti zinali zofunika, zinasoŵa njira zosungitsa ntchito zoyendetsera ntchito ndi zoyendetsera ntchito.

Ntchito ya Ndalama za Mkupiti Wamakono

Fateral Econstruction Act (FAKA) ya 1971 inaimira kuyesayesa koyambirira kwa kukhazikitsa ndalama za polisi. Ilo linakhazikitsa ziyeneretso za kuvumbula mwadongosolo, kupanga malire a zopereka, kuyambitsa ndalama zapoyera kaamba ka ndawala za pulezidenti, ndi kuyambitsa njira zosungitsira zimene zinapereka kuŵerengera kokulira kuposa zoyesayesa zapapitapo.

Kukonzanso kwa Post-Watergate kwa 1974 kunalimbitsa kwambiri dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka bungwe. Anapanga Federal Ecount Commission (FAC) monga bungwe lodziimira, analimbitsa malire a zopereka, kuwonjezera ndalama za anthu, ndi kupititsa patsogolo zofunika. Masinthidwe ameneŵa anaimira malamulo a zamalonda m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri.

Buckley v. Valeo (77) anasintha kwambiri malo onse oyendera malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa ndawala za ndale ndiko kuteteza nkhani za m'zandale pansi pa First Amendment. Malamulo a kupereka ndalama anasungidwa monga malamulo alamulo oletsa ziphuphu, koma ndalama zimene anawononga zinawonongedwa monga kuswa ufulu wa kulankhula. Chigamulochi chinayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zopereka ndi ndalama zimene zikupitirizabe kufotokoza lamulo la ndawala lerolino. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa kuti ndalama zikhale zolankhula mogwirizana ndi nkhani ya ndale, lamulo limene lakhala likutsogolera jurisprudecifini kwa zaka pafupifupi zisanu.

Magwero Aakulu a Kupereka Ndawala

Zopereka za Munthu Aliyense: Maziko

Opereka zinthu aumwini amapereka ndalama zambiri za ndawala m'masankho a ku America, koma chisonkhezero chawo chimasiyana kwambiri mwa kuchuluka kwa zopereka. Dongosolo limapanga milongo ya kutengamo mbali mozikidwa pa chuma, ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana ogwirizana ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana ya kupatsa.

Opereka ndalama zochepera ochepera othandizira pa $200 [200] akuimira 15 mpaka 25 peresenti ya ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndawala. Zopereka zimenezi siziikidwa m'malipoti a ndawala, kutanthauza kuti anthu akuona ndalama zongogaŵikana mmalo mwa mayina a munthu aliyense. Ndalama zochepa zoperekedwa zimatsika pakati pa $50 ndi $100, ndipo opereka ameneŵa amasonkhezeredwa ndi chidwi cha maganizo mmalo mwa kugulitsa. Kukwera kwa mathirakiti a pa Intaneti kwawonjezera kwambiri kufunika kwa kupatsana kwa kawonera mapulati a dzuŵa kwaposachedwapa, ndi zikalata zina zofunika zomanga nkhondo zazikulu kuchokera kwa ochirikiza ameneŵa.

Opereka ndalama zazikulu amathandizira $200 kapena kuposapo kudziŵikitsidwa ndi dzina lawo, ntchito, ndi abwana awo. Opereka ameneŵa amapereka 50 mpaka 70 peresenti ya ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndawala. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amapita ku makampani opereka ndalama zokha kumene amapeza ofunsira ndi osankhidwa. Opereka ambiri aakulu amaika zopereka zawo pa malire a boma ndi kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta kuwonjezera chisonkhezero chawo mwa kusonkhanitsa zopereka kuchokera kwa mabwenzi awo ndi zopereka zopereka zopereka zopereka zopereka.

Migono yochuluka amene amapereka pamlingo waukulu amaimira pafupifupi 0.01 peresenti ya anthu a dziko. Anthu ameneŵa amapereka kwa anthu ambiri ndi makomiti, ali ndi makampani a ndalama, amatumikira monga mitolo ya zopereka zimene zimachokera ku makompyuta awo, amathandizira mwachindunji ku Super PACs, ndi kusungitsa ndalama zopanda pake zimene zimayendera bwino. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zandale pakati pa gulu laling'onoli kumadzutsa mafunso ofunika onena za kuimira demokrase ndi kufanana kwa pulogalamu.

