Kodi Chopanga Chopangidwa ndi Malo Okongola Chotani?

Kuvota kotchuka (RCV), kodziŵikanso monga kuvota kwa nthaŵi yomweyo, kuli njira ya voti imene osankha amasankha osankhidwa m'malo mwa kusankha mmodzi. Ballots amaŵerengedwa m'mbali imodzi. Ngati palibe wosankhidwa amene amalandira mavoti ambiri a chigamulo choyamba, wosankha ndi mavoti ochepa kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti a wosankhayo amaperekedwa kwa otsala ozikidwa pa chosankha cha wovota aliyense. Njira imeneyi imatchulidwa kufikira pamene wobatizidwa mmodzi atenga unyinji. RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankhoti osiyanasiyana padziko lonse, kuchokera ku mpikisano wa boma ku mamenti a dziko.

Mbiri Yaifupi ya Ntchito ya Ranked-Choice

Lingaliro la oyembekezera kukhala oyenerera linayambika zaka za zana la 19. Dongosololi linayambitsidwa modziimira ndi Thomas Hare ku England ndi Carl Andræ ku Denmark, onse aŵiri akuchirikiza kuimira kwa ndandanda. Ku United States, RCV inatengedwa choyamba kaamba ka zisankho za bungwe la akulu a mzinda m'malo onga Ashtabula, Ohio, mu 1915. Linapeza chikondwerero chatsopano m'ma 2000 monga kusintha kwa ma ma ma ma ma maresitina ndi kupambana. Lerolino, RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo zokulira zoposa 50 mu U.S, kuphatikizapo masankhoti a dziko lonse ku Maine ndi Alas, ndi masankhoti mu mizinda yonga San Francisco, Minneapolis, ndi New York City.

Mapindu a Kutulutsa Malo Oyenda Modabwitsa

Anthu ochirikiza nkhaniyi amanena kuti RCV imadzetsa mapindu osiyanasiyana a demokrase ndi othandiza kuposa kuvota koyambirira kwa mwambo (FPTP).

1. Atsimikizira Kuchirikiza Kokulira

Mu FPTP, opambana angasankhidwe ndi ochepera pa 50% ya voti pamene opita ku mavoti ambiri agaŵanitsa voti. RCV imatsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu mwa kufuna anthu ochuluka, kuchepetsa upandu wa “ofuna kulowa nyukiliya” oitanidwa ndi kutheketsa ovota kuchirikiza chosankha chawo choyamba chenicheni popanda kuwopa kutaya pepala lawo.

2. Ilimbikitsa Kupanga Mkupiti Wotsimikizirika

Otsalira ayenera kukopa anthu kupyola pa maziko awo kuti apeze mavoti achiŵiri ndi achitatu. Chisonkhezero chimenechi kaŵirikaŵiri chimaletsa ziukiro zoipa chifukwa chakuti kusamutsira kumbali ya wobatizidwa wina kungatayitse mavoti achiŵiri. Maphunziro a voti ya RCV, monga ngati aja a ku San Francisco, apeza kuti kachitidwe ka ndawala kamakhala kofala ndi kopeka nkhani.

3. Kuchepetsa Mafuta ndi Malo Oyenera

Pansi pa FPTP, ovota kaŵirikaŵiri amayang’anizana ndi vuto la “kulephera kwa zinthu ziŵiri zoipa” ndi kuvotera mwadongosolo kwa wobatizidwa wokhoza kukhala wokhoza kukhala ndi moyo mmalo mwa amene iwo amakondadi. RCV imalola ovota kukhala oyenerera mowona mtima popanda kudera nkhaŵa kuti voti yawo idzatayikiridwa ngati wokondedwa wawo atataya, chifukwa chakuti chisankho chawocho chidzasamutsidwira ku chosankha chawo chotsatira.

4. Kuwonjezera Kachitidwe ndi Kuimira

Kufufuza kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Kusankha Chosankha Gulu la Zofufuza [1] kumasonyeza kuti RCV ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo wovota, makamaka pakati pa achichepere ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chakuti ovota amamva kuti mavoti awo ali ndi kulemera kowonjezereka ndipo angachirikize oyembekezera kubatizidwa ambiri, chipangano chimakhala chowonjezereka. Kuwonjezerapo, RCV yagwirizana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu m'maofesi osankhidwa: akazi ndi osankha mtundu achita bwino m'madongosolo a RCV, mwina chifukwa chakuti madongosolo aakulu amwambo angakhale osintha kwambiri.