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Makomiti a Zandale

Komiti ya Chigawo (PAC) imapereka njira yolinganizidwira yoperekera zopereka ndi kuzigaŵira kwa oyembekezera ndi zochititsa. Makomiti ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pansi pa mabungwe apadera amene amasankha ntchito zawo zololedwa ndi malire a zopereka.

Ogwirizana pa ma PAC[[FLT :1] amayendetsedwa ndi makampani, maukwati, kapena mabungwe a malonda. Amalipiriridwa kupyolera mwa zopereka za antchito odzifunira, ndi ndalama zolipiridwa ndi gulu lochirikiza. Ma PC agwirizana ndi $5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse ndipo ayenera kulembetsa ndi FEC, ndi kutulutsa kwathunthu kofunikira kaamba ka zopereka zonse zolandiridwa ndi zowonongedwa zopangidwa.

Ma PACS ogwirizanitsidwa ndi Non adagwira ntchito monga mabungwe a ufulu a malingaliro. Amalipiriridwa ndi zopereka za munthu aliyense yekha kuchokera kwa ochirikiza mmalo mwa kugwirizana ndi bungwe lina lililonse kapena bungwe. Malo amodzi opereka ofananawo amagwira ntchito monga ku ma PC, koma mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amasumika pa nkhani zakutizakuti mmalo mwa chichirikizo chachikulu. Ma PAC ogwirizana ndi nyumba zaudzu kapena antchito aluso amadalira pa chuma ndi zolinga zawo.

Malo oyenderapo a pa kampani amalamulidwa ndi andale zadziko aumwini ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kuthandiza oyembekezera ena, kumanga chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko, ndi kukonza maulendo ndi zochitika. Makomiti ameneŵa amayang'anizana ndi ziletso zofooka pa mmene ndalama zingagwiritsidwire ntchito, kutsogolera kuipsa ku phindu laumwini ndi kuswedwa kwa malamulo a ndawala. Leadership PACs wafalikira m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa monga ziŵalo za Congress afuna kumanga madongosolo ndi malo a utsogoleri kapena malo apamwamba.

Mapale Apamwamba: Kuwononga Ndalama Mopanda Malire

PCS adatuluka mwachindunji kuchokera ku nzika United v. FEC mu 2010 ndipo asintha malo a ndawala ya zachuma. Makomiti ameneŵa akuimira kusintha kwakukulu kwa mmene ndalama zimayendera ku ndale zadziko za America, kuyala njira zatsopano za kuwonongera ndalama zosatha zimene zimagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi dongosolo loyendetsedwa bwino la zopereka.

Makhalidwe aakulu [[FLT PAC] Amaphatikizapo zopereka zosatha kuchokera ku magwero alionse, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mosadukiza pa kulemberana makalata andale, kuletsa kugwirizanitsa ndi ndawala zofuna kuperekedwa, kuvumbula kokakamiza kwa opereka, ndi kukhoza kutsatsa malonda, kulinganiza zochitika, ndi kusonkhanitsa ovomereza. Chiletso cha mgwirizano ndicho maziko a kulungamitsidwa kwawo kwa lamulo, ngakhale kuti otsutsa amatsutsa kuti dongosolo la dongosolo la zopanga zinthu limachitika nthaŵi zonse kupyola m'ntchito ndi m'zipata zosiyanasiyana.

Oseŵera a gulu lomwe limathandiza pa zinthu zachilengedwe zapamwamba za pa TC amaphatikizapo ma PACIPIKI Opambana amodzi amene mwalamulo amachirikiza mpikisano winawake, magulu ongochirikiza mfundo zinazake kapena mfundo, mabungwe a zipani amene amachirikiza zolinga zazikulu za magulu, ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi chuma chimodzi, ndi magulu a kampani kapena bungwe logwirizana omwe amapititsa patsogolo zikondwerero za magulu.

M'nyengo ya chisankho cha 2020, Super PAC inafikira pafupifupi $2.1 biliyoni, kuimira mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zonse za ndale zadziko. Kuwononga kumeneku kwasintha mphamvu yopanga zosankha kwa oyembekezera ndi magulu a kunja kwa magulu omwe amayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zochepera ndi kuvumbula.

Kagulu ka Ndalama Zakuda

Magulu a ndalama za kampani amagwira ntchito pansi pa zigawo za malamulo a msonkho amene sanalinganiziridwe konse kaamba ka ntchito ya ndale zadziko koma akhala magalimoto owonjezereka kaamba ka masankho owonongedwa mosawoneka bwino. Mabungwe ameneŵa akhala maziko a ndalama za ndawala yamakono, makamaka pa milingo yapamwamba yowonongera ndalama.

501 (c) (4) mabungwe a zaumoyo wa anthu amafunidwa mwalamulo kukhala ndi ndale zadziko monga chinthu china chosakhala chifuno chawo chachikulu, koma kusungidwa kwa chiyeneretso chimenechi kwachepa. Magulu ameneŵa samavumbula anthu opereka, angapereke zopereka ku Super PaCs, ndipo akhala akukhala andale zadziko mowonjezereka m'ntchito zawo. Ndalama zamdima zowonongedwa pafupifupi $750 miliyoni m'mlinga 2020, ndi zochuluka za izo zikudutsa m'nja lino.

501 (c) (6) mayanjano a zamalonda akugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo ofanana. Magulu onga zipinda za malonda ndi makampani oitanira ndi kulengeza popanda kuulutsa magwero awo a ndalama. Kaŵirikaŵiri zopereka ku mabungwe ameneŵa zimapitira mwachindunji monga zowonongedwa za malonda, kupereka phindu lowonjezereka la msonkho wa ndalama zandale zimene zimagwira ntchito m'masiteshoni ameneŵa.

Njira za maseŵero achinsinsi zikuphatikizapo kutumiza zinthu zambiri pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magulu owonjezera ovuta kupeza ndalama. Ndalama zingayendere ku mabungwe angapo zisanafike kumene zikupita, kupanga njira zimene zili zovuta kapena zosatheka kwa ofufuza ndi atolankhani kutsatira. Nkhaŵa za ndalama za dziko lachilendo zoloŵa m'dongosolo landale kudzera m'masiteshoni ameneŵa zachititsa kuti pakhale zofunika zolimba kwambiri, ngakhale kuti kuvomereza kwa malamulo kwakhala kochepetsedwa ndi kusagwirizana kwa bungwe la Gropo.

Makomiti a Chipani cha ndale zadziko

Mabungwe a Party amagwira ntchito m'magawo ambiri ndi kupereka maziko ovuta a ntchito ya ndawala. Makomiti ameneŵa amagwirizanitsa ntchito m'mafuko osiyanasiyana ndi kupereka zinthu zimene ndawala iliyonse siingapange mwaluso.

Makomiti a Utundu [[FLT :1] kuphatikizapo Komiti ya Democratic National Committee ndi Republican National National Committee profession profession professoliti, kuchirikiza mafuko a mpikisano wa mpikisano, kumanga zigwirizano, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zazikulu za makampani. Makomiti ameneŵa asintha kwambiri kuyambira m'nyengo ya ndalama zofewa, pamene zopereka zosatha zinayenda m'magulu zisanaletsedwe ndi Bipartisan Reformation Act ya 2002.

Makomiti a bungwe la Council [1] Makomiti a Servential Komiti ya Democratic Congregation, National Republican Congregational Committee Komiti ya Democratic Senatial Campaign , ndi National Republican Senatorial Senatorial Komiti ya Senatoral Komiti ya Mafuko ndi Nyumba za Malamulo. Makomiti ameneŵa amayang'anira madera ampikisano, ofunsira, ofufuza otsutsa, ndi kupanga zosankha za kugula zinthu zimene zingawathandize kwambiri.

Zipani ndi malo akwawo zimagwira ntchito zolinganiza udzu, kulembetsa, ndi kutuluka m'makomiti a dziko. Amagwirizana ndi makomiti a dziko kupyolera mwa mapangano ogwirizana omwe amalola opereka kulemba macheke aakulu amene amagawidwa pambuyo pake ku makomiti a zipani ndi mikupiti yambiri.

Njira Zothandizira Anthu Odwala

Mapindu a zachuma za anthu [[FLT: 1] akhala opasawika kwambiri pamene oyembekezera aakulu akana kutengamo mbali. Dongosololi limapereka ndalama zogwirizana ndi masankho aakulu kwa ogwirizana kugwiritsa ntchito malire, koma malire ameneŵa akhala osagwira ntchito monga momwe ndalama za ndawala zawonjezereka. Okhoza kuwonjezera zambiri kupyolera mwa zopereka zaumwini kuposa mmene dongosolo la anthu lapansi pa dziko limaperekera, kupanga kukhala ndi kulephera kwapadera.