5. Zimachotsa Zosankha Zowononga

Maboma ambiri amasankha masankho aakulu ndi otsatizana omwe ali odula kwa okhoma msonkho ndi kuona kutsika kwa zotulukapo . RCV imatulukapo zambiri zofananazo m'chosankha chimodzi, kuchepetsa mtengo wa oweruza ndi kuchepetsa kutopa kwa ovota. Mwachitsanzo, New York City, inasunga $20 miliyoni mu 2021 mwa kugwiritsira ntchito RC m'ma Primmas m'malo mwa kusunga ma bainkosi ake.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Ntchito Yopanga Mabuku Yosalimba

Ngakhale kuti amapindula, RCV ilinso ndi nkhaŵa zomveka zimene zimafunika kuziganizira mosamala.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo ndi Kulakwa kwa Maballot

Makampani ozoloŵera kusankha wosankhidwa mmodzi angapeze kusokonezeka kwapamwamba. M'kukwaniritsa koyambirira, ziŵerengero zolakwika pa mavoti zinali zazikulu, ndi ovota akudumpha malo apamwamba kapena kuchulukitsa. Komabe, zokumana nazo zimasonyeza kuti ziŵerengero za zolakwika zikutsika kwambiri pambuyo pa ndandanda ya voti imodzi kapena ziŵiri, makamaka ndi maphunziro amphamvu a wovota. Fairvote yofufuza [ zimasonyeza kuti ziŵerengero zolakwika m’mizinda monga Minneapolis zinatsika pansi pa 1% pambuyo pa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito koyamba.

2. Kukwera mtengo kwa Zinthu ndi Kucholowana

Kugwiritsa ntchito RCV kumafuna mapulani atsopano a mapepala, mapulogalamu okonza mapulani, ndi maphunziro a akuluakulu a masankho. Kusintha koyamba kukhoza kukhala kokwera mtengo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $00,000 [Ziwitso Zoyendera M'A]

3. Zotsatirapo Zochedwa

Chifukwa chakuti kuŵerengera mavoti kumaloŵetsamo kuchuluka kwa zopereka zopeka, zotulukapo zomalizira zingatenge nthaŵi yaitali kulengeza, makamaka m'zigawo zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, malo a meya 2021 a New York City anatenga nthaŵi yoposa mlungu umodzi kutulutsa wopambana womalizira. Ngakhale kuti sikuli chopinga kukwaniritsa, kuchedwa kumeneku kungawonjezere kusadalirana ngati sikunalankhulidwe bwino kwa anthu.

Malo Opangira Zinthu Abwino Akupezekabe

Ovota ena amayesa “kusewera pulogalamuyi mwa kukweza munthu wosasankhidwa choyamba kuti athetse lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti RCV imachepetsa kuvota kwapadera poyerekezera ndi FPTP, sikumathetsa konse. Ndawala zotchuka zingalimbikitsenso ochirikiza kuti“ avoti amodzi okha ) kukana chichirikizo chachiŵiri kwa opikisana nawo, ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi siigwira ntchito kwa anthu ambiri osankhidwa.

5. Kutopa ndi Kutopa ndi Kusenza Mlandu

M'mipikisano ya anthu ambiri oyembekezera kubatizidwa [1] Nthaŵi zina khumi ndi aŵiri kapena kuposapo angaone kukhala othodwa kwambiri. Maboma ambiri amachepetsa chiŵerengero cha malo apamwamba amene wovota angapange asanu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi, amene amachepetsa kupanikizika koma angapatutsebe ovota ena amene amalingalira kukhala osakonzekera. Otsutsa amanena kuti RCV imaika mtolo wosayenera kwa ovota ndi osadziŵa kulemba bwino kapena nthaŵi yochepa yofufuza.

Mmene Ntchito za Kaboni Yamafakitale Zimagwirira Ntchito: Chitsanzo Pachinzake

Kuti mupange kapangidwe ka zinthu, talingalirani za chisankho cholingaliridwa kwa atatu opita: Adams, Brown, ndi Chen. Pali ovota 100. Osankhidwa a Voter amasankha 1, 2, ndi 3.