Maprogramu adziko ndi a kumaloko asonyeza lonjezo ndi kuyambika kwa zinthu. Maboma 14 pakali pano amapereka mtundu wina wa ndalama za anthu. program ya Connecticut Connecticut Convect Commution yakwaniritsa mlingo wapamwamba wotengamo mbali ndipo yapatsidwa mlandu wa kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha zikondwerero zapadera m'ndale zadziko. Komiti ya programu ya ndalama ya New York City imatumiza ndalama zochepa, kugaŵira maprogramu ambiri amene amalimbikitsa oyembekezera kusumika pa misonkhongo yaudzu. Programu ya Secondation Voucher imapereka kwa nzika iliyonse ndi mavotimentina okhoza kugawira ofunsira, pamene kuli kwakuti njira ya Coocration Ecommotions imapereka ndalama zokwanira kwa ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana opereka ndalama zapatula oikidwa pambali.

Malamulo: Malire, Kutsekereza, ndi Kukakamiza

Malire a Kuthandiza kwa Ochuluka

Kwa mzera wa chisankho [2023-2024], malire a boma opereka amakhazikitsa malire apadera a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zopereka. Opereka paokha angapereke $3,300 pa chisankho, ndi masankho aakulu, mokhutiritsa kulola $6,600 pa wobatizidwa aliyense. Makomiti andale angapereke $5,000 pa chisankho chimodzi. Malamulo a chipani angasiyane malinga ndi komiti yapadera ndi mtundu wa zopereka.

Zopereka ku ma PAC zimachepetsedwa pa $5,000 pachaka kuchokera kwa anthu, ndi kusamutsidwa kwa pa PAC ku maofesi a zipani kufupi ndi $5,000 pachaka. Zopereka kwa makomiti a zipani zimalola anthu kupereka $4,300 ku makomiti a zipani za dzikolo ndi $10,000 ku makomiti a zipani zakumaloko, ndi malire owonjezereka ovuta ogwirizana ndi makomiti olandira ndalama.

Malire a 'Aggreta pa zopereka zonse zinachotsedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu ku McCutcheon v. FEC (2014. chigamulo chimenechi chimalola opereka ndalama zochulukira kwa wobatizidwa aliyense, PAC, ndi komiti ya chipani, kuwonjezera kwambiri ndalama zimene munthu mmodzi angaloŵetse m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko.

Zofunika za Kutetezera

Amene ayenera kuulula akuphatikiza oyembekezera amene amakweza kapena kuwonongera $5,000 kapena kuposapo, PC , anthu amene amawononga ndalama zokwana $250 kapena kuposapo, maphwando onse, ndi Super PACs ndi opereka. Makhonde ameneŵa amalinganizidwira kunyamula ntchito ya ndale zadziko yopindulitsa pamene akuchotsa gawo laling'ono la kutengamo zopereka katundu.

Zimene zavumbulidwa zimaphatikizapo maina ndi maadiresi opereka ndi maadiresi, ntchito ndi mabwana, ndalama zopereka ndi masiku, tsatanetsatane wa zowonongedwa, ndi ngongole ndi mathayo. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimaloleza anthu, atolankhani, ndi ofufuza kupeza amene akuchirikiza ntchito zandale ndi kusiyanitsa njira za chisonkhezero.

Pamene chivumbulo chichitika chimadalira pa mtundu wa komiti ndi mzera wa chisankho. Malipoti a Quarterly amafunikira m'zaka zosakhala zachisankho, malipoti a mwezi ndi mwezi m’zaka za chisankho, zikalata za maola 48 zimafunidwa kaamba ka zopereka zazikulu zolandiridwa pafupi ndi chisankho, ndipo malipoti a maola 24 amafunikira kaamba ka ndalama zaumwini zimene zimaposa makhomo oloŵera.

FEC: Mavuto Okakamiza

Khomu la Féderal Evolution limayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu a kumanga amene amachepetsa kugwira kwake ntchito. Bungwelo liri ndi ziŵalo zisanu ndi chimodzi, popanda zigawo zitatu kuchokera ku gulu lirilonse, ndipo mavoti anayi amafunikira kaamba ka ka kachitidwe kalikonse kosungitsa. Nthaŵi zambiri nyumba imeneyi imatuluka m'maboo ofera pa mizera ya otsendera, kutsala kuswa malamulo. Bungwelo limakhalabe pansi pa ukulu wa ntchito yake, ndipo limakhala ndi lamulo lapadera lakulakula kwa zaka zambiri za kuletsa katundu.