  1. Coyamba: Adams alandira mavoti 45 oyambirira, Brown akupeza 35, Chen akupeza 20. Palibe wosankha amene ali ndi voti zambiri (51). Chen wachotsedwa.
  2. [[MLT:0] zungulire :[FLT :1] Mavoti 20 amene anali ndi Chen choyamba amaperekedwa ku chosankha chawo chachiŵiri. Tiyerekeze kuti 12 a mabolot amenewo asankha Brown monga wachiŵiri, ndipo 8 ali ndi Adams. Tsopano Adams ali ndi 45+8=53 mavoti, Brown ali ndi 35+12=47 mavoti. Adams apambana ndi unyinji.
  3. Conclion: Yang'anirani kuti Brown anali ndi voti yoyamba koposa m'mbali yachiŵiri koma anatayika pambuyo pa kugawira redis, zimene nthaŵi zina zimadabwitsa ovota osazoloŵerana ndi RCV.

Zimenezi n’zimenenso zimachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi mipikisano yapamwamba kwambiri.

Kuyerekezera RCV ndi Mitengo Ina

Kumvetsa kuyerekezerako kumathandiza kupenda mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake.

RCV vs (Poyamba Past-the Post)

FPTP njosavuta ndipo njozoloŵereka, koma kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa “chiyambukiro cha chiwongola , mphamvu zovota, ndipo ikhoza kusandutsa oyembekezera kukhala ndi chigawo chochepa cha voti. RCV imathetsa nkhani zambiri zimenezi pamtengo wowonjezera. Pa 2020 kufufuza kwa mizinda ya U.S., bungwe la Urban Institute inapeza kuti mizinda ya RCV inatembenuka kwambiri ndi kupikisana kowonjezereka kuposa mizinda ina ya FPP.

RCV vs. Pamwamba-paŵiri

Pamwamba pa madongosolo aŵiri, oyembekezera onse amayendera limodzi, ndipo aŵiri otchuka amapita patsogolo ku chisankho cha onse, mosasamala kanthu za chipani. Zimenezi zingatsogolere kwa aŵiri oyembekezera kugawana ku gulu limodzi, kuchotsa ochirikiza zipani zina. RCV imasunga oyembekezera ambiri m'mphindi yomalizira ndipo imalola ovota kusonyeza zokonda zawo zonse, koma iwo alibe maziko apadera.

Kuvomerezedwa

Voti imalola ovota ambiri monga momwe amafunira. N’zosavuta kuposa kuchirikiza oyembekezera ambiri. Komabe, sikusonyeza mphamvu ya zimene akufuna . Wovotayo “amene akutsimikizira” amaŵachitira mofanana, ngakhale ngati mmodzi angakonde kwambiri. RCV imapatsa chidziŵitso chapamwamba, chimene chingatulutse zotulukapo zosintha.

Zimene Anthu Anaphunzira

Zitsanzo zingapo zodziŵika zimasonyeza mmene RCV imachitira.

Mayi

Mu 2018, Maine anakhala boma loyamba la United States kugwiritsa ntchito chisankho cha boma ndi boma. Pambuyo pa kupikisana 2018 pakati pa 2018, RCV inagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chosankha cha pulezidenti wa mamee chigawo chachiŵiri cha mamee. Master anasintha mwamsanga, ndipo kulakwitsa kunali kochepa. Magee adayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo, koma makhoti agwirizana ndi zimenezo. Zokumana nazo za Maine zikusonyeza kuti RCV ya dziko lonselo ikuyenerera ndi kulinganiza koyenera ndi maphunziro ovota.

Alaska

Alaska otengedwa kukhala RCV (yokhala ndi mbali yoyamba yapamwamba ya 4 yotseguka) mu 2020 kupyolera mwa njira zodzisankhira. Mu mpikisano wa 2022 wa Nyumba ya United States, dongosololo linatulutsa wopambana [1] Mary Peltola . Amene sanali woyamba wa anthu ambiri m'mpangidwe woyamba koma anapambana pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kwa . Chisankhocho chinakopa anthu a dziko lonse ndi kusonyeza mmene RC ingalolere kuti apitire chipimelo cha m’mphepete mwa chigawo, ndi Republican Republicanvotaltation pulogalamu yachiŵiri yotseka kuletsa munthu woloŵa m'dziko la Republic.