Kuswa malamulo kumaphatikizapo zopereka zopambanitsa za lamulo, zopereka za kampani kapena bungwe la kampani kuchokera ku ndalama zachisawawa, zopereka za maiko akunja, kulephera kujambula malipoti ofunikira, kuswa malamulo pakati pa makampani ndi magulu akunja, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za kampani kaamba ka zolinga zosakhala zandale. Kuswa malamulo kumeneku kumayambira pa zolakwa za dala ndi zoyesayesa kuswa lamulo.

Kufooka kwa kukakamiza kuli nkhaŵa yopitirizabe. Nkhani ya lamulo imatenga zaka zoposa ziŵiri kugamula, kulipiritsa kuli kochepa pamlingo wa kuswa malamulo, kuzengedwa mlandu nkosachitika, malamulo a kuletsa kuphwanya malamulo akale, ndipo chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko chingasonkhezere zigamulo. Kulephera kumeneku kumachepetsa mphamvu ya malamulo a ndawala ndi kulola kuswa malamulo a ndawala kupitirizabe ndi zotulukapo zochepetsedwa.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu Zimene Zinasintha Zinthu Zonse

Buckley v. Valeo (1997)

Liket ya mlandu wa maziko umenewu inapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama m'ndale kumapanga mawu otetezeka pansi pa First Amendment . Ziletso za kupereka ndalama zinachirikizidwa monga malamulo otetezera ziphuphu kapena kuoneka kwa ziphuphu. Malamulo anachotsedwa monga ziletso zaulere pa kulankhula kwaufulu. Zofunika za Dislosure zinasungidwa monga kutumikira zikondwerero zofunika za boma. Malamulo a boma anapezedwa monga malamulo a boma malinga ngati akhalabebe ndi ufulu.

ct ya Buckley inachita dongosolo lamakono losiyanitsa zopereka ndi zowonongedwa, kusiyana kumene kukupitiriza kuumba lamulo la ndawala ya zachuma mosasamala kanthu za kusuliza kwakukulu kwa akatswiri ndi ochirikiza amene amatsutsa kusiyanako kuli ponse paŵiri kopeka ndi kosagwira ntchito.

Nzika za United v. FEC (2010)

chigamulo cha chisinthiko [[FLT: 1] chinakhazikitsa kuti makampani ndi maukwati ali ndi ufulu wa First Amendment wa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko. Khotilo linanena kuti ndalama zowonongedwa pazokha sizingaipitse oyembekezera kuwonongedwa chifukwa chakuti sizigwirizana ndi ndawala. Makampani osagwirizana ndi ndalama zimene anthu akugwira ntchito zandale zinaloledwa. Kuletsa ntchito za ufulu wa boma kunasungidwa, ndipo kuletsedwa kwa mgwirizano kunapitirizabe.

[1] Zidadabwitsa. Kuphulika kwa Super PAC kwasintha kutheratu malo ake kukhala mbali yaikulu ya ndalama za ndawala. Ndalama zowonongedwa zakuda zinachuluka monga opereka zofuna kuvumbula. Ndalama zandale zinawonjezeka kwambiri. Chisonkhezero cha anthu olemera chinakula pamene ndalama zowonongedwa paokha zinali zofunika kwambiri, ndi kupenda kosonyeza kutsutsa kwakukulu chigamulo ndi chichirikizo cha kusintha.

McCutteon v. FEC (2014)

Chigamulo chimenechi chovuta kuchepetsa malire a ndalama pa zopereka za munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi, kuchotsa chipewa chonse cha kupatsa onse oyembekezera ndi makomiti. Opereka aliyense payekha angathandizire ku chiŵerengero chosaŵerengeka cha oyembekezera ndi makomiti, ngakhale kuti pali malire a munthu mmodzi amene walandira. Makomiti ogwirizana opereka ndalama achuluka monga ntchito imene imalola operekawo acheke aakulu omwe akugawidwa kudutsa olandira ambiri. Chisonkhetso cha olemera chawonjezeka pamene tsopano angadzoze dongosolo la ndale zadziko ndi zopereka zochuluka ku komiti iliyonse yomwe ilipo.

Nkhani Zaposachedwapa ndi Zolembedwa

Makhoti akupitiriza kubwezera ndalama za ndawala za ndawala za kukambirana kopitirizabe. Ziyeso ku ziletso za mayiko akunja zikuyesa malire a amene angatenge nawo mbali m'masankho a ku America. Malamulo a boma akutsutsa kuti agwirizane pakati pa makampani ndi magulu ena. Nkhondo zofuna ufulu wodzilamulira zikuyesa kuonekera bwino ndi zimene anthu amanena. Maprogramu a zaufulu a boma amalimbana ndi zitokoso zogwirizana ndi malamulo awo. Ziletso zapamwamba zimayang'anizana ndi malamulo a boma omwe amasinthasinthana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka.

Chiyambukiro Chenicheni cha Dziko

Mmene Ndalama Zimakhudzira Kusankha

Ubwino wa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito kudzera m'mawindo ambiri . Ndalama zimagula dzina kupyolera mwa kusatsa malonda, ntchito za kampani, kuchirikiza zoyesayesa za wovota ndi kusonkhanitsa, kulipira kaamba ka kusanthula ndi kulemba mabukhu, ndi kulola njira za mwamsanga zimene mavuto angagwiritsire ntchito.

Ubwino wosakwanira [[FLT :1] m'kusonkhetsa ndalama n’ngochuluka. Opatula amawonjezera ndalama zoŵirikiza katatu kapena kanayi kuposa otsutsa awo, amapindula ndi ndalama za chaka ndi nthaŵi pamene otsutsa ayenera kumanga zitseko, kukhala ndi ufulu wa kutsogolera pas ndi ziŵiya zina za gulu, ndipo amasangalala ndi ziŵerengero zokwera kwambiri 90 peresenti m'Nyumba, chifukwa cha phindu la ndalama limeneli.

Ndalama sizimatsimikizira chipambano , koma zimapanga njira yotsimikizirika imene opanga mkhalidwe ayenera kuitenga mosamalitsa. Mpata wopereka ndalama umachititsa oyembekezera kukhala opanda mwaŵi kupezeka ku madongosolo achuma, kujambula nkhani za m'manyuzipepala mwa kulengeza mkhalidwe wa ndawala, kusonkhezera kuvomereza kwa atsogoleri a gulu ndi magulu achifuniro, ndi kuyambukira malingaliro a osankha kuthekera kwa kuwonana.

Kutengera Kachitidwe ka Zinthu

Mmene malamulo operekera zinthu amagwirira ntchito ku madongosolo ambiri. Mabungwe ophatikizapo ndalama amapereka njira yolowera kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa, kulola opereka kuperekawo kukambirana nkhani zawo. Kugwirizanitsa pakati pa opereka ndi akatswiri ochirikiza a zandale kumawonjezera mphamvu ya zopereka zandale. Kuthandiza kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana monga ofunsira ndi akuluakulu a boma. Malamulo amasonkhezeredwa ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi opereka zinthu panthaŵi ya kukonzanso. Kukonzanso malamulo kwa operekedwa ndi othandizira opanga makampani asintha mmene malamulo amayendera ndi kutsatiridwa.

Zopezedwa pa kufufuza [[FLT: 1] zimasonyeza nthaŵi zonse kuti zikonda zachuma zimasonyezedwa bwinopo m'zotsatira zalamulo kuposa malingaliro a anthu. Malingaliro amalemera kwambiri popanga malamulo kuposa malingaliro a nzika wamba. Malingaliro a anthu pankhani zimene zimasiyana ndi zimene amakonda popereka zinthu amanyalanyazidwa kotheratu. Malamulo a makampani a makampani apanga zopereka. Malamulo a msonkho makamaka amagwirizanitsa ndi zofuna za anthu opereka mphatso, amasonyeza zotsatirapo zosiyana osati zimene anthu angafune.

Kudalirana kwa Anthu Onse

Kampaign ya zachuma ndi unduna wa demokrase ndi unduna waudindo n’zogwirizana kwambiri. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti 77 peresenti ya Aamereka amakhulupirira kuti ndalama zakhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu m'ndale, 65 peresenti imachirikiza kusintha kwakukulu, kukhulupirira boma kuli pafupi ndi kutsika kwa mbiri, malingaliro a ziphuphu amafalikira m'magulu a anthu, ndipo kutengamo mbali kumalefula pamene nzika zimakhulupirira kuti dongosololi limachirikiza zikondwerero zachuma. Malingaliro ameneŵa amachepetsa kuyenera kwa democracy ndi kuchepetsa kugawatsa kwa anthu.