Mzinda wa New York

Chigawo chachikulu cha 2021 cha meya wa mzinda wa New York chinali chisankho chachikulu koposa m'mbiri ya United States. Zotsatirapo zinatenga milungu ingapo chifukwa cha kulondola ndi kuphophonya kwa Ecostations. Ngakhale kuti kuchedwa, kufufuza kokhutiritsa kwa ovota ambiri kunapeza kuti osankha ambiri anamvetsetsa dongosololo ndipo anapeza kuti kuli kosavuta kuligwiritsira ntchito. Kuyambira nthaŵiyo yatenga RCV kaamba ka masankhoti ake a kumaloko.

Mayiko: Australia ndi Ireland

Australia yagwiritsira ntchito RCV (yodziŵika kumeneko kukhala “kusankha kwapadera” kwa Nyumba yake ya Oimira chiyambire 1918. Maphunziro a Voter amamangidwa m'chikhalidwe, ndipo ziŵerengero za kulephera za kuchuluka zatsika. Ireland imagwiritsira ntchito RCV kaamba ka Dáil (kusankha) kwake, kumene makampani ambiri amalola zotulukapo zolinganiza. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa maiko aŵiri onsewa kumasonyeza kuti RCV ingakhale mbali yokhazikika ndi yovomerezedwa ya malo osankhidwiratu.

Kulankhula ndi Malingaliro Olakwika Ofala

Kusuliza RCV kochuluka kumachititsidwa ndi kusamvetsetsana. Nazi zina za zowongoleredwa:

Kusintha ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu

RCV yeniyeniyo ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yofunikira kuiwona:

  • Instant-runoff votion (IRV): igwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka mipikisano ya mpikisano umodzi; kachitidwe kofotokozedwa pamwambapa.
  • Voti yosamutsidwa imodzi yokha (STV): [[FLT :1] Ipereka RCV ku madera ambiri, kulola kuimira ndandanda. Ofuna udindo, ndipo chigawo chaikidwa; mavoti owonjezereka amasamutsidwa.
  • Voti yosasintha: Baibulo losavuta kumene onse kusiyapo aŵiri oyembekezera kubatizidwa amachotsedwa kuzungulira limodzi, ndipo zachiŵiri pa mavoti amenewo zimagawidwa. Zimenezi zimathamanga kuŵerengera koma zimataya kusiyanitsa.
  • Pansi-mawindo aŵiri: Mmalo mwa kuchotsa chivoti choyambirira, aŵiri oyembekezera kukhala ndi voti zoŵerengeka amayerekezeredwa, ndipo amene ali ndi zikondwerero zochepa zachiŵiri amachotsedwa. Izi zingakhale zabwino koma sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri.

Tsogolo la Zopanga Zopangidwa ndi Maluŵa za Ranked

Pa 2025, maulamuliro oposa 60 a United States amagwiritsira ntchito RCV m’mtundu wina, ndipo mapepala a lamulo akuyambidwa m'mayiko angapo. Kukopa kuchokera ku Pew Research Center kumasonyeza kuti kusamala kwa anthu ndi kuchirikiza kukukula, makamaka pakati pa osankha achinyamata. Komabe, chitsutso chandale chimakhala champhamvu m'malo ena, kaŵirikaŵiri chikukuzidwa ndi nkhaŵa za mmene RC ingayambukirire zotsatirapo zokopa. Mkambira wa RCV uli pomalizira mkangano wonena za mtundu wa democracy imene tikufuna, yomwe imapanga mosavuta ndi liwiro, kapena chimene chimayambitsa kutchuka, chikayikire, ndi kuchepetsa kwa anthu ambiri.

Kumaliza

Kuvota kochitidwa ndi anthu osankhidwa kumapereka njira ina yokakamiza ku kusanthula kwa mwambo. Kukhoza kwake kutsimikizira kuchirikiza ambiri, kuchepetsa kuchirikiza koipa, ndi kuchepetsa mavoti otayidwa kwapangitsa kuti iwo apeze chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha olera m'dziko la United States ndi dziko lonse. Komabe mavuto okhudza maphunziro ovota, kucholoŵana kwamphamvu, ndi kuchedwa kwa kuoneka bwino ndi kuikitsa. Pamene chidziŵitso chochuluka chakuchuluka kuchokera ku maulamuliro amene ayamba ku RCV, opanga malamulo ali ndi chithunzi chomvekera bwino cha malonda ake opangika ndi opangika, RCV chingakhale sitepe kuonetsa ndi kuyendetsa bwino njira ya opanga zinthu. Chinsinsi kwa anthu onse ndicho kupitiriza kulinganiza, kukonzanso kothandiza, ndi kukonza njira ya anthu onse.