Kusintha ndi Njira Zina

Kusintha Malamulo kwa Malamulo

Zoyesayesa kwa Nzika zosinthasintha za United mwa kusintha kochitidwa m'malamulo zapeza chichirikizo chachikulu. Maboma makumi aŵiri ndi aŵiri afuna chisinthiko chimene chikalola kugwiritsa ntchito malire, kubwezeretsa ziletso pa kugwiritsa ntchito makampani ndi mgwirizano, ndi kutsimikizira kuti ndalama sizili zolankhulira malamulo. Kufuna malamulo okhwima ofunikira zipinda ziŵiri ndi magawo atatu a maiko, koma kuli ndi chichirikizo chachikulu chimene chingathandize kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yolimba kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kusintha Kochitidwa Mwalamulo

ya People Act (HR 1) inapereka masinthidwe okhutiritsa kuphatikizapo zosankha za anthu za ndalama kwa oloŵa m'bungwe, inakulitsa zofunika zodziŵira ndalama zonse za ndale zadziko, inalimbitsa malamulo a kugwirizana kutsekereza, kusintha kwa FEC kuti apereke njira zoperekera malamulo, ndi kuswa ndalama zachilendo m'masankho. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulolo linadutsa Nyumba mu 117th Congress, linayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chogwirizana mu Khoti.

Act [DISCLOSE] ingafunikire magulu a ndalama amdima kuti aulule operekawo, kulimbikitsa ziletso za maiko akunja kuletsa kuthaŵa, kuwonjezera kuwonekera kwa pa Intaneti kukwaniritsa kusatsatsa kwa magetsi, kutseka makampani opanga zidutswa za ndalama zimene zimabisa zinthu zoyendetsera ndalama, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthaŵi yeniyeni yochitira lipoti zinthu zaumwini. Mtengo umenewu wadutsanso Nyumba nthaŵi zambiri popanda kukhala lamulo.

Boma ndi Malo Adziko

Kufufuza kopindulitsa pa mlingo wa boma ndi mlingo wa kumaloko kumasonyeza kuti kusintha nkotheka. Programu ya boma ya Connecticut yathandiza 77 peresenti ya anthu oyembekezera kulowa m'zifuno za boma ndipo yapatsidwa mlandu wa kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chapadera. Programu ya Seattle Democracy Voucher imapereka zikalata zotsimikizira anthu ofunsira, kuwonjezera kugawanamo. Maryland asonyeza kukhala ndi phande kwamphamvu ndi ziyambukiro zabwino pa ku mitundu ya anthu. Malikole a Montanean achirikizidwa ndi makhoti ndipo athandiza kusunga zisankho za mpikisano. Zofunika zodziwitsa za Alas adapereka kuwona kumene kumathandiza kugawana kopeka.

Zithunzi zokongola zikupitirizabe kupangidwa. Zopereka zochepa zofanana zimawonjezera mphamvu ya zopereka zochepa, madongosolo otsimikizira amawonjezera luso la kupereka kwa nzika popanda ndalama zotayidwa, kukonzanso zinthu zovumbula kugwiritsira ntchito tekinoloji kuti zipangike kwa ovota, kuchepetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera kupatsa, ndi zofunika za anthu kutsimikizira kuti ovota amvetsere mwachindunji kwa ofunsira mosasamala kanthu za chipambano cha ndalama.

Chiyambukiro Chogwira Ntchito pa Nzika

Mmene Ntchito Yofufuza Inaliripiridwira

Ziwiya za nzika zimene zikufuna kufufuzira ndalama za kampani zimapezeka mosavuta. Webusaiti ya FEC (FEC.gov) imapereka marekodi a pulojekiti ya boma yofufuzira. Opensecrets .org imapereka kupenda ndi kutumiza ndalama zoperekera ndalama za chigawo ndi zoyendera pawekha. Kutsatira ndalama za boma. org kumapereka ma maofesi a makampani a pulojekiti a boma.

Chimene chingafunikire kufunafuna chimaphatikizapo opereka otchuka oyembekezera, njira za zopereka kuchokera ku maindasitale kapena magulu achifunitso, magwero akunja a ochirikiza kapena otsutsa, ziŵerengero za anthu aang'ono ndi aakulu omwe amadzipereka kusonyeza kaya ngati woloŵayo amadalira pa mizu ya udzu kuchirikiza kapena ochirikiza achuma, ndi magwero a dziko lapansi amene amasonyeza ngati chichirikizo chimachokera ku chigawo kapena kunja kwa dziko.

Ufulu Wanu ndi Malire

Monga munthu mmodzi, mungapereke kwa oyembekezera pazifukwa za lamulo, kudzipereka kwa nthaŵi yosatha ku ndawala za ndale zadziko, kukhala ndi zogwiritsira ntchito pandekha pa nkhani za ndale zadziko, kuyenera kuvumbula ntchito pamene ifunidwa ndi lamulo, ndipo musalandire zopereka kuchokera ku maiko akunja kapena kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za kampani kapena bungwe kaamba ka zopereka zachindunji popanda nyumba zoyenerera.

machitachita aakulu kwambiri amaphatikizapo kudziŵa malire a zopereka asanapereke, kusunga mapepala a zopereka ndi ndalama za kudzifunira, kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za munthu yekha ndi kupeŵa makonzedwe a kubwezera, kusimba molongosoka pamene pakufunika, ndi kupeŵa njira zobwezetsera ndalama zimene zimazemba malire a zopereka. Kutsatira machitachita ameneŵa kumasunga kutengamo mbali m'malamulo pamene akutetezera ku kuswa malamulo.

Mtengo wa Demokrase

Ndalama za ndawala ya kumvetsetsa [[FLT: 1] imavumbula kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwa demokrase ya Amereka pakati pa kufunika kwa ndalama kulankhula m'masankho amakono ndi ngozi ya chuma chotembenuzira mwachindunji ku mphamvu ya ndale zadziko. Dongosolo lamakono, lolinganizidwa ndi malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ndi ntchito za kulenga, limakhutiritsa pafupifupi aliyense. Osintha zinthu amaona kuti kuipitsa kwa lamulo kukulamulira koipitsitsa ndi kolakwika kwambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amaona ziletso zosatetezereka pa kulankhula kotetezeredwa kumene kumawononga mpikisano wandale.

Ziŵerengerozo nzabwino kwambiri. Opambana m’mabanja a Nyumba ya Malamulo amakweza $10 miliyoni kapena kuposapo, opata makampani a m’nyumba a avareji $2 miliyoni, ndi mkupiti wa pulezidenti amafikira $2 biliyoni. Mabanja pafupifupi 200 amene amapereka pafupifupi theka la zopereka zonse za mkupiti amachita ntchito yoposa kwambiri. Anthu ogwira ntchito samathamangira ku ofesi, mwapang’ono chifukwa cha zopinga za ndalele zadziko zimene zimapanga ntchito kukhala zosafikirika popanda makampani olemera kapena chuma chawo.

Komabe m'dongosolo lolakwikali, zinthu zatsopano zikupitirizabe kuchitika. Kusintha kwa ndalama za mapulaneti kunkachititsa kuti anthu apereke mphatso za madesiki pamlingo winawake. Kuyesa kwa boma m’mizinda ndi m'mayiko kumasonyeza kuti anthu opereka ndalama zambiri sakufuna kusintha zinthu. Zofunika za ku Displasure, ngakhale kuti si anthu opanda ungwiro, zimapereka umboni wosayembekezereka zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Kudzipereka kwa nzika mwa kufufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dziko kungasinthe zoyesayesa zake.

Njira ya kutsogolo idakali yotsutsidwa. Ena amachirikiza kusintha kwa malamulo kuti agwetse dziko la United, ena amalondola masinthidwe owonjezereka kupyolera m'malamulo ndi malamulo, ndipo ena amatetezera dongosolo lamakono monga kutetezera ufulu wofunika wa kulankhula ndi kuyanjana. Chowonekeratu nchakuti amene amalipira pa chisankho zisonkhezero zazikulu zimene zimathamanga, amene amapambana, ndi malamulo amene amachokera ku dongosolo la ndale zadziko.

Mwa kutsatira ndalama za demokrase, kuulula, kuchirikiza masinthidwe, ndi kutengamo mbali m’malo mwa kuvota, nzika zingagwiritsirire ntchito ku dongosolo limene chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko chimagwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi lamulo la munthu mmodzi, voti limodzi mmalo mwa dola imodzi.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka cha ndawala, kufufuza zolembedwa ku Opensets. org [1], pendani malipoti a boma pa FEC.gov, kapena kuphunzira za zoyesayesa za kusintha [ku Campagign Legal Center . Kumvetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za ndale zadziko nkofunika kwa wovota aliyense amene akufuna kupanga zosankha za chidziŵitso ponena za kuimira ndi kulamulira